Seasonal Development of Genotypic Differences in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Their Interaction with Water Supply

Depending on genotype, sugar beet can differ considerably in yield and quality characteristics. These are additionally modified by environmental conditions with drought stress recently gaining in importance, restricting growth and altering the chemical composition of the beet. The occurrence and development of these genotypic differences during the vegetation period and their possible interaction with environmental conditions were investigated. In 2002 and 2003, four sugar beet genotypes differing in yield and quality and putative different with regard to drought tolerance were tested in field trials, partly under irrigated conditions, in a total of 10 environments with consecutive harvests starting in early summer. In 2 years of stress and non-stress conditions they exhibited significant differences for taproot and leaf dry matter and the concentration of sucrose, K, Na and α-amino nitrogen in the taproot. These differences existed already in mid-June and virtually did not change any more from this time on. Accordingly, interactions between genotype and harvest date did not occur. For sugar beet, genotype by environment interactions generally do not exist. Water supply, as an important single determinant of the effect of the environment, was studied separately analysing data from selected locations. Under drought conditions, withholding irrigation reduced leaf and taproot growth and root-to-leaf ratio, decreased the percentage of sucrose in dry matter and resulted in an accumulation of α-amino N. Interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur for any of the parameters under study. A genotype-specific high α-amino N content, which might be of advantage for osmoregulation, did not improve the adaptation to drought. Differences in leaf maintenance or taproot-to-leaf ratio during drought also did not affect yield response. Due to the lack of interaction between genotype and harvest date as well as between genotype and irrigation it is concluded that harvest date or climatic factors of the growing region do not have to be taken into consideration when choosing a variety.     

Einfluß der Bestandesdichte auf Ertrag und Qualität der Zuckerrübe bei unterschiedlichem Erntetermin

The effect of plant population on yield and quality of sugar beet at different harvesting date
Optimum plant population of sugar beet in respect of corrected sugar yield in Central Europe ranges from 70 000 to 90 000 plants/ha. It is known that extending the length of growing period by later harvesting causes an increase in yield and quality of sugar beet depending on location and weather. There is a lack of information, however, about the effect of plant population on yield and quality increase with postponed harvesting date.
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of plant density and harvesting date on yield and quality of sugar beet.
Four trials were carried out at Göttingen (Lower Saxony) from 1982 to 1985 which included each year four plant populations and three harvesting dates (end of September to middle of November).
Depending on seed lot, plant spacing and field emergence, plant populations varied between 87 000 and 27 000 plants/ha. Averaged over the years, the plant populations for the different treatments reached 71 000, 51 000, 40 000 and 31 000 plants/ha.
Later harvesting date and increasing plant population resulted in higher yield of beet and/or higher sugar content of beet. The increase in corrected sugar yield with extending the length of growing period was highest in plant populations with high density.
From the results it can be concluded that by having the choice, a beet crop with the highest plant population should be harvested at the end, a crop with a lower plant population at the beginning of the harvesting period, unless there have to be observed some other aspects (location, crop sequence, field condition).     

Relevance of Osmotic and Frost Protecting Compounds for the Winter Hardiness of Autumn Sown Sugar Beet

The cultivation of autumn sown sugar beet (winter beet) is supposed to result in a marked yield increase compared with spring sown sugar beet. Although the importance of the growth stage reached before winter for the survival of autumn sown sugar beet has already been shown, it is not clear to which extent osmotic and potentially frost protecting compounds may contribute to winter hardiness. The study thus aimed to analyse the acclimatization process of sugar beet to low temperatures and to identify compounds which are important for survival of frost. Field trials with autumn sown sugar beet were conducted at eleven environments in Germany from 2009/10 to 2012/13, which were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with controlled temperature regimes. In the field trials, the survival rates after winter varied from 0 % to 99 %, but only in four environments differences between the five genotypes occurred. During acclimatization, betaine, glutamine, proline and raffinose were markedly accumulated and osmolality was enhanced. In particular betaine, amino acids and osmolality showed a positive correlation to the survival rate and were thus identified as potentially frost protecting substances for sugar beet. In contrast, raffinose and proline seem to act rather as stress indicators as they were negatively related to survival. Possible frost protecting substances were identified which can be used in breeding to improve the winter hardiness of sugar beet.     

