苯并[a]芘污染土壤的丛枝菌根真菌强化植物修复作用研究

研究了种植紫花苜蓿 (MedicagosativaL )在接种和不接种菌根真菌 (GlomuscaledoniumL )情况下对土壤中苯并 [a]芘 (B[a]P)的降解动态。历经 90天的温室盆栽试验表明 ,较高浓度 (10 0mgkg-1)B[a]P能降低菌根真菌对植物根的侵染率。种植紫花苜蓿和接种菌根真菌能促进土壤中可提取态B[a]P的降解 ,在接种情况下 ,有植物时对三种浓度 (1mgkg-1,10mgkg-1,10 0mgkg-1)B[a]P的降解率分别达 86 2 %、86 6 %、5 7 0 % ;而没有植物时B[a]P的降解率为 5 3 5 %、5 3 0 %、33 0 %。不接菌根真菌时的降解率比接菌根真菌的低得多 ,不接种菌根真菌时 ,有植物的B[a]P降解率分别达 75 9%、77 7%、5 3 4 % ;而不种植物的降解率分别为 5 4 9%、5 2 6 %、34 1% ,低、中浓度 (1mgkg-1,10mgkg-1)两处理的降解率明显地高于高浓度处理(p <0 0 5 )。B[a]P添加对土壤中多酚氧化酶活性有较大的影响 ,特别是高浓度B[a]P处理土壤的酶活性明显地低于其它三个处理 ,接种菌根真菌能够提高土壤中的酶活性 ,从而促进了土壤中B[a]P的降解。     

陕西省农田土壤硫含量空间变异特征及亏缺评价

陕西省 13种耕地土壤 30 5个表层 (0～ 2 0cm)土壤样点分析结果表明 :该省土壤全硫和用0 0 1molL-1Ca(H2 PO4) 2 浸提的有效硫含量分别为 33～ 76 9mgkg-1(均值 36 0mgkg-1)和 4 6～ 15 7 3mgkg-1(均值 2 9 3mgkg-1) ,其中黑垆土 (普通干润均腐土 )、绵砂土 (灌淤湿润砂质新成土 )的有效硫平均含量最低。土壤全硫具有中等空间相关性 ,有效硫空间相关性较差。土壤全硫和有效硫分布具有渐变性 ,其最大相关距离分别为 5 31km和 34km。全硫以较大区域变异为主 ;有效硫以小区域变异为特征。陕西省耕地土壤有效硫含量低于硫亏缺临界值 (18 5mgkg-1)的占总面积的 13 9% ,相当于 5 3 7万hm2 农田缺硫。陕西省中部地区 ,尤其是延安西部地区土壤硫亏缺风险较大     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅲ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对锌镉的吸收和积累

采用温室盆栽试验研究了印度芥菜对土壤中锌镉污染的忍耐、积累能力 ,以检验这种植物修复Zn、Cd污染土壤的可能性及其潜力。在加入Zn 5 0 0和 1 0 0 0mgkg- 1 的土壤中 ,印度芥菜生长 66天后 ,叶片中积累Zn的平均浓度分别达 2 80和 662mgkg- 1 ,地上部带走的Zn分别为每盆 2 1 95和 341 2 μg。在加入Cd 2 0 0mgkg- 1 的土壤中生长的印度芥菜 ,叶片中积累Cd浓度为 1 61mgkg- 1 ,地上部带走的Cd为每盆 381 μg。和普通植物相比 ,印度芥菜更能将Zn和Cd从根运输到地上部。Zn 5 0 0mgkg- 1 处理的土壤在种植印度芥菜后其NH4NO3提取的Zn显著高于不种植物的处理 ;土壤添加Cd 2 0 0mgkg- 1 的处理NH4NO3提取的Cd也显著高于不种植物的处理 ,可能的原因是植物根分泌出特殊的分泌物 ,专一性地螯合溶解根系附近的难溶态Zn和Cd,从而提高土壤溶液中的浓度。印度芥菜对Zn、Cd有较强的忍耐和富集能力 ,是Zn、Cd污染土壤修复有潜力的植物。     

