俄罗斯原木上截获的圆角木蠹象及其近似种的识别

本文介绍了国内首次截获的圆角木蠹象(Pissodes harcyniae(Herbst))的现场检疫情况、分类地位、分布、寄主、形态特征、生物学等,并提供了8种欧洲常见木蠹象的检索表和彩图,以供相关人员鉴定时参考。     

不同寄主对脐腹小蠹取食和繁殖的影响

脐腹小蠹是新疆果树林木的重要害虫,研究不同寄主对脐腹小蠹取食和繁殖的影响可为脐腹小蠹的综合治理提供参考。田间诱集试验表明,脐腹小蠹为害‘赛买提'杏、扁桃和新疆桃,不为害垂柳和沙枣,在春榆上也诱集到少量成虫,但其数量显著低于‘赛买提'杏、扁桃和新疆桃。室内饲养研究表明,‘赛买提'杏、扁桃和春榆上均有脐腹小蠹取食为害,其中‘赛买提'杏上脐腹小蠹子代数量最多,成虫蛀道长度最长,侵入孔数最多,与扁桃和春榆差异显著。综上所述,脐腹小蠹在‘赛买提'杏、扁桃、新疆桃、春榆上均可完成发育,但在4种寄主上的子代数量以及对4种寄主的为害程度不同,‘赛买提'杏是脐腹小蠹生长发育及繁殖的最适寄主,其次是扁桃、新疆桃,脐腹小蠹也可为害春榆。     

施硅对紫花苜蓿不同部位硅含量的影响

为了阐明施硅对紫花苜蓿不同部位硅含量的影响,该研究采用大田实验和盆栽实验的方法,研究不同硅肥处理下紫花苜蓿不同部位硅的分配规律。结果表明:作为豆科植物的紫花苜蓿,施硅量显著影响其分枝期的硅含量,随着施硅量的提高地上和地下部分的硅含量均增加,且和对照差异显著(P0.05)。紫花苜蓿在开花期不同部位的硅含量表现为"叶茎花序根",其分配比例为:叶36.17%,茎24.13%,花序20.38%,根19.32%。     

挥发性信息化合物对赤眼蜂寄生行为的影响及其利用

本文简述了挥发性物质对赤眼蜂寄生行为的调控作用以及其在生防中的应用,并探讨了挥发性信息化合物对赤眼蜂行为调控的研究意义与应用前景。     

诱捕器的不同颜色和滑层材料对萧氏松茎象成虫诱捕的影响

研究了不同颜色诱捕器对萧氏松茎象成虫的诱捕效果和不同滑层材料对其逃逸的抑制效果。结果表明:黑色诱捕器对萧氏松茎象成虫的诱捕效果最好;滑层材料D对萧氏松茎象逃逸的抑制率为100%。因此,选择滑层材料D用于诱捕器的制作,并采用黑色作为诱捕器的颜色,可以提高林间诱捕效果。     

万寿菊不同部位提取物制备及其对柑橘根线虫的毒杀影响

文章研究探讨了用成熟万寿菊Tagete srecta不同部位,在不同提取方法和不同处理时间等条件下,提取物对柑橘根线虫Meloidogyne SPP的毒杀效果,以及生物活性物质成分在毒杀柑橘根线虫中的作用。结果表明,万寿菊根部粗提取物对柑橘根线虫的毒杀作用最强,其中α-三联噻吩是毒杀柑橘根线虫的主要有效成分之一,并在根中含量最高,乙酸乙酯和石油醚抽提的0.01 mg/mL的根提取液对柑橘根线虫毒杀效果高。     

艾蒿提取物及其不同柱层析馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵行为的影响

利用Syntech触角电位仪,测定了甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对艾蒿提取物和4种溶剂(苯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙醇)柱层析馏分的触角反应;利用涂纸法,测定了艾蒿提取物和4种馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵的忌避特性和抑制特性。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对相同浓度(10 mg/mL)提取物和馏分的触角反应存在很大差异,对丙酮馏分的反应最强烈,电位值为9.632±1.054 mV,其次为乙酸乙酯和苯馏分,以乙醇馏分的反应最弱。提取物和不同馏分对甜菜夜蛾的产卵忌避作用存在很大差异,丙酮馏分、乙酸乙酯馏分和提取物都具有一定的忌避作用,而且随浓度上升而增强,其中以丙酮馏分的忌避作用最强,10 mg/mL的忌避率达到49.0%。不同浓度处理时,都以丙酮馏分和乙酸乙酯馏分的产卵抑制作用最强,且随浓度上升而增强,10 mg/mL的抑制率分别达到72.16%和68.95%;较高浓度(5 mg/mL和10 mg/mL)时,提取物、苯馏分和乙醇馏分也具有一定的产卵抑制作用。     