中国甜菜产质量主要养分限制因子研究

中国甜菜种植主要分布在东北、西北、华北3个生态区,为探明当前甜菜生产上块根产量和含糖量的主要养分限制因子,分别在3个甜菜产区,通过设置缺素处理,进行了2年23个点的田间小区试验。结果表明：在东北区氮磷对产量限制显著(P＜0.05),硼对产量和钾对含糖的限制作用在所有试验区域均有不同程度表现,甜菜产质量主要限制因子的顺序依次为N＞P＞K＞B＞Zn。在西北区氮和硼是产量的最主要限制因子,缺乏后减产效果均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),各元素对产质量的限制依次为N＞B＞P＞K＞Zn。华北区5种元素对甜菜产量的限制作用均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),其中氮的作用最大,其他4种元素的作用接近,锌对含糖的限制作用达到显著水平(P＜0.05),各因子对甜菜产质量的限制依次为N＞Zn＞B＞P＞K。     

Critical Plant Densities for Resowing of Sugar Beet

In cases of poor crop establishment of sugar beet, the grower may consider resowing. In these considerations, the differences between the actual and the optimal plant densities and their effects on yield and quality must play an important role, A module to describe these effects is presented. The later in the growing season the decision has to be taken, the lower the plant densities for which resowing is profitable.     

黑龙江终霜日变化对粮食生产影响的分析

为了达到提前做好粮食产量预估的目的,笔者利用实际监测1961—2011 年终霜日、平均气温、≥10℃积温、粮食单产等资料,采用统计相关和趋势计算方法,分析了近50 年终霜日年代际、年际变化特点。结果表明,20 世纪80 年代后伴随全球气候变暖,终霜日提前速率加快与同期年平均温度、5 月平均温度具有反位相相关变化特征,与5 月平均温度相关系数达-0.63。通过终霜日推后与提前对作物生长季≥10℃积温关系的分析,揭示它们之间也同样存在明显的反位相相关关系。同时分析了终霜日对粮食单产影响的关系,相关系数为-0.58;指出终霜日提前年份对粮食增产的概率可达0.65,其中在0.35减产年份中全部是由于严重的旱和涝象所造成;综上表明,黑龙江省在气候变暖的大背景下,终霜提前,生长季≥10℃积温增加,粮食增产的概率大大增加。     

PIEteR: a Field-specific Production Model for Sugar-beet Growing

PIEteR is a field-specific production model for sugar-beet growing. It can provide quantitative information about the technical, economic and environmental consequences of plant density, nitrogen application and harvest date. Its core is a growth model that simulates rates of emergence, development, and root and sugar production, corrected for non-optimal water availability. Although PIEteR is not yet able to simulate extreme situations correctly, it is a good basis for the further development of a decision-support system.     

黑龙江省甜菜农业气象年景评估方法

探讨甜菜农业气象年景评估方法旨在为甜菜农业生产、种植计划调整及栽培管理提供指导。利用黑龙江省11个甜菜栽培市(地) 1986—2012年期间的甜菜单产和播种面积资料、以及同期逐日气温、降水量、日照时数资料,基于气候适宜度指数法和加权系数法构建了各市(地)甜菜农业气象年景逐步回归模型和黑龙江省甜菜农业气象年景评估模型。结果表明,各市(地)甜菜农业气象年景值 Fi 与关键生育期的综合气候适宜度指数存在极显著的相关关系,均通过高于p<0.02水平的极显著性统计检验;回代检验各市(地)准确率在73.7%～88.5%,黑龙江省准确率为81.0%;2013年预报检验各市(地)平均准确率为76.9％,黑龙江省准确率为100％,2013年黑龙江省甜菜农业气象预测年景和实际年景均为平年。【结论】基于气候适宜度指数法和加权系数法构建的黑龙江省甜菜农业气象年景评估模型评估和预报准确率较高,可初步用于黑龙江省甜菜农业气象年景评估、业务预报与服务。     

