Composite Likelihood Inference for Multivariate Gaussian Random Fields

In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in proposing covariance models for multivariate Gaussian random fields. Some of these covariance models are very flexible and can capture both the marginal and the cross-spatial dependence of the components of the associated multivariate Gaussian random field. However, effective estimation methods for these models are somehow unexplored. Maximum likelihood is certainly a useful tool, but it is impractical in all the circumstances where the number of observations is very large. In this work, we consider two possible approaches based on composite likelihood for multivariate covariance model estimation. We illustrate, through simulation experiments, that our methods offer a good balance between statistical efficiency and computational complexity. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are assessed under increasing domain asymptotics. Finally, we apply the method for the analysis of a bivariate dataset on chlorophyll concentration and sea surface temperature in the Chilean coast.     

Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Variance Components Applied to Interlaboratory Comparisons

Exact confidence intervals for variance components in linear mixed models rely heavily on normal distribution assumptions. If the random effects in the model are not normally distributed, then the true coverage probabilities of these conventional intervals may be erratic. In this paper we examine the performance of nonparametric bootstrap confidence intervals based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimators. Asymptotic theory suggests that these intervals will achieve the nominal coverage value as the sample size increases. Incorporating a small-sample adjustment term in the bootstrap confidence interval construction process improves the performance of these intervals for small to intermediate sample sizes. Simulation studies suggest that the bootstrap standard method (with a transformation) and the bootstrap bias-corrected and accelerated (BC _a ) method produce confidence intervals that have good coverage probabilities under a variety of distribution assumptions. For an interlaboratory comparison of mercury concentration in oyster tissue, a balanced one-way random effects model is used to quantify the proportion of the variation in mercury concentration that can be attributed to the laboratories. In this application the exact confidence interval using normal distribution theory produces misleading results and inferences based on nonparametric bootstrap procedures are more appropriate.     

公路建设新增土壤流失预测时段探讨

新增土壤流失预测是开发建设项目水土保持方案编制的基础。根据开发建设项目的实际情况和区域水土流失特点,确定符合实际的预测时段,能提高预测结果的准确度,有利于防护措施的优化配置。探讨了高速公路建设新增土壤流失预测时段确定的有关问题。     

广东省生态环境与土壤研究所简介

广东省生态环境与土壤研究所成立于1958年。原名为“中国科学院广州土壤研究所”，1978年恢复建所后定名为“广东省土壤研究所”，随着科研业务与学科建设的发展，1996年更名为“广东省生态环境与土壤研究所”，现隶属于广东省科学院。研究所位于广州市天河区天源路808号，所部占地4．7公顷，另有一个面积20公顷的亚热带坡地生态试验站和五个分布在广东省各地的水土保持试验台站。“广东农业环境综合治理重点实验室”与“广东省环境科学与技术公共实验室”设在该所。     

不同开垦年限土壤剖面盐分变化

通过对不同开垦年限土壤剖面盐分调查,进行北疆典型残余盐土的变化特征研究.以玛纳斯河流域包家店镇典型地块为研究区,运用统计学和空间置换时间相结合的方法探讨土壤盐分的动态变化及其影响因素.结果表明,随着开垦年限的延长土壤剖面盐分均呈现相对减少的趋势,8年后土壤剖面的平均盐分降低到4 g/kg左右,年均脱盐率达到10.6%;该残余盐土区域土壤剖面盐分主要聚集在中底层(30-100cn),呈底聚型;开垦6年后土壤盐分的活跃范围集中在0-60 cm;开垦年限影响土壤盐分的同时土壤质地也是影响土壤盐分大小的重要因素.该研究结果将对残余盐土的发生演变及改良培肥提供科学依据.     

Carbon Turnover in a Sorghum-cultivated Semi-arid Mediterranean Soil Profile

ABSTRACT

Organic carbon storage in soils is a key factor for agriculture sustainability and future climate control. Nevertheless, this issue has been insufficiently studied in the semi-arid context of northern Africa. Our aim was to quantify carbon dynamics in a Tunisian Calcaric Cambisol profile, using the natural ¹³C labeling offered by the continuous C4 crop forage sorghum. Our results show that in the topsoil 0–30 cm, the amount of crop-derived carbon accounted for 20% of the cumulated input from crops after 12 years, and half of it was retrieved as organic matter with particule size < 50 µm. Such values could be model-predicted with no particular adaptation to the specific calcareous environment using the RothC model. However, soils were additionally characterized by a very high subsoil organic carbon stock (170 t C ha^?1 between 30 and 140 cm), and we demonstrated that crop rooting highly contributed to this subsoil organic matter. Indeed, an unusually large proportion of new crop-derived carbon (one third) was found below the upper 30 cm. Our results show an increase in carbon content in the deep layers of this soil under semi-arid Mediterranean climate.     