三种羧酸酰胺类杀菌剂对黄瓜疫霉菌不同发育阶段的影响及其敏感性测定

离体条件下测定了3种羧酸酰胺类(Carboxylic acid amides,CAAs)杀菌剂氟吗啉、烯酰吗啉和异丙菌胺对黄瓜疫霉菌不同生长发育阶段的抑制作用。结果表明,3种杀菌剂抑制黄瓜疫霉菌休止孢萌发的EC50值分别为0.54,0.46和 0.34 μg/mL;抑制菌丝生长的EC50值分别为0.92,0.70和0.67 μg/mL;抑制孢子囊形成的EC50值分别为0.48,0.31和0.26 μg/mL。但对游动孢子的释放、游动及休止孢的形成均没有抑制作用。氟吗啉、烯酰吗啉和异丙菌胺抑制田间采集的供试菌株菌丝生长的平均EC50值分别为1.09(±0.24),0.29(±0.04)和0.32 (±0.07) μg/mL,供试菌株对3种杀菌剂的敏感性均呈正态分布,未检测到抗药性菌株的存在。     

华山松主要种实害虫种类及发生危害调查

2002-2003年对不同发育期华山松球果的长度、直径及含水率进行了跟踪,并同期对危害华山松球果的种实害虫种类及危害情况进行了调查,共发现害虫7种,隶属于5科5属,主要的有5种。虫害贯穿于华山松球果发育的整个阶段。在种鳞发育期,球果花蝇(Strobilomyia sp.)、球果瘿蚊(Resselille sp.)主要危害1年生华山松球果;微红梢斑螟(Dioryctria rubella)和云南松梢斑螟(D.yuennanella)幼虫在球果快生长期及球果木质化期危害2年生华山松球果。华山松球蚜(Pineus piniarmandii)全年大部分时间均能对华山松球果造成危害,但造成落果较少。华山松球果含水率与华山松主要种实害虫的危害关系密切,种实害虫危害与华山松球果发育基本同步。     

飞机喷药防治马尾松毛虫对林内昆虫多样性的影响研究

近年我省采用飞机喷药防治森林病虫害的面积不断扩大,本文在飞防区防治前后随机采取昆虫样本,以研究飞防喷药对昆虫及其多样性的影响,采用Bt+病毒、灭幼脲、苦参碱.烟碱乳油和森得保飞机喷药防治的各试验区内,调查发现飞机喷药防治前后各试验区出现的优势类群均为蜘蛛、鞘翅目、同翅目、膜翅目和双翅目昆虫。灭幼脲和森得保飞机喷药防治后生物多样性指数指数有所增加,且差异显著;Bt+病毒和苦参碱.烟碱乳油飞防后生物多样性指数指数有变化,但差异不显著。     

小陇山珍稀濒危植物白皮松群落物种多样性特征分析

秦岭西段的小陇山是白皮松林的主要分布区之一,也是白皮松天然林分布的西界。为了确定区域白皮松的现状和发展趋势,进一步加强保护和开发利用的需要,在野外大量踏查的基础上选择白皮松的连片分布区用样方法进行了白皮松群落调查。主要统计和计算了生物多样性指数和优势度指数,分析和比较了白皮松群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明:(1)本次调查区域白皮松林乔木层多样性指数为0.3486,均匀度为0.4199;(2)乔灌草三层比较可知:多样性指数灌木层大于草本层大于乔木层,均匀度指数草本层大于灌木层大于乔木层;(3)区域内多样性指数随海拔的升高呈增加的趋势,优势度指数的变化与之相反;(4)多样性指数随林龄的增长呈下降的趋势,优势度的变化亦与之相反。本次调查为划定小陇山白皮松的保护区和进行区域环境管理提供了基础数据。     

糖醋酒液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的诱杀效果及其挥发物活性成分分析

为了明确糖醋酒液诱集韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的作用机制,比较了4种糖醋酒液配方对该虫的田间诱杀效果,并采用动态顶空吸附法、气相色谱与质谱联用技术（GC-MS）、气相色谱及触角电位仪联用技术（GC-EAD）测定了最优配比对该虫的电生理反应。绵白糖、乙酸、无水乙醇及自来水的比例为3∶3∶1∶80的糖醋酒液A为最优配比,该配比与其它各处理诱虫效果差异显著（P〈0.05）。糖醋酒液A的挥发物有33种,其中酮类化合物7种、醛类化合物8种、醇类化合物2种、烷烃类化合物12种、酯类化合物3种、酚类化合物1种,但4种配比液的挥发性成分之间差异较大。糖醋酒液A挥发物中的对乙基苯乙酮（16.119%）和1,4-二乙酰苯（4.996%）能引起韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的电生理反应。     