黑麦草对土壤中苯并[a]芘动态变化的影响

本文通过盆栽试验初步研究了黑麦草 (LoliummultiflorumLam)对污染土壤中多环芳烃苯并 [a]芘动态变化的影响。盆栽试验设计 3种苯并 [a]芘处理浓度 ,分别为 1、10、10 0mgkg-1。将苗龄为 1周的黑麦草移植于受苯并 [a]芘污染的土壤中 ,同时设置有相同的苯并 [a]芘处理浓度但不种植物的对照试验。试验在2 0m3 的控温、控光的生长室内进行 ,土壤湿度维持在田间持水量的 6 0 %。通过 12 0d的温室盆栽试验 ,观察到土壤中苯并 [a]芘的可提取浓度随着时间逐渐减少 ,种植黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并 [a]芘浓度的下降。在 1、10、10 0mgkg-1苯并 [a]芘处理浓度下 ,黑麦草生长的土壤中苯并 [a]芘的减少率分别达 82 3%、74 0 %和 5 5 9%。结果还显示 ,随盆栽时间的延长 ,黑麦草根圈土壤中多酚氧化酶含量提高 ,这可能根圈土壤中可提取态苯并 [a]芘含量降低有关。黑麦草的地上部可以积累苯并 [a]芘 ,变幅在 0 0 6～ 3 6 0mgkg-1。初步认为 ,土壤具有缓解苯并 [a]芘污染的自然本能 ,促进黑麦草生长 ,增强土壤多酚氧化酶活性 ,可提高黑麦草对苯并 [a]芘污染土壤的修复能力。     

不同土壤磷的固定特征及磷释放量和释放率的研究

通过加入不同浓度的P(水土比为 2 0∶1 )并利用连续提取法 ,对三种土壤P的固定特征以及磷的释放进行了研究。结果表明 ,红壤对P的固定能力高于潮土 ,而潮土高于水稻土 ,在加入P量为 2 97gkg- 1土壤的条件下 ,三种土壤对P的固定量分别为 2 84gkg- 1、2 5 3gkg- 1和 2 0 8gkg- 1。三种土壤对P的固定率则随着加入P量的增加而降低。在P的释放研究中 ,随着提取次数的增加 ,P的释放量减少 ,并在提取 8次后 ,以后各次P的释放量不发生显著变化。三种土壤中 ,水稻土P的最大释放量 (1 2 4 0 7mgkg- 1)显著高于红壤 (60 46mgkg- 1)和潮土 (1 9 74mgkg- 1) ,水稻土P的总释放量 (1 6次 )也大于红壤和潮土 ,三种土壤P的总释放量分别为 2 0 6 0 2 (1 98gkg- 1土壤P处理 )和 2 71 91mgkg- 1(2 97gkg- 1土壤P处理 )、1 0 0 48和2 60 5 3mgkg- 1、1 1 6 0 6和 1 3 1 91mgkg- 1。三种土壤P的释放率随着提取次数的增加而增加 ,并逐渐达到稳定。水稻土的释放率显著高于红壤和潮土。水稻土和潮土中 ,1 98gkg- 1土壤P处理的土壤P的释放率高于2 97gkg- 1土壤P处理的土壤 ,红壤则相反     

不同供氮水平对大葱土壤硝态氮运移及品质影响的研究

在山东省章丘大葱/小麦轮作典型种植制度下,研究了不同施氮量对土壤硝酸盐及大葱品质影响。研究表明:章丘地区大葱地硝酸盐淋洗较严重。大葱各生长发育时期测得处理T5土壤硝态氮含量与T1之间的差异都达到极显著水平;收获时处理T5的0～30cm、30～60cm、60～90cm三个耕层土壤硝态氮残留量分别为4.35mgkg-1、6.81mgkg-1和6.49mgkg-1,可见该处理施氮量已远超出大葱正常生长所需。大葱产量以氮素优化处理(T4)最高,与T5间的差异也达到显著水平;同时该处理大葱硝态氮含量与T5间的差异也达到极显著水平。大葱Vc和可溶性糖含量都是对照最高,随施氮量的增加两者含量逐渐降低。     

