露地韭菜栽培技术

正夏季种植露地韭菜,每667 m~2土地至少可产鲜韭菜1 000 kg。1土壤条件选择地势平坦,排灌方便,土壤耕层深厚、肥沃、土壤结构适宜、理化性状良好的土地,以沙壤土为宜,前茬作物不是百合科蔬菜。2适时播种播种方法分干籽播种和湿籽播种,无论哪种方法都应使用新籽,最好先进行发芽试验,发芽率在70%以上才能用。干籽播种,按10~20 cm的行距开深1.5~2 cm     

豫北棉区枯萎病田间发病消长与棉株生育期关系的观察

棉花枯萎病是危害棉花生产的最严重病害之一。研究它在田间发病与消长规律,对开展综合防治,大田病害普查和防治方法的研究,都有密切的关系。所以,我们于1972—1974年在河南新乡,采用田间正常播种、分期播种、分期接种的方法,对枯萎病发病消长情况进行了分析和研究。     

香蕉—水稻轮作联合添加有机物料防控香蕉枯萎病研究

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌引起的土传病害, 枯萎病的发生对香蕉产业造成严重的冲击本文针对香蕉枯萎病难以防控的难题, 采用水稻轮作同时添加有机物料（椰糠、稻秆和桉树皮）的方法, 研究了其对香蕉枯萎病高发病蕉园土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)和其他微生物数量的影响及其对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。结果表明, 轮作水稻可以显著减少土壤中FOC的数量, 从而降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。其中轮作水稻处理比未淹水未种植水稻处理FOC的数量下降了71.5%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了81.7%; 与未种植水稻但淹水的处理相比FOC数量下降了47.8%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了71.2%; 种植水稻同时添加水稻秸秆能够显著增强病原菌的杀灭效果和对下茬香蕉枯萎病的防控效果, 相比未添加物料轮作水稻处理, 尖孢镰刀菌数量下降了36.2%, 下茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了50.0%。同时, 水稻轮作同时添加有机物料处理及其下茬香蕉的种植, 对土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均具有不同的影响。其中水稻种植期间不同处理的可培养真菌与放线菌数量随着时间的增加整体呈下降趋势, 而在种植香蕉后随时间的增加呈上升趋势; 土壤中可培养细菌的数量在水稻种植与香蕉种植期间随着时间的增加未呈现出规律性。结论：水稻轮作联合稻秆的添加能有效降低土壤中FOC的数量和下茬香蕉枯萎病的发病率。     

头孢霉属真菌侵染玉米初报

新疆墨玉、皮山、呼图壁等地1983年引进南斯拉夫玉米种籽,1984年播种,8月下旬玉米乳熟期,制种田母本773有整株死亡现象。根据大田调查和室内分离培养认为是玉米头孢霉枯萎病(Cephalosporium maydis Samrd, Sabet & Hingorani)和玉米维管束黑腐病(C. acremonium cda.)。这两种病害从病原菌形态上很不易区     

西瓜枯萎病的发生与防治

近几年来,我县西瓜种植,发展很快,据一九八六年统计,全县种植西瓜5171亩,随着种植年限的增加,枯萎病不断发生蔓延,有的地块,因发病严重,有的造成有种无收。为发展西瓜生产,搞好植保技术服务工作,作者将近两年来的调查与试验结果,综合整理如下: 西瓜枯萎病,又称蔓割病,萎蔫病,是     

牡丹江地区西瓜枯萎病的发生与防治

近年来,牡丹江借助镜泊湖旅游沿线的区位优势,扩大棚室西瓜和露地西瓜种植面积,推广绿色食品栽培技术和农产品质量安全可追溯体系,打开了牡丹江地区西瓜在全国销售的窗口。随着西瓜种植面积的扩大,特别是棚室栽培面积的增加,西瓜连作,使病虫害加重,土壤理化性质恶化,其中西瓜枯萎病是连作减产、品质降低的重要病害[1]。1症状西瓜枯萎病又称西瓜萎蔫病,俗称＂死秧病＂。西瓜在各生育时期均可发病,苗期发病最轻,以结果期为害最严重。     

棉花枯萎病综合防治技术介绍

棉花枯萎病是危害棉花的主要病害之一,该病传入麻城市最早时期是1969年,当年因发洪水,市良种场为了解决棉种缺乏问题,市良种场当年从本省钟祥县原种场引进一批棉种,1970年种植的当年,在宋埠良种场就发现有32株棉花可疑发病,经华中农业大学植保系、武汉大学生物系,以及有关专家会诊后,确定为棉花枯萎病。尔后,发病面积逐年     

漳州市粉蕉枯萎病的发生及防治对策

粉蕉枯萎病是福建省补充的植物检疫对象。随着种植结构的调整 ,由于粉蕉因具有抗逆性强、品质佳、经济效益高等优点 ,为漳州市农业结构调整中主要发展的作物之一 ,并逐渐连片规模种植。与此同时 ,因忽视该病的检疫防治工作 ,造成了粉蕉枯萎病迅速扩散蔓延 ,普遍发生危害 ,已成为漳州市粉蕉生产中亟需解决的问题。为此 ,本文根据近年来的实践对该病害的发生危害、防治对策总结简述如下。1　症状与发生危害1 .1　症状系统观察表明 ,漳州市粉蕉枯萎病与香蕉枯萎病所表现症状的主要特征相似 ,即发病的焦株下部叶片叶缘首先黄化 ,并逐渐扩大至中…     

柽麻枯萎病的研究

柽麻(Crotalaria juncea)是一种生长快、适应性广的夏季绿肥。1961年引入我区,种植面积逐年广大。近年来,柽麻发生枯萎病,造成了毁灭性的危害。为了摸清这种病害,以期找到防治的方法,我们于1977—1979年对柽麻枯萎病作了研究。现报道如下。 一、发病特点和症状 在初发病的田块,病株在田间呈点片状分布。柽麻开花前后凋萎枯死。在曾发病过的重茬地里,病株分布较均匀,柽麻在苗期即可发病枯死。     

抗棉枯萎病、高产新品种“86—1号”大面积丰收

近年来枯萎病在河南、山东、河北、陕西、山西、四川、浙江、湖北等省大面积为害。据不完全统计全国发病面积达1,000万亩以上,每年因病损失皮棉约200万担。试验证明:种植抗病品种是防治枯萎病经济有效的措施。中国农科院植保所与河南省新乡县小冀公社王屯大队合作,育成的新品种“86—1号”,具有较强的抗病性。1975—1977年在王屯基点枯萎病圃鉴定,三年平     

Mechanism of action and efficacy of seed meal-induced pathogen suppression differ in a brassicaceae species and time-dependent manner

ABSTRACT The effect of seed meals derived from Brassica juncea, B. napus, or Sinapis alba on suppression of soilborne pathogens inciting replant disease of apple was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Regardless of plant source, seed meal amendment significantly improved apple growth in all orchard soils; however, relative differences in pathogen suppression were observed. All seed meals suppressed root infection by native Rhizoctonia spp. and an introduced isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG-5, though B. juncea seed meal often generated a lower level of disease control relative to other seed meal types. When introduction of the pathogen was delayed until 4 to 8 weeks post seed meal amendment, disease suppression was associated with proliferation of resident Streptomyces spp. and not qualitative or quantitative attributes of seed meal glucosinolate content. Using the same experimental system, when soils were pasteurized prior to pathogen infestation, control of R. solani was eliminated regardless of seed meal type. In the case of B. juncea seed meal amendment, the mechanism of R. solani suppression varied in a temporal manner, which initially was associated with the generation of allylisothiocyanate and was not affected by soil pasteurization. Among those tested, only B. juncea seed meal did not stimulate orchard soil populations of Pythium spp. and infection of apple roots by these oomycetes. Although application of B. napus seed meal alone consistently induced an increase in Pythium spp. populations, no significant increase in Pythium spp. populations was observed in response to a composite B. juncea and B. napus seed meal amendment. Suppression of soil populations and root infestation by Pratylenchus spp. was dependent upon seed meal type, with only B. juncea providing sustained nematode control. Collectively, these studies suggest that use of a composite B. juncea and B. napus seed meal mixture can provide superior control of the pathogen complex inciting apple replant disease relative to either seed meal used alone.     

Rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence: seed source and spatial pattern

A programme of field trials for the study of the winter barley–Rhynchosporium commune pathosystem is reported. The associated seedborne disease rhynchosporium leaf scald is regarded as having an important impact on barley yields. The analysis in this study relates to the impact of the seed source (commercial or farm-saved seed) on disease incidence and to the spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence. Disease incidence data were calculated from field data recorded as disease severity. Mean disease incidence was higher in the crops grown from farm-saved seed than in those grown from commercial seed, although great agronomic significance cannot be attached to this result. The spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence was characterized in terms of the binary power law (BPL) and was indicative of an aggregated pattern. Programme-wide BPL results were described using a novel phytopathological application of a random coefficients model. These results have application in field sampling for rhynchosporium leaf scald disease.     

Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.     

黄麻黑点炭疽病的研究

黄麻黑点炭疽病是我国长果种黄麻上的新病害。本文对病害诊断、病原菌鉴定、发病因素和防治方法作了报道。用炭疽福美处理种子;实行轮作;建立建立无病留种地;田间发病时,用炭疽福美、退菌特或波尔多液喷布,可有效地控制病害。     

Seed treatments to control seedborne fungal pathogens of vegetable crops

Vegetable crops are frequently infected by fungal pathogens, which can include seedborne fungi. In such cases, the pathogen is already present within or on the seed surface, and can thus cause seed rot and seedling damping‐off. Treatment of vegetable seeds has been shown to prevent plant disease epidemics caused by seedborne fungal pathogens. Furthermore, seed treatments can be useful in reducing the amounts of pesticides required to manage a disease, because effective seed treatments can eliminate the need for foliar application of fungicides later in the season. Although the application of fungicides is almost always effective, their non‐target environmental impact and the development of pathogen resistance have led to the search for alternative methods, especially in the past few years. Physical treatments that have already been used in the past and treatments with biopesticides, such as plant extracts, natural compounds and biocontrol agents, have proved to be effective in controlling seedborne pathogens. These have been applied alone or in combination, and they are widely used owing to their broad spectrum in terms of disease control and production yield. In this review, the effectiveness of different seed treatments against the main seedborne pathogens of some important vegetable crops is critically discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Integrated management of fusarium wilt of chickpea with sowing date, host resistance, and biological control

ABSTRACT A 3-year experiment was conducted in field microplots infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 at Córdoba, Spain, in order to assess efficacy of an integrated management strategy for Fusarium wilt of chickpea that combined the choice of sowing date, use of partially resistant chickpea genotypes, and seed and soil treatments with biocontrol agents Bacillus megaterium RGAF 51, B. subtilis GB03, nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, and Pseudomonas fluorescens RG 26. Advancing the sowing date from early spring to winter significantly delayed disease onset, reduced the final disease intensity (amount of disease in a microplot that combines disease incidence and severity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible amount of disease in that microplot), and increased chickpea seed yield. A significant linear relationship was found between disease development over time and weather variables at the experimental site, with epidemics developing earlier and faster as mean temperature increased and accumulated rainfall decreased. Under conditions highly conducive for Fusarium wilt development, the degree of disease control depended primarily on choice of sowing date, and to a lesser extent on level of resistance of chickpea genotypes to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5, and the biocontrol treatments. The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively. Chickpea seed yield was influenced by all three factors in the study. The increase in chickpea seed yield was the most consistent effect of the biocontrol agents. However, that effect was primarily influenced by sowing date, which also determined disease development. Effectiveness of biocontrol treatments in disease management was lowest in January sowings, which were least favorable for Fusarium wilt. Sowing in February, which was moderately favorable for wilt development, resulted in the greatest increase in seed yield by the biocontrol agents. In March sowings, which were most conducive for the disease, the biocontrol agents delayed disease onset and increased seedling emergence. B. subtilis GB03 and P. fluorescens RG 26, applied either alone or each in combination with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, were the most effective treatments at suppressing Fusarium wilt, or delaying disease onset and increasing seed yield, respectively. The importance of integrating existing control practices, partially effective by themselves, with other control measures to achieve appropriate management of Fusarium wilt and increase of seed yield in chickpea in Mediterranean-type environments is demonstrated by the results of this study.     

Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus: A review

Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV) is a cosmopolitan, economically significant seed-borne virus of cowpea. It can cause a yield loss of 13 - 87% under field conditions depending upon crop susceptibility, virus strain and the environmental conditions. CABMV has spread world-wide through the exchange of virus-infected germplasm material. The virus-infected seed provides the initial inoculum and aphids are responsible for the secondary spread of the disease under field conditions. The virus symptoms vary with the cowpea genotype and virus strain. Excellent sources of resistance are available for the breeding of resistant cultivars. Resistance in cowpea is conferred by either a dominant or a recessive gene. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most appropriate method for the detection of the virus in the seed or plant tissue for seed certification programmes. Production of virus-free seed is another control option. Given the significance of the disease and the large area under cowpea cultivation in the world, we review knowledge of various aspects of the disease.     

Activity of cyazofamid against Sclerospora graminicola, a downy mildew disease of pearl millet

The efficacy of cyazofamid was tested against pearl millet downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola Schroet. Significant inhibition of sporangial sporulation, zoospore release and motility was observed at 0.3 mg mL(-1), and this concentration also provided good fungicidal activity under in vitro conditions. Under glasshouse conditions, none of the concentrations tested, either 0.01-2 mg mL(-1) as seed treatment or 1-10 mg mL(-1) by foliar application, was found to be phytotoxic. The effect of cyazofamid was tested by seed treatment alone, seed treatment followed by foliar application and foliar application alone. Seed treatment with cyazofamid offered only 19.7% disease control, but seed treatment followed by a single foliar application to diseased plants provided good control over disease, seed treatment with two foliar applications was significantly superior and foliar application alone showed a high level of activity, with 10 mg mL(-1) giving 97.9% disease control. Lack of systemic activity of cyazofamid was evident, root treatment giving disease levels on a par with the untreated control. The fungicide exhibited strong curative activity, but only moderate translaminar activity, with only marginal (34.8%) disease control after treatment of the adaxial leaf surface at 10 mg mL(-1). Loss of cyazofamid activity over time was very low, indicating stable residual and rainfastness activity. These results indicate that cyazofamid has a high potential to be an effective fungicide for the control of downy mildew disease of pearl millet.     

Seed degeneration in potato: the need for an integrated seed health strategy to mitigate the problem in developing countries

Seed potato degeneration, the reduction in yield or quality caused by an accumulation of pathogens and pests in planting material due to successive cycles of vegetative propagation, has been a long‐standing production challenge for potato growers around the world. In developed countries this problem has been overcome by general access to and frequent use of seed, produced by specialized growers, that has been certified to have pathogen and pest incidence below established thresholds, often referred to as certified seed. The success of certified seed in developed countries has concentrated the research and development agenda on the establishment of similar systems in developing countries. Despite these efforts, certified seed has had little penetration into the informal seed systems currently in place in most developing countries. Small‐scale farmers in these countries continue to plant seed tubers acquired through the informal seed system, i.e. produced on‐farm or acquired from neighbours or local markets. Informal seed tubers frequently have poor health status, leading to significant reductions in yield and/or market value. This review emphasizes the need to refocus management efforts in developing countries on improving the health status of seed tubers in the informal system by integrating disease resistance and on‐farm management tools with strategic seed replacement. This ‘integrated seed health strategy’ can also prolong the good health status of plants derived from certified seed, which would otherwise be diminished due to potential rapid infection from neighbouring fields. Knowledge gaps, development challenges and impacts of this integrated seed health strategy are discussed.