不同氮水平下化学调控对旱地冬小麦生长及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮水平下分阶段采用多效唑及其与6-BA配合对小偃6号和小偃22两小麦品种生长及产量的影响.结果表明,多效唑浸种显著增加了小麦的单株分蘖,拔节初期喷施多效唑明显降低了两品种的株高.不同生长阶段使用生长调节物质均增加了两品种的叶面积和叶片叶绿素SPAD值,尤其以灌浆初期喷施6-BA后对成熟期叶片SPAD值的增加幅度最为突出,表明其具有延缓叶片衰老,延长叶片功能期的效果.采用多效唑及其与6-BA配合进行分阶段化学调控具有明显增产作用,其中多效唑与6-BA相结合处理较清水处理小麦产量提高了601.2 kg/hm2,增产幅度达显著水平;小麦穗粒数和千粒重的增加是其籽粒增产的主要原因.由此可见,在小麦生长的不同阶段采取不同的化控措施,可以有效地调节小麦生长发育,达到提高作物产量的目的.     

芳香植物气味及提取液对茶尺蠖行为的影响

为了明确芳香植物对茶尺蠖Ectropisobliqua的驱避、拒食作用和获得应用于茶园茶尺蠖"推-拉"策略的植物材料,利用"Y"型嗅觉仪室内测定其成虫对芳香植物气味的趋性反应,并采用叶碟法测定芳香植物提取液对其幼虫的拒食作用及营养干扰效果。丁香罗勒、迷迭香、柠檬桉和芸香植株挥发物及甲醇提取液对茶尺蠖雌、雄成虫有显著的驱避效果。猫薄荷、迷迭香和鼠尾草的2 00 mg/mL甲醇提取液对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫表现出显著拒食活性,24 h后的选择性拒食率分别为93.85%、86.00%和77.32%,非选择性拒食率分别为85.77%、87.00%和88.05%。其中,迷迭香处理的幼虫生长率最低,仅为0.12 mg/天,对幼虫的相对取食量、食物利用率和食物转化率等营养指标有影响。研究表明,10种芳香植物中迷迭香具有显著的行为调控功能,是构建茶尺蠖"推-拉"策略的理想材料。     

Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex strains obtained from Guangxi,China and their pathogenicity on plants in the Cucurbitaceae family and other botanical families

Bacterial wilt, caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), is a destructive plant disease in Guangxi, China. However, the diversity of RSSC populations in the area is unknown. To this end, we performed an extensive bacterial wilt survey from 2015 to 2018. Using phylotype-specific multiplex PCR (Pmx-PCR) and an egl-based tree, 189 strains collected from 20 plant species were identified as R. pseudosolanacearum phylotype I, which included 14 sequevars (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 30, 34, 44, 48, 54, 70, and 71); two strains isolated from potato plants belonged to R. solanacearum phylotype II, sequevar 1. Sequevars 13, 17, and 44 were prevalent in Guangxi, and sequevar 13 dominated the RSSC sequevars of four Cucurbitaceae plants. The susceptibility of different Cucurbitaceae species to bacterial wilt and the host range of 16 representative strains were further tested. Members of the Cucurbita, Momordica, and Luffa genera were susceptible to bacterial wilt, with wilt incidence ranging from 73% to 100%. Most strains were pathogenic to solanaceous plants, mulberry, and ginger plants but not to melon crops; however, the strains from kidney bean, pepper, and Cucurbitaceae plants were highly virulent to melon crops. This is the first comprehensive report on the genetic and host range diversity of the RSSC in Guangxi and the susceptibility of different Cucurbitaceae species to bacterial wilt, which can provide valuable information for the development of bacterial wilt control strategies.     

黏虫幼虫体表挥发物成分鉴定及其对中红侧沟茧蜂寄主定位行为的影响

为提高中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator田间寄生效率,对黏虫Mythimna separata 1～5龄幼虫体表挥发物进行提取,采用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）技术对其成分进行分析,采用气相色谱-触角电位（gas chromatography-electron antenneal detection,GCEAD）技术确定引起中红侧沟茧蜂触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应的挥发性物质,同时通过Y型嗅觉仪测定中红侧沟茧蜂对其的选择反应。结果显示,中红侧沟茧蜂雌成蜂对黏虫1～3龄幼虫体表粗提物有显著的选择反应,反应率分别为60%、68%和56%;中红侧沟茧蜂触角对黏虫体表粗提物中的2,4-二甲基庚烷、5-乙基-2-甲基辛烷、十二烷、1,3-二叔丁基苯、2,4-二甲基十一烷、十六烷、2,6,10,15-四甲基十七烷和抗坏血酸二棕榈酸酯10种物质均有电生理反应,EAG反应随浓度升高而增强;中红侧沟茧蜂雌雄成蜂对这10种物质的选择反应存在性别差异;其中中红侧沟茧蜂对其中的8种物质及...     

