花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）游离小孢子培养获得愈伤组织研究

本文通过镜检花粉各发育时期及其与花蕾、花药形态的相关性,探讨了花生基因型、液体培养基及附加激素浓度对愈伤组织诱导率的影响。结果表明,当花蕾纵径长为2.48~2.96mm,小孢子基本处于四分体时期;长度在3.26~4.16mm时,以单核期为主;5.38~9.9mm,为双核期。在小孢子单核靠边期取材诱导率最高,达9.38%。本实验所用的六个花生品种中,四粒红的单蕾产胚数最高,达到0.1个胚/蕾 (MS培养基) 和0.05个胚/蕾(NLN培养基);在附加4mg/L2,4-D,3mg/L6-BA和0.3mg/LNAA改良的MS液体培养基上且当小孢子密度为2.5×105个/mL时,花生品种四粒红的愈伤组织诱导率最高,为12.5%。     

F型小麦雄性不育系小孢子发育的细胞学观察

为明确F型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的细胞学机理,以西农979为对照,采用醋酸洋红染色制片等方法观察花粉母细胞减数分裂、小孢子发育过程及成熟花粉粒育性表现,并套袋自交,于成熟期统计结实率。结果发现,F型小麦雄性不育系仅有2.15%的花粉母细胞减数分裂Ⅱ异常,其余绝大多数花粉母细胞减数分裂正常,但小孢子由单核期进入二核期后,生殖核和营养核先后降解,导致无核小孢子的出现,其比率为77.04%。成熟花粉粒经1% I₂-KI染色后显示异常的花粉粒比率高达94.8%,其中包括圆败、典败和染败类型,但以染败型为主。F型小麦雄性不育系套袋自交结实率为2.5%。上述三方面的研究结果彼此相符,据此认为,小孢子由单核期进入二核期后,生殖核和营养核先后降解导致无核小孢子的产生是F型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的主要细胞学原因。     

YS型小麦温敏不育系A731雄性败育的细胞学研究

为了明确YS型小麦温敏不育系雄性败育发生的具体时期和败育的细胞学机理,以温敏不育系A731和其同型保持系731B为供试材料,采用花粉粒制片和石蜡切片法,对其花药形态特征及小孢子形成和发育过程进行细胞学观察。结果表明,不育系和保持系均能进行正常的减数分裂形成小孢子;保持系731B的花药和小孢子发育正常,只有极少数后期发育不正常;不育系A731花粉不育类型为典败和圆败;单核期小孢子可正常形成核,二核期正常形成营养核和精核,但有些营养核不清晰,三核期花粉粒染色后精核呈圆形,不能形成梭形精子;二核期花药中绒毡层提前解离侵入药室,造成小孢子败育。表明该温敏不育系的败育主要发生在二核期到三核期,推测二核期是其雄性败育发生的关键时期,败育的原因可能与绒毡层结构的异常有关。     

海南油茶不育株花器发育生物学特性及解剖学观察

从解剖学、细胞生物学及遗传学角度对海南油茶不育株花器发育过程导致不育的原因进行研究。以海南油茶正常株和不育株为实验材料,对其花芽发育过程外部形态特性进行阶段性比较观察,并应用花粉原位萌发技术检测其花粉萌发及花粉管发育差异;应用石蜡切片法对花芽分化过程中雌雄蕊进行解剖学观察,分析雌雄蕊发育时期与其花芽外部形态的相关性。结果表明：不育花与正常花外部形态上并无明显差异,但不育株开花后子房即脱落,表明没有正常授精,不育株柱头授粉后花粉粒不萌发,花粉管并不伸长;从雌雄蕊石蜡切片可以看出,不育株花器发育失常,其花药的绒毡层降解异常,无法形成成熟花粉粒,而在其胚珠发育过程中不育株未能形成成熟胚囊,导致空心胚珠。     

荔枝小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术,观察了荔枝小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成,结果如下:花药四室,花药壁由5层细胞组成,小孢子四分体为四面体型,小孢子母细胞胞质分裂为同时型。具腺质绒毡层。成熟花粉为两细胞型。花粉粒扁球形,极面观呈钝三角形,赤道面观为椭圆形,具三沟孔。花粉壁务内外两层,表面具条纹状纹饰。花粉粒发育过程中,常出现退化现象,在低产的植株中尤为明显。     