Effect of Extending the Growing Period on Yield Formation of Sugar Beet

Autumn sown sugar beets (winter beets) are expected to yield markedly higher than spring sown beets. This requires a continuous growth during an extended growing period. So far, bolting‐resistant sugar beet varieties are not available to test winter beets under field conditions in Central Europe. The objective of this study was therefore to analyse yield formation and sugar storage of sugar beet plants during an extended growing period to estimate whether sugar beet has the potential to generate the theoretically expected yield increase. From 2008 to 2012, pot experiments were carried out in the glasshouse with 11 sowing dates spread over the years with sequential harvests. The oldest plants were grown for 859 days (14 242 °Cd). Root fresh matter yield continuously increased till the latest harvest. In contrast, the sugar concentration reached an optimum value between 3400 and 5000 °Cd and then decreased with time. Despite longer growing periods, the number of cambium rings, which are regarded as essential for sugar storage, did not change. This points to an early and genetically fixed determination of the formation of cambium rings. Additionally, the rate of photosynthesis decreased concomitantly with the sugar concentration. In conclusion, there is some evidence that the sugar concentration of the storage root is limited by the sink capacity, which in turn controls the source activity by a feedback regulation of photosynthesis and leaf formation. The dry matter composition of the storage root changed towards lower sugar concentration and concurrent higher concentration of cell wall compounds (marc). The sugar yield still increased beyond a thermal time at which winter beets will probably be harvested in practice. Hence, the theoretical yield increase in autumn sown sugar beets can be realized, provided that the plants show sufficient winter hardiness and bolting resistance.     

农田机械化耕作与甜菜生长

近年来随着农业机械化水平的快速提高,土壤机械压实问题越来越突出。通过分析土壤机械压实对土壤容重、坚实度、孔隙度、地表水分渗透、土壤含水率等特性的影响,阐述了土壤压实后引起的农业机械机组作业阻力增加、油耗上升,以及对甜菜生长的不利影响,造成甜菜减产。在促进农业机械化发展的同时,应切实考虑其负面影响,采取切实的措施,改善土壤压实情况,确保甜菜可持续生产。     

Weed Control in Sugar Beet using Genetically Modified Herbicide-tolerant Varieties – A Review of the Economics for Cultivation in Europe

Genetically modified sugar beet varieties have been developed to be tolerant to glyphosate and glufosinate. To date, research regarding other active ingredients did not result in additional herbicide‐tolerant varieties and the approval of glufosinate‐tolerant varieties for market access has been withdrawn by the applicant. Therefore, only glyphosate‐tolerant varieties could be introduced for cultivation in the short run. Results concerning efficacy and cost of weed control using these varieties and the complementary herbicides were extensively reported in various contributions, mostly on a national level. Based on these results, the economics of weed control for sugar beet production in Europe were reviewed and aspects of integrated control, risk management, and issues of sustainable development of crop production are discussed. Efficient weed control is possible in almost any field situation with glyphosate at about 2 kg a.i. ha^?1, compared with conventional herbicides at 6 kg ha^?1 or higher, depending on weed infestation level. Cost savings for weed control with glyphosate would amount to an average of €150 ha^?1, without any great deviation across different sites and states. A technology fee of about €40 ha^?1 is assumed. The high selectivity of glyphosate may result in a 1–3 % higher yield performance of the crop. All assumptions being considered, total cost savings of €180 × 10⁶ year^?1 were calculated for the area of 1.7 × 10⁶ ha in the main EU sugar beet‐growing countries. A risk management by implementing a monitoring programme is compulsory, and systems of identity preservation or quality assurance are needed in order to enable the production of conventional and genetically modified sugar beet in coexistence. To date, costs are unknown for these measures. Because of the favourable ecotoxicological behaviour of glyphosate and the possibility of threshold‐based weed control, this new technology could provide an excellent option towards sustainable development of the crop. However, political reasons and the lack of acceptance of genetically modified varieties by the consumer have prevented the market entry of GMHT sugar beet to date, so that conventional herbicides will continuously be used in the future.     

优化滴灌制度下不同品种糖用甜菜产质量及光合特性响应研究

为了研究不同灌溉定额下不同品种（标准型、丰产型和高糖型）糖用甜菜的产量、质量和光合特性的响应,在东北地区甜菜4个生长时期进行了7个滴灌处理水平的试验研究,测定不同处理对标准型、丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种的生长情况、光合特征、产量质量及灌溉效率的响应。结果表明,不同灌溉量对不同类型甜菜生长指标、光合参数及产质量影响不同。标准型和高糖型甜菜品种对其生长性状各指标有利的灌溉定额为320~360 m3/ha,3个品种甜菜叶绿素含量对灌溉定额的最佳响应为300~320 m3/ha。标准甜菜品种随着灌溉量的增加并不利于其进行光合作用,而高糖型与丰产型甜菜品种随灌溉量的增加在叶丛快速生长期对叶片蒸腾速率的影响显著,在320 m3/ha灌溉量处理下光合效率较好。随着灌溉量的增加,标准型甜菜品种根产量增加;当灌溉量达320 m3/ha时,丰产型甜菜品种根产量不再升高而保持平稳、高糖型甜菜品种糖度下降。叶片水分利用效率在生育期前期总体上要高于生育后期,增加灌溉量并不能提高不同类型甜菜品种的灌溉水生产效率。在本研究特定区域内优化不同品种甜菜的灌溉制度可改善甜菜生长和产质量,并为建立甜菜灌溉模型提供理论基础。     