The effect of different dosages of aldicarb on the multiplication at small population densities of Globodera rostochiensis on potato in rotavated and non-rotavated plots

The effect of 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.4 and 2 g aldicarb/m², applied at planting time, on the multiplication of small densities ofGlobodera rostochiensis on potato was investigated in an experiment on sandy loam. The chemical was applied broadcast to the soil and rotavated into the top 15 cm on half the plots of each treatment. The plots were ridged three times, the first time immediately after the planting of the potatoes. Nematodes multiplied at the same rate in the top 20 cm of the soil on rotavated and non-rotavated plots treated with the same dosage of the chemical. The relation between log dosage and probit reduction of the multiplication rate in the top 20 cm after the plots had been levelled was linear between 0.35 g and 1.4 g aldicarb/m². The dosage-increase efficiency was 0.3 probit units per doubling of the dosage and the reduction of the multiplication rate at 0.5 g aldicarb/m² 76%, whereas 2 g aldicarb/m² was not more effective than 1.4 g. However, multiplication rates in the centre of the ridges of rotavated plots were reduced by 96.5% at 1 to 2 g aldicarb/m² but only by about 60% below the furrows and by 60% to 80% below the ridges. The latter reduction was the greater the larger the dosage of the chemical.The observations were in accordance with the supposition that multiplication of nematodes was totally inhibited in the top 20 cm of plots treated with 1.4 g and 2 g aldicarb/m² and that postharvest populations there consisted entirely of non-hatched eggs of the pre-plant population. The poor performance of the chemical in the deeper layers of the soil makes application less effective in reducing population build-up than in preventing yield losses.Samenvatting Het effect van 0,35, 0,5, 0,7, 1, 1,4 en 2 g aldicarb/m², toegediend vlak voor het poten, op de vermenigvuldiging vanGlobodera rostochiensis op aardappel werd onderzocht in een veldproef op zavel. Het middel werd breedwerpig over de oppervlakte van de grond verdeeld. Daarna werd de helft van de met elke dosis behandelde en van de onbehandelde veldjes gefreesd tot 15 cm diepte. Er werd drie maal aangeaard. Er was geen verschil in de vermenigvuldiging van de aaltjes in de bovenste 20 cm van de grond tussen wel en van het middel van probit vermindering van het vermenigvuldigingsgetal van het aaltje ten opzichte van onbehandeld in de bovenste 20 cm van de grond was rechtlijnig tussen 0,35 g en 1,4 g aldicarb/m². Het effect van dosisvergroting was 0,3 probit eenheid per verdubbeling van de dosis en de vermindering van het vermenigvuldigingsgetal bij 0,5 g aldicarb/m² 77%. Het effect van 1,4 g en 2 g aldicarb/m² was gelijk. De resultaten zijn in overeenstemming met de veronderstelling, dat in de met 1,4 en 2 g aldicarb/m² behandelde veldjes de vermenigvuldiging van de aaltjes in de bovenste 20 cm van de grond geheel was verhinderd. Met een voor praktische toepassing aanvaardbare dosis aldicarb kon een sterke vermeerdering van aardappelcystenaaltijes beneden 20 cm onder de oppervlakte van de grond niet worden voorkómen. Daardoor is de bruikbaarheid van dit systemische nematicide (en van overeenkomstige middelen) in een bestrijdingssysteem, dat streeft naar het (zeer) laag houden van dichtheden van aardappelcystenaaltjes, problematisch.     

Terbufos biodegradability and efficacy against Radopholus similis in soils from banana cultivation having different histories of nematicide use,and the effect of terbufos on plant growth of in vitro-propagated Musa AAA cv. Grande Naine

The aims of this investigation were to: (1) determine whether there is enhanced biodegradability of terbufos in soils of banana plantations infested with Radopholus similis; (2) whether nematicide use history affects the degree of biodegradation; and (3) establish whether terbufos has phytotoxic side-effects on banana root growth. A greenhouse bioassay, using soils collected from different banana fields in Costa Rica, revealed that terbufos underwent enhanced biodegradation in the soil of a plantation having a long history of terbufos use. In the soils of two other plantations, where terbufos had never been used, and in another where the most recent terbufos application had occurred over a year before soil collection, high nematicide activity against R. similis was obtained even 60 days after application. Our study demonstrated that terbufos efficacy lasted longer in soils with no or low history of terbufos than in soils that had been treated several times. Terbufos did not reduce root fresh weight of in vitro-propagated bananas, and its positive effect was related to a control of R. similis.