K型小麦雄性不育系绒毡层结构变化及相关基因的表达分析

为揭示K型小麦雄性不育系的败育时期和败育机制,以K型小麦雄性不育系K519A及其保持系519B为材料,采用半薄和超薄树脂切片法对花药绒毡层进行显微和亚显微结构观察,并对孢粉素转运相关基因RAFTIN1和绒毡层细胞降解相关基因APs在不同生育时期的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,与保持系相比,不育系花药绒毡层在四分体时期提前降解,部分绒毡层细胞脱离中层侵入药室内,发育至二核和三核期绒毡层细胞只剩下细胞轮廓和少量附着的乌氏体。不育系小孢子细胞壁在单核期开始增厚,是同时期保持系小孢子细胞壁厚度的2.35倍,发育至二核期小孢子细胞壁继续增厚,但三核期不育系小孢子细胞壁比保持系小孢子细胞壁薄,仅是保持系花粉粒细胞壁厚度的89%,并且三核期不育系花粉粒出现畸形和质壁分离的异常现象。自小孢子母细胞时期至单核期,不育系中RAFTIN1和APs基因的相对表达量都显著高于保持系,但在二核期不育系中的相对表达量显著低于保持系。推测K型小麦雄性不育系K519A的败育可能发生在四分体期和二核期。RAFTIN1和APs基因的表达模式与细胞学观察结果相契合,故推测这两个基因很可能参与了K型不育系K519A的不育过程。     

亚麻大小孢子与雌雄配子体发育

１．亚麻花药由４个药室构成。腺质绒毡层发达，常具双核，成熟时药壁仅有表皮和纤维层两层细胞。小孢子母细胞常为一纵列，减数分裂为同时型，四分体为四面体型排列。成熟花粉粒为３细胞型，圆球状，具３萌发孔；２．胚珠倒生，具双珠被，内珠被后期继续分裂增厚，并具珠被绒毡层。珠心组织不发达，孢原细胞有时多个，胚囊发良属单孢子蓼型。合点端的珠心组织常形成带状的吸器结构；３．雌雄配子体发育时序性有差异，一般雄配子体先     

亚麻大小孢子与雌雄配子体发育

１．亚麻花药由４个药室构成。腺质绒毡层发达。常具双核，成熟时药壁仅有表皮和纤维层两层细胞。小孢子母细胞常为一纵列，减数分裂为同时型，四分体为四面体型排列。成熟花粉粒为３细胞型，圆球状，具３萌发孔；２．胚珠倒生，具双珠被，内珠被后期继续分裂增厚，并具珠被绒毡层。珠心组织不发达，孢原细胞有时多个，胚囊发育属单孢子蓼型。合点端的珠心组织常形成带状的吸器结构；３．雌雄配子体发育时序性有差异，一般雄配子体先于雌配子体，但两者近同步成熟。     

茉莉花胚胎学研究Ⅰ.小孢子发生与雄配子体发育

系统研究了茉莉花双瓣品种的小孢子发生与雄配子体发育过程。观察结果表明 :茉莉花双瓣品种药壁发育为基本型 ,中层在小孢子减数分裂时期逐渐解体 ,绒毡层是异型细胞绒毡层 ,解体迟 ,不利于小孢子发育 ,药室内壁纤维层加厚不明显。小孢子从减数分裂中期 开始走向败育 ,胞质分裂为同时型 ,正常四分体为正四面体形。雄配子体发育大多不正常 ,其发育早期有花粉管萌发的异常现象。空瘪、异形花粉多 ,正常与不正常比例为 10 0∶ 32 4。成熟花粉粒为 2 -细胞型 ,具三个萌发孔。     

化学杂交剂SX-1诱导油菜花粉败育的细胞学观察

通过石蜡切片和用Sudan Black B进行花药脂染色,对化学杂交剂SX-1诱导的油菜雄性不育花药发育进行了细胞学观察。结果表明,SX-1对油菜花药发育各个时期都有一定影响,一类是花粉败育发生在造孢细胞时期到四分体时期,绒毡层细胞异常加厚、提前解体或是液泡化;另一类是绒毡层细胞延迟解体,单核小孢子不能发育为成熟的花粉粒。花药脂染色结果表明,SX-1影响了绒毡层细胞的油脂积累,油脂代谢受到抑制,不能为花粉外壁形成提供充足的脂类物质,是单核小孢子不能发育为成熟花粉粒的原因之一。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).