甜菜生产机械作业效率与配置分析

甜菜是制糖工业的重要原料,在中国种植已有100多年.近年来,随着农村劳动力转移加快,劳动力价格急剧上升,而甜菜种植比较费工时,因此,甜菜生产机械化受到极大的重视,得到了快速发展.通过分析甜菜机械作业环境条件、土壤条件、机械性能、农时季节等因素,计算甜菜机械田间作业效率,在适宜的作业时间,合理配置甜菜作业机械机组,尽可能...     

甜菜保护酶系统对硼胁迫响应及其与内源激素相关性研究

研究不同硼素供应水平下, 硼对甜菜保护酶系统的影响规律以及保护酶系统与内源激素相关性, 丰富甜菜生理学理论。以甜菜单粒种 ‘HI0099’ 为试验材料, 在水培条件下, 设置 4个硼营养浓度, 对甜菜叶片保护酶系统以及内源激素含量进行测定。结果表明： 4种不同硼素处理的甜菜, 叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量均随着生育进程有减少趋势, 而脯氨酸含量均呈增加趋势; 硼素胁迫处理时, 叶片 MDA含量以及脯氨酸含量增加。不同硼素处理下, 甜菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、 过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现为随生育进程逐渐升高趋势; 同一日期, 不同硼浓度表现为缺乏或者毒害胁迫下 SOD活性有升高的趋势, 并且随着甜菜生长, 硼胁迫情况下 SOD活性处理间差异有变小趋势; 在硼胁迫条件下, SOD活性与 ZT含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05), 与 GA₃呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)。不同日期各硼素营养处理间过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化规律一致, 呈现先降低后升高的趋势。综合分析说明, 硼素胁迫引起膜脂过氧化, 甜菜叶片通过提高保护酶活性来防御硼毒害, 但其防御功能是有限的, 随着生育进程, 甜菜对硼胁迫防御功能达到临界值, 保护酶活性变化不再显著, 且甜菜植株在硼素胁迫下的生长发育受保护酶系统及内源激素间共同调控。     

The First Step Towards a Decision-support System for Sugar-beet Growing: Selection of a Basic Growth Model

Four simulation models were tested for their suitability as a basic growth model in a decision support system for sugar beet growing in The Netherlands. SUCROS and SUBEMO are complex, mechanistic models; LINTUL and PIEteR are relatively simple regression models including causal relationships at a higher level of integration. All four models are dynamic, i.e. they calculate daily development and production rates.
The selected model had to be able to predict root and sugar yields accurately and to correct for suboptimal water contents of the soil. It should be possible to include location-specific data and new modules, e.g. for nitrogen fertilization or plant density. Finally, the farmer should be able to collect the required input data easily and cheaply.
The tests showed that PIEteR predicted root and sugar yields best, partly because it contained water-balance corrections, based on location-specific soil characteristics. PIEteR could not be applied universally because of its regression character at a high level of integration, but it met the requirements specified.     

甜菜收购质量管控与以质论价

甜菜作为重要的糖料作物在中国种植已有100多年,但甜菜收购一直没有根据甜菜含糖率确定甜菜价格,而根据甜菜含糖率的多寡来确定甜菜价格在国际上是通行做法.甜菜制糖企业应制定甜菜收购质量标准,以此综合评定甜菜块根的切削质量、外观质量和品质质量,合理扣除杂质、残土等,并根据块根含糖率确定甜菜价格,实行甜菜收购以质论价.在执行甜...     

Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination and its Relation with Qualitative Root Traits and Harvest Index in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Twenty commercial sugar beet varieties were grown at two sites in central Greece during the 2001 growing season (March to October), in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in sugar beet leaves was found to be affected by site and marginally by variety. No relation was found between fresh root yield and Δ, but significant correlations were found between Δ and sucrose content (positive) and between Δ and root α‐amino‐N (negative). Also, the harvest index, determined at one site, was negatively correlated with Δ.     

Environmental Situation and Yield Performance of the Sugar Beet Crop in Germany: Heading for Sustainable Development

The environmental situation and current yield performance of sugar beet production in Germany are described and compared to those in other European regions. A continuous increase in yield performance and enhanced technical quality have been achieved through progress in breeding and improvements in crop management systems. This rise in yield potential has been brought about not by increased production intensity, but by better use of natural resources and production factors. In Germany, legislation rules many environmental aspects of agricultural plant production, and special laws are in force concerning fertilizer use, soil protection, and pesticide use. In sugar beet, nitrogen fertilizer use has decreased greatly and may be reduced further in some regions. A further reduction of potassium and phosphorus fertilizer use does not seem to be appropriate. Conservation tillage contributes to soil protection and is already performed on > 100 000 ha of land growing sugar beet. Strategies of integrated production aim to reduce pesticide use to the bare minimum. Integrated pest management is effective to control insects, nematodes and leaf spot diseases. Pesticide use in sugar beet is dominated by herbicide application. The most promising strategy to reduce the amount of active ingredient seems to be the growing of genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant varieties. Possible directions for future research are discussed, and the prospects for sustainable development, in terms of economic, ecological and social factors, are considered.     

黑龙江省甜菜种植与比较效益调查分析

中国甜菜制糖产业肇始于黑龙江省,至今已有超过100年的历史。调查发现在黑龙江省主要旱田农作物中,甜菜种植效益最好,分别比种植马铃薯、玉米、大豆增加收入2.38%、60.85%、75.48%;甜菜种植面积户均15.62 hm²,种植密度平均为5.93万株/hm²,轮作年限在4年以上;甜菜种植劳动力主要以雇工为主,土地以流转租赁为主,品种多为国外进口的丸化或包衣种,肥料以专用肥居多,普遍使用杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂,甜菜机械化程度较高。甜菜生产投入成本最多的依次为人工、土地、农业生产资料和农机作业。黑龙江省甜菜生产处于较低水平,提升甜菜产质量是当务之急,改变既有的种植方式,大力发展甜菜生产机械化,加大新技术的开发应用力度是未来黑龙江省甜菜种植的发展方向。     

Greenhouse and field techniques for testing sugar beet for resistance to Rhizoctonia root and crown rot

Rhizoctonia‐resistant sugar beet varieties are the key to an integrated control strategy for Rhizoctonia root rot. Because of the unpredictable occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani in the field testing of sugar beet for resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot is difficult. The aim of the study was to develop advanced greenhouse and field techniques which allow a reliable assessment of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani. A highly infectious liquid inoculum was used for the first time in this study. It can be produced in large quantities of a standardized quality, sterile, and exactly quantified according to its carbon content. In a greenhouse trial, sugar beet grown in the same way as field grown beet was inoculated by applying a suspension of Rhizoctonia mycelium (equivalent to 10 mg carbon per plant) to the beet crown. After 3 weeks, inoculation had led to uniform and severe root rot. Disease symptoms were similar to those found under natural conditions in the field. No ‘escapes’, i.e. susceptible plants apparently expressing resistance were observed in the test. A new nine‐class disease scale was established and a Rhizoctonia index (RI) was calculated. Reliability of disease assessment was demonstrated on progeny of plants, selected from segregating populations, showing Rhizoctonia resistance more closely related to the resistant parent lines than to the susceptible ones. Sugar beet varieties could be assessed in the greenhouse within only 11 weeks. All varieties were affected by the pathogen but partially resistant varieties could be clearly recognized by a significantly lower Rhizoctonia index. Significant differences in susceptibility were also found within the group of new resistant genotypes. Infection studies performed in the field showed the superiority of the new liquid inoculum compared with a solid form and revealed the influence of inoculation date and inoculum level on the development of Rhizoctonia root rot. In field tests performed at different sites under different environmental conditions, susceptible and partially resistant sugar beet varieties could be reproducibly rated according to their susceptibility to R. solani. On average, susceptible varieties showed a Rhizoctonia index of 8 while resistant genotypes ranged from 5 to 6. The newly developed techniques allow fast and reliable evaluation of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani.