粘膜二糖酶的研究进展

综述二糖酶在动物体内的种类、结构、性质、分泌、分布、发育规律和在消化吸收中的功能，以及影响二糖酶水平的因素，如激素、日粮等，揭示了二糖酶在消化中的重要意义，且论述了二糖酶测定方法的原理。     

小肠粘膜二糖酶的发育规律及其影响因素

肠上皮细胞不能直接吸收日粮中的淀粉,必须由粘膜二糖酶水解成单糖后方可吸收利用,因此二糖酶在碳水化合物的消化吸收过程中起着至关重要的作用,可以说没有小肠粘膜二糖酶,就没有糖类物质的彻底分解,更没有单糖的吸收、转化和利用。乳糖酶、麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶等作为新生动物肠道中重要的消化酶,是肠道功能成熟的标志,也是最终消化的关键。此...     

粘膜二糖酶

本文综述了粘膜二糖酶在动物体内的种类，性质，分泌，分布，发育规律和在消化吸收中的重要作用。以及影响二糖酶水平的因素，如激素，日粮等。     

非淀粉多糖酶在家禽麦类饲料中的应用研究概述

文章介绍了麦类饲料中的几种抗营养因子及非淀粉多糖酶制剂的种类,阐述了非淀粉多糖酶制剂的作用机理,并指出了其在麦类饲料中的应用。     

非淀粉多糖酶在家禽壳类饲料中的应用研究现状

文章介绍了麦类饲料中的几种抗营养因子及非淀粉多糖酶制剂的种类,阐述了非淀粉多糖酶制剂的作用机理,并指出了其在麦类饲料中的应用.     

奶牛瘤胃微生物非淀粉多糖酶的利用

非淀粉多糖（Non-Starch Polysaccharides,NSPs）是存在于饲料中的主要抗营养因子,不被消化道所降解,遇水形成胶态溶液,使食糜粘度增大,阻碍营养物质的消化吸收,而非淀粉多糖酶对于改善饲料品质、消除抗营养因子影响、提高动物健康有重要意义。本文主要通过瘤胃微生物非淀粉多糖酶基因的一些主要理化生特性,毒理特性来介绍瘤胃微生物非淀粉多糖和非淀粉多糖酶基因在动物生产和动物保健中的作用与利用现状,以对后续非淀粉多糖及非淀粉多糖酶基因资源的发掘与利用有所启迪。     

不同饲粮类型添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

近年来,酶制剂在家禽饲料中的应用已非常普遍,但在猪饲料中的应用效果尚存在争议,这与许多因素有关,包括饲粮类型和猪的日龄。有关非淀粉多糖酶在猪麦类–豆粕型饲粮中应用的文献较多,效果较稳定;而非淀粉多糖酶在玉米–豆粕型断奶仔猪饲     

非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究进展

非淀粉多糖是饲料中的主要抗营养因子之一,不能被单胃动物自身分泌的内源酶降解,同时增加肠道内食糜的黏度,降低饲料养分的消化利用率。非淀粉多糖酶对于改善饲料品质、消除抗营养因子的影响及提高动物生产性能都有重要意义。文章就非淀粉多糖的多样性,非淀粉多糖酶的种类、来源及酶活测定方法等进行了综述,并介绍了影响非淀粉多糖酶应用的因素及其在畜禽业中的应用进展。     

非淀粉多糖酶制剂在动物营养中的研究进展

谷物中非淀粉多糖导致日粮养分消化率和饲养效果降低,限制了谷物在饲料中的应用.本文详细论述了非淀粉多糖酶制剂消除非淀粉多糖抗营养作用的机理,对养分消化率和动物生产性能的影响以及对作用底物定量关系的研究,存在的问题及今后的研究方向.非淀粉多糖酶制剂在提高谷类籽实饲料的利用效率,开发利用非常规饲料资源方面有着巨大的应用前景.     

非淀粉多糖酶制剂在畜禽麦类日粮中的应用

介绍了麦类饲料中的几种抗营养因子,阐述了非淀粉多糖酶制剂(NSP)的作用机制及其在畜禽麦类日粮中的应用,并指出了NSP酶制剂重点研究和发展方向。     

Influence of weaning age on the villous height and disaccharidase activities in the porcine small intestine

Body weight gain after weaning is correlated with villous height and disaccharidase activity. This evidence suggests that the maintenance of the small intestinal structure and function after weaning is important for the growth of piglets. We demonstrated that the influence of weaning age was obtained by disaccharidase activities and villous height in eight sections of the porcine small intestine. Therefore, we designed three weaning ages (weaned at the ages of 14, 21 or 28 days) and the piglets were slaughtered after 7 or 14 days post‐weaning. The remaining suckling piglets were slaughtered at the age of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Four piglets were slaughtered at each event; therefore, 44 piglets were used in this study. Villous height and disaccharidase activities were measured in each section of the small intestine. Early weaning such as that at 14 days had severe influence on villous and disaccharidase activities. In particular, weaning of 14‐day‐olds did not result in maltase activity at least 2 weeks post‐weaning. Accordingly, the weaning age of crossbred piglets is recommended to be at least 21 days or more on the basis of villous height and disaccharidase activity analyses.     

Effect of orally administered epidermal growth factor on the jejunal mucosa of weaned pigs

The effect of ingested epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the small intestinal mucosa of conventionally weaned pigs was determined. At 21 days of age, 39 pigs were randomly distributed into suckling and weaned treatment groups that were administered 124 micrograms of EGF, 372 micrograms of EGF, or the dosing compound daily. Fecal water content was determined daily. On postweaning days 0, 3, 6, and 9, representative pigs from each group were euthanatized, and jejunal mucosa samples were collected for determination of villus-to-crypt ratio, total protein content, disaccharidase activities, and microbiological populations. At postweaning day 3, the 372-micrograms dose of EGF significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased jejunal lactase and sucrase activities in the weaned pigs. Increased lactase activity was not greater than that of the suckling pig controls, whereas sucrase activity was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher than that of the suckling pig controls. Significant changes were not observed in villus-to-crypt ratio, mucosal protein content, or disaccharidase activities on other collection days.     

Short-term effect of acarbose on specific intestinal disaccharidase activities and hyperglycaemia in CBA diabetic mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term effects of 75, 100 and 150 mg of acarbose mixed in 100 g standard laboratory chow on specific intestinal disaccharidase activities and on hyperglycaemia in diabetic CBA strain mice on standard diet. The small intestine