矿化垃圾中植物大量营养元素含量的剖面分布特征

对经长期填埋后已稳定化的垃圾进行开采和资源化利用,能增加现有填埋场库容,对解决城市生活垃圾填埋场紧张的现状具有重要意义。以一个已运行10a以上的垃圾填埋场为研究对象,对已填埋6、8、10a的矿化垃圾中一些植物大量营养元素的剖面分布进行了测定。结果表明：（1）矿化垃圾中氮、磷、钾养分的浓度总和已达到国家有机肥养分含量标准,有机质含量也明显高于土壤的有机质含量,从植物养分供应的角度看,矿化垃圾可具有资源化利用的价值;（2）矿化垃圾中养分主要以氮素为主,磷、钾营养元素的总量较低,但速效态含量相对较高;（3）不同填埋深度的矿化垃圾中,主要营养元素的含量大部分在填埋8~10a后达到相对稳定的状态,但受矿化垃圾组成成分复杂性的影响,部分形态营养元素的变化规律不明显。     

Rhizosphere pH Profile of Rice Plant Influenced by Al Treatment

To study the mechanisms of Al tolerance in rice, we focused on the change of rhizosphere pH. The 4-d seedlings were treated with Al solution (0, 10, 50 mM) for 24 h. Then each sample was put on an agarose gel including bromocresol green, so that the color of the gel indicated pH change. During 2-h contact, the pH of rhizosphere was decreased gradually, especially for Al-treated samples, showing the specific pH profiles along the root axis. Pretreatment of sample plants with a decoupling reagent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or a plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase inhibitor Na₃VO₄ did not decrease rhizosphere pH. Therefore, it was suggested that the H⁺ secretion activity was involved with Al-tolerant mechanisms of rice.     

Soil Properties Influence Distribution of Extractable Boron in Soil Profile

Depth distribution of boron (B) extractable by hot calcium chloride (HCC), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP), and tartaric acid (TA) in some typical B‐deficient Inceptisols, Entisols, and Alfisols in relation to soil properties was studied. The magnitude of B extraction followed the order HCC > PDP > TA for Inceptisols, TA > HCC > PDP for Entisols, and PDP > HCC > TA for Alfisols and showed a decrease along soil depth. The low pH of TA and effective desorption of B by phosphate of PDP are attributed to their higher efficiency in extracting B in Entisols and Alfisols, respectively. A decrease in organic carbon (C), clay, and amorphous iron oxide content was responsible for the observed decrease in extractable B along depth of soil profile. The HCC showed more efficiency than PDP and TA for extracting B in soils high in organic C. Multiple regression equations explained only 21, 57, and 59% of the variability in PDP‐, HCC‐, and TA‐extractable B content in soils by the soil properties analyzed, of which organic C and clay were the most important. There were dynamic equilibria among the amount of B extracted by the extractants, indicating B extraction by them from more or less similar pools in the soils.     

额济纳盆地戈壁纵剖面沉积物粒度参数分析

以额济纳荒漠戈壁为研究对象,通过野外实地调查与室内实验相结合的方法,采用平均粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度等粒度参数对戈壁纵剖面沉积物粒度特征进行了分析。研究表明:在纵剖面,除冲积扇上部外,其余采样点均沿垂直方向从上至下沉积物粒度组成由石块变为砂粒;除冲积扇上部外,颗粒平均粒径沿垂直方向呈细化趋势,平均粒径由粗变细;戈壁不同剖面层沉积物颗粒分选系数整体呈分选差或较差,仅东居延海岸边浅滩和东居延海湖岸分选较好或中等;偏度除冲积扇上部呈负偏、极负偏外,其他各点偏度沿垂直方向由上至下趋于近对称、正偏分布;在冲积扇上部和中部,峰态以宽平为主,在冲积扇下部到东居沿海湖岸沉积物沿垂直方向由下至上峰态由宽平、很宽平变成尖窄分布。总之,戈壁纵剖面沉积物的粒度特征整体呈平均粒径由粗变细,分选差或较差,偏度呈近对称、正偏分布,峰态宽平的特点,反映了不同层次颗粒的沉积环境、地貌特征、侵蚀与堆积方式,可为戈壁类型划分提供依据。     

猪NDUFS7基因的染色体定位、克隆和表达谱分析

利用辐射杂种克隆板对猪NDUFS7( NADH dehydrogenase(ubiquinone)Fe-S protein7)基因进行了染色体定位,克隆了该基因的完整CDS序列,用相关软件进行了基因结构和功能的预测,并用半定量RT-PCR技术分析了NDUFS7基因在猪的11种组织以及在33、65和90d胚胎和成年猪骨骼肌中的相对表达水平。结果表明,将NDUFS7基因定位于猪的2号染色体2q21-q24,与标记SW395紧密连锁。该基因的CDS全长648bp,编码215个氨基酸,预测编码的产物具有一个高度保守且与能量生成有关的NouB结构域和3个激酶的磷酸化位点。同时,半定量RT-PCR结果显示,NDUFS7基因在猪的11种组织中均有表达,但表达量有差异;在65和90d胚胎骨骼肌中的表达量较高,而在33d胚胎和成年猪骨骼肌中的表达量相对较低。     

主要农用黄绵土典型剖面养分分布特征及历史演变

利用历史资料及典型剖面土样,采用原位采样及相同测定方法研究不同时期黄绵土剖面的养分分布特征及演变趋势.结果表明:近30年来黄绵土中有机质、氮素、磷素含量水平有不同程度提高,耕层变化量最大,耕层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷的增加量分别为2.18,0.12.3.53.0.32.5.18 mg/kg.剖面中钾素含量呈减少趋势.耕层变化量最小.黄绵土耕层各养分含量的表聚系数均增大,该区土壤肥力向有利于作物吸收的方向演变.     

Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Production on the Landscape Profile of the Vasyugan Swamp

Eurasian Soil Science - This study deals with the analysis of long-term trends in greenhouse gas concentration, emission, and flows in the landscape profile (LP) of the Vasyugan swamp located in...     

湖南省几种主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性

通过野外采样和室内测定,研究了湖南省主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性。结果表明,同一土壤剖面中不同土层的反射光谱曲线形态基本上是一致的;经统计分析得出,在每个自然土壤剖面中,各土层420nm处的的光谱反射率均与土壤游离氧化铁含量之间存在着线性负相关性,620-660nm波段的平均光谱反射率与土壤有机质含量呈幂函数负相关性。     

长期施肥土壤中酶活性的剖面分布及其动力学特征研究

对连续25年的长期培肥试验地中土壤剖面酶活性的分布及土壤酶的催化反应特性进行了研究,结果发现,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在土壤剖面中的分布从表层到深层,酶活性依次减小;而多酚氧化酶呈波浪型分布。土壤中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性与相应土层的有机质含量呈极显著正相关;多酚氧化酶无此相关性。土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均随时间的延长而逐渐趋于一个稳定值,且各个时段酶活性均为施肥处理高于不施肥处理,说明施肥能显著提高土壤酶活性。土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶酶促反应初速度(V0)均随温度和底物浓度的增加而增加,至一定温度和底物浓度时,V0不再增加;不同培肥措施下V0为:厩肥秸秆化肥对照。     

关中东部TSG全新世剖面粒度分形特征及古气候意义

利用分形理论计算可知,关中东部TSG全新世剖面的土壤粒度分布具有分形特征,剖面分形维数值在2.5443~2.7123之间,其中古土壤S0的分形维数均值最大。粒度分形维数的高值指示暖湿的气候,低值指示干冷的气候。分形特征所揭示的关中东部地区的环境演变过程为:全新世早期,粒度分形维数值相对偏低,风尘堆积占优势,为干旱寒冷的环境,成壤作用较弱;全新世中期,粒度分形维数值偏大,其平均值为2.6713,指示温暖湿润的气候,成壤作用较强;全新世晚期以来,粒度分形维数值降低,土壤颗粒粒径增大,气候变得相对干旱,成壤作用也减弱,但是全新世晚期的分形维数值高于末次冰期。