蓝藻沼肥对土壤的影响

采用不结球小白菜四季青盆栽实验,设置新鲜蓝藻(T1)、当年蓝藻发酵沼渣沼液(T2)、前一年蓝藻发酵沼渣沼液(T3)、化学肥料(T4)、空白对照(CK)5个施肥处理,研究了施用蓝藻发酵沼渣沼液对土壤的影响。实验结果表明T2和T3处理土壤全N含量相对处理前土壤(CK0)增加了49.1%和12.3%;土壤有效P含量相对CK0增加了52.3%和11.7%;土壤有机质含量相对CK0增加了33.3%和14.1%;土壤pH分别减少了0.16和0.23个单位,均有显著差异,同时植株产量和株高相对空白对照(CK)有显著提高。     

辽宁省水稻土壤养分丰缺指标建立初探

根据"3414"试验结果,初步建立了辽宁省水稻土养分丰缺指标。水稻相对产量与土壤碱解氮、速效P、速效K含量进行方程拟合,以相对产量50%、50%～65%、65%～75%、75%～85%和大于85%为标准,得出土壤肥力等级为极低、低、中、高、较高对应的土壤碱解氮含量为小于58mgkg-1、58～120mgkg-1、120～196mgkg-1、196～318mgkg-1、大于318mgkg-1;以相对产量80%、80%～85%、85%～90%和大于95%为标准,得出土壤肥力等级为极低、低、中、高、较高对应的土壤速效P含量为小于7mgkg-1、7～9mgkg-1、9～12mgkg-1、12～15mgkg-1、大于15mgkg-1;对应的土壤速效K含量为小于6mgkg-1、6～20mgkg-1、20～63mgkg-1、63～205mgkg-1、大于205mgkg-1。     

商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)的锰耐性和超积累

超积累植物的确证对成功实施重金属污染环境植物修复是必不可少的。通过野外调查和营养液培养试验 ,研究超积累植物商陆 (PhytolaccaacinosaRoxb )的锰富集特性 ,结果表明 ,商陆对生长介质中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。商陆在锰含量高达 114× 10 3 mgkg-1的尾矿废弃地上依然生长良好 ,叶锰含量最高达 19 3× 10 3 mgkg-1。温室培养条件下 ,当生长介质中Mn浓度为 8 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,虽然其生物量与对照相比有所降低 ,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高 ,商陆叶和茎的Mn含量逐渐增加 ,生物富集系数则逐渐降低 ,但是地上部分锰积累量则先增加后减少。当Mn浓度为 5 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆地上部分锰积累量达到最大值 2 5 8 2mgplant-1;当Mn浓度为 12 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆仍能完成整个生命周期 ,叶锰含量达到最大值 36 4× 10 3 mgkg-1,生物富集系数为 5 5。不同锰供应水平下 ,商陆吸收的锰有87%～ 95 %被转移到地上部分。这进一步验证商陆的锰超积累特性 ,为利用超积累植物对大面积污染土壤实施植物修复提供了有力证据 ,对锰污染土壤和水体实施植物修复具有很大的应用前景     

湖南烟区土壤有效态微量元素含量的分布特点

测定了湖南烟区1347个土壤样本的有效态微量元素含量,对其分布特点进行了评价。结果表明:(1)湖南烟区土壤有效锌含量较高,平均为2.24mgkg-1;有效锰含量丰富,平均为27.89mgkg-1;有效铜和有效铁含量极丰富,平均为3.28mgkg-1和81.30mgkg-1;水溶性氯含量适宜,平均为13.99mgkg-1;但有效硼和有效钼含量较低,分别有97.92%和56.35%的土壤样本含量在烤烟生长的临界值以下,均属缺乏状态。(2)湖南各烟区因有效态微量元素含量不同大致可分为4类,第Ⅰ类由桂阳独自成类;第Ⅱ类包括永州和浏阳;第Ⅲ类包括宁乡和怀化;第Ⅳ类包括常德、张家界、龙山和凤凰,并对各类的特点进行了描述。     

土壤中镉、砷、铅的微生物效应及其临界值

测试了盆栽(水稻)土壤添加Cd,As,Pb对土壤微生物的效应。确定了真菌、放线菌、细菌以及硝化细菌在供试浓度范围内呈现显著刺激效应或显著抑制效应的浓度范围。计算了各类菌的ED₃₀值,据此确定,三元素对菌的毒性大小顺序为:As>Cd>Pb。还测定了Cd,As,Pb对明亮发光杆菌T₃,变种的效应。在盆栽试验中,发光度与土壤添加金属浓度呈显著高度负相关。在大田调查中,发光度与土壤可提取性金属浓度呈显著高度(Cd)或中度(As,Pb)负相关。通过盆栽试验证明,T₃,发光度100%和80%可作为二个级别的临界发光度,从而估算出相应的添加金属临界浓度。若从T₃临界发光度100%预测污染土壤可提取性金属临界浓度与容量,可望得到满意的结果。     

Zinc transformations in neutral soil and zinc efficiency in maize fertilization

The effect of six Zn sources (Zn-phenolate, Zn-EDDHA, Zn-EDTA, Zn-lignosulfonate, Zn-polyflavonoid, and Zn-glucoheptonate) was studied by applying different Zn levels to a representative Calcic Haploxeralf neutral soil (the predominant clay is montmorillonite) in incubation and greenhouse experiments. Zinc soil behavior was evaluated by sequential DTPA and Mehlich-3 extraction procedures. In the incubation experiment, the highest percentage recovery values of Zn applied to soil occurred in the water-soluble plus exchangeable fraction (29%) in fertilization with 20 mg of Zn kg(-1) of Zn-EDTA fertilizer. In the greenhouse experiment with maize (Zea mays L.), a comparison of different Zn carriers showed that the application of six fertilizers did not significantly increase the plant dry matter yield among fertilizer treatments. The highest yield occurred when 20 mg of Zn kg(-1) was applied as Zn-EDDHA fertilizer (79.4 g per pot). The relative effectiveness of the Zn sources in increasing Zn concentration in plants was in the following order: Zn-EDTA (20 mg kg(-1)) > Zn-EDDHA (20 mg kg(-1)) approximately Zn-EDTA (10 mg kg(-1)) > Zn-EDDHA (10 mg kg(-1)) approximately Zn-phenolate (both rates) approximately Zn-polyflavonoid (both rates) approximately Zn-lignosulfonate (both rates) approximately Zn-glucoheptonate (both rates) > untreated Zn. The highest amounts of Zn taken up by the plants occurred when Zn was applied as Zn-EDTA fertilizer (20 mg kg(-1), 7.44 mg of Zn per pot; 10 mg kg(-1) Zn rate, 3.93 mg of Zn per pot) and when Zn was applied as Zn-EDDHA fertilizer (20 mg kg(-1) Zn rate, 4.66 mg Zn per pot). After the maize crop was harvested, sufficient quantities of available Zn remained in the soil (DTPA- or Mehlich-3-extractable Zn) for another harvest.     

土壤锗污染对土壤酶活性的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了土壤添加锗(Ge)对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应。结果表明,在土壤Ge含量2~200 mg kg-1范围,土壤Ge对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶活性抑制作用不明显。土壤Ge对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有明显抑制作用,脲酶受Ge的抑制作用最强。土壤Ge含量与脲酶活性之间具有显著负相关,脲酶抑制率可作为Ge生态风险评价的一项生物指示物。     

Identifying critical limit in soil and plant for determining response of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) to boron application in Madurai soils of Tamil Nadu,India

To establish critical limit in soils and plant, soil samples were collected from twenty; 12, 5 and 3 soil locations of low, medium and high boron (B) status from Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India for pot culture experiment. Based on the results of pot culture experiment, the critical limit was determined to be 42.7 mg kg^?1 for groundnut plants and 0.39 mg kg^?1 in Madurai soils. Groundnut plants were highly responded to B application in soils below the critical limit whereas soils with B greater than 0.51 mg kg^?1 did not respond. For the confirmation of pot culture results, a field experiment was conducted with different B treatments comprised of soil and foliar applications and results revealed that the pod yield of groundnut increased with increasing levels of B and the soil application of 20 kg ha^?1 as borax has showed significantly higher pod yield in the district.     

碳调节剂降低次生盐渍化土壤中可溶性盐含量的可行性

【目的】设施土壤次生盐渍化主要是由于氮肥施用过多造成的硝酸盐在表土中的累积。本研究根据碳/氮互作原理,向次生盐渍化土壤中添加碳调节剂(秸秆+腐解菌),探讨其降低土壤可溶性盐含量的可行性。【方法】碳调节剂主要以小麦成熟期秸秆磨成粉加入快腐菌剂制成。采用盆钵试验方法,土壤盐分动态试验在每盆2.5 kg土壤中添加150 g碳调节剂,调节剂用量试验在每盆中添加0(CK)、 30(T1)、 60 (T2)、 90(T3)、 120(T4)、 150(T5)和180 g/pot(T6)碳调节剂,进行短期(7 d)和长期(90 d)培养,并在培养过程中测定土壤溶液的电导率、 可溶性盐含量及离子组成。【结果】盐分动态试验监测结果表明,土壤中加入碳调节剂后,明显增加了起始电导值,随培养进行,电导值不断下降,呈二项式关系(y=0.0138x2-0.2681x+3.7768,r=0.9966**),7 d以后基本趋于稳定。碳调节剂用量试验结果表明,培养7 d后,添加碳调节剂的所有处理其水溶性盐含量均较对照有极显著下降,下降幅度随调节剂用量的增加而增加。培养90 d后,添加碳调节剂的各处理土壤水溶性盐呈现进一步下降趋势。与培养7 d时相比,T3和T4处理降幅最为明显,其中T4处理在培养7 d已降低23.82%的基础上又降低了9.14%,总降幅达到32.96%,该结果说明碳调节剂的加入,其长期效应也是不可忽视的。无论是短期培养还是长期培养,只要加入碳调节剂,土壤溶液中的硝酸根浓度均明显下降,最多可使硝酸根浓度降低97.10%,这些结果说明,通过向次生盐渍化土壤中加入碳调节剂来降低硝酸根含量的方法是可行的。碳调节剂还可大幅增加土壤速效钾的含量,其中T6处理使土壤水溶性钾浓度提高了近10倍,但对速效磷的补充有限。长期培养90 d,速效氮、 磷、 钾养分的变化与短期培养7 d相似,只是铵态氮和硝态氮进一步明显减少。【结论】综合考虑经济效益,理论上碳调节剂用量在36 g/kg(T3处理)和48 g/kg(T4处理)之间较为合适,但实际田间用量需经过大田生产过程加以进一步验正。     

Long-Term Residual Value of Zinc Fertilizer for Pasture Legumes Using Yield of Dried Herbage and Critical Concentration of Zinc in Young Tissue

The zinc (Zn) requirements of subterranean clover (Trifolium subteraneaum L.) are well known for the predominantly marginally acidic to neutral sandy soils of southwestern Australia, but the Zn requirements of French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) and biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.), now also grown on these soils, is not known and were investigated in a glasshouse pot experiment. Soil was collected from field plots never treated with Zn or treated once only with 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha as Zn oxide either in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1996, 1997, or 2000. In the pot experiment, six levels of Zn were freshly-applied to samples of soil collected from each Zn treatment of the field experiment, and pots were sown either with subterranean clover cv. ‘Dalkeith’, French serradella cv. ‘Margurita’, or biserrula cv. ‘Casbah’. The pasture species were defoliated by cutting pasture herbage 3 cm above the soil surface for up to 4 consecutive defoliations. The approximate linear relationship between the level of freshly-applied Zn in the pot experiment required to produce 90% of the maximum yield of dried defoliated herbage (y-axis) and the number of years since Zn was applied in the field (x-axis) was used to project the number of years it took for the 0.5 or 1.0 kg Zn/ha treatments applied in the field to require the same level of freshly-applied Zn to produce 90% of the maximum yield of the nil-Zn treatment in the field. This was 18–19 years for the 0.5 kg Zn/ha treatment and 32–35 years for the 1.0 kg Zn/ha treatment. The range in values was due to differences between legume species and the defoliation treatments, which were not significant. When yields were measured, samples of young growth (YG) were separated from the rest of the defoliated herbage (ROH) and the concentration of Zn in YG and ROH was measured. The concentration of Zn in YG that was related to 90% of the maximum yield of defoliated dried herbage (critical tissue test value) was (mg/kg) 13 for subterranean clover, 17 for French serradella, and 19 for biserrula; respective critical tissue test values for ROH were 19, 24, and 21 mg/kg. The approximate linear relationship between critical Zn concentration in YG (y-axis) and the number of years since Zn was applied in the field (x-axis) was used to project the number of years it took for the 0.5 and 1.0 kg Zn/ha levels applied in the field to reach the same critical tissue test value as the nil-Zn treatment of the field experiment. This was 17–20 years for the 0.5 kg Zn/ha treatment and 31–37 years for the 1.0 kg/ha treatment, which was similar to the 18–19 and 32–35 years projected using yield data. Before sowing the legumes in the pot study soil samples were collected to measure soil test Zn using the DTPA procedure. The critical DTPA soil test Zn, the soil test value that was related to 90% of the maximum yield of defoliated dried herbage, was about 0.20 mg Zn/kg for the 3 pasture legume species and all Zn treatments in the field and pot studies.     

土壤-水稻系统中铅的生态效应

采用盆栽试验研究了土壤—水稻系统中不同铅浓度下(CK,100,300,500,700,900 mg/kg)2种水稻土壤的酶活性、微生物量碳、水稻生理指标及生物量的变化。结果表明:低浓度的铅处理时,土壤酶活性、微生物量碳及水稻生物量有一定的激活效应,而当铅浓度超过500 mg/kg时,多数指标转为抑制作用,其影响程度受土壤性质(如颗粒组成,有机质含量等)制约。水稻叶绿素含量在黄松田水稻土中开始随铅处理浓度的增大而增加,到铅浓度达700 mg/kg时出现峰值,然后随铅浓度的增加而降低;而在黄红壤水稻土中变化差异不明显。铅处理诱导了水稻中脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性的缓慢上升。种植水稻比未种水稻具有较高的土壤微生物量碳,揭示了水稻生长具有一定的解毒作用。在土壤—铅—水稻相互作用的系统中,土壤酶活性、土壤微生物量和水稻生理指标是较好地反映铅污染的敏感指标,并且相互间存在一定的相关性,其大小因土壤类型而异。     

外源S~(2-)抑制水稻生长及土壤微生物活性的半效应浓度研究

【目的】S2-是冷浸田类低产稻田中水稻生长的重要限制因子,探讨S2-对土壤-水稻生态系统的生态毒性特征,可为揭示冷浸田土壤S2-毒害临界值及其机理研究提供理论依据。【方法】以单季常规晚粳稻秀水134为材料,采用盆栽试验模拟冷浸田土壤S2-毒害,设外加S2-0、10、50、100、300、600和1200 mg/kg,在水稻苗期和分蘖期调查水稻生长,叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸和抗氧化酶系统活性,土壤微生物活性。【结果】在含一定S2-本底(12.08mg/kg)的正常稻田土壤中,随外源S2-的加入量增加,对水稻生长的抑制逐步增强。当外源S2-浓度超过50 mg/kg后,水稻的株高、干物质积累量显著降低;水稻叶片生理指标叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶系统活性则显著增加,表明50 mg/kg是本研究条件下外源S2-对水稻生长产生显著毒害影响的临界点;随外源S2-浓度的增加土壤微生物量碳、微生物三大基础菌系总量、功能菌系总量和微生物总量都随外源S2-处理水平的增大而降低,硫化细菌总量随之增加,土壤S2-浓度40 mg/kg(含本底)为多数土壤微生物活性指标(微生物基础菌系总量、功能菌系总量、微生物总量)EC50变化的临界值;体系中土壤微生物活性指标和水稻生长存在显著相关,表明供试土壤S2-对水稻生长的影响是S2-对土壤-植物-土壤微生物系统同步影响的综合结果。可见,供试土壤S2-浓度40 mg/kg为导致土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统受到显著负效应的临界值。【结论】土壤中S2-超过一定浓度将对土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统产生显著负效应,S2-浓度40 mg/kg(含本底)为导致供试土壤-水稻-土壤微生物系统受到显著负效应的临界值,当供试土壤中S2-含量超出该浓度时,需采取合理的农艺措施控制其负效应。     

铜对伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

利用植物生长室水培试验和温室土培盆栽试验相结合,研究了Cu对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。水培试验结果显示,0.31～50μmol/L Cu处理14天对伴矿景天生长及对Zn、Cd吸收性没有显著影响;但100μmol/L Cu处理显著抑制植物生长,降低地上部Zn、Cd及根中Cd浓度,对根中Zn浓度变化没有显著影响。盆栽试验结果发现,在土壤Cu仅为3.61 mg/kg时伴矿景天生长不良,外加Cu显著促进其生长并随Cu浓度升高效应增加;但施用3 mmol/kgEDDS和再次外加250 mg/kg Cu处理使伴矿景天因体内Cu积累量过高而导致明显毒害,地上部Cu最高达1 068 mg/kg。可见低量Cu处理可促进伴矿景天生长,利于植物对土壤Zn、Cd的吸取修复,但土壤中Cu浓度过高将抑制Zn、Cd超积累植物的生长,降低其Zn、Cd吸收能力,在利用该Zn、Cd超积累植物修复高Cu的Zn和Cd污染土壤时应采取适当措施降低Cu毒害效应。     

镧对红壤主要微生物种群的影响

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of surface film-forming material(SFFM),a mixture of 16-18-octadecanols by emulsification,on water evaporation,Air-dired soil with distilled water was incubated firstly for 7days to reestablish soil biological activity and then for another 7 days atfer treated with SFFM at rates of 0,1,2,4,6,8 and 8 g m^-2，respectively,Everyday during the 7-day incubation after addition of SFFM,water losses due to evaporation were measured by an electronic balance.The rate of water evaporation with the addition of SFFM was reduced significantly compared with the control treatment and the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation reduced with time.According to the equation expressions of the effect of SFFM on water evaporation ,the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation was introduced and calculated to analyze quantitative relationship between the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation and the addition rate of SFFM.The calculaed half-life increased with the addition rate of SFFM and the confidence of the calculated values of the half-life was high,suggesting that the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation could be described quantitaively and may be helpful for ameliorating application method of SFFM and screening surface-film forming materials in order to improve nitrogen fetilizer use efficiency in floodey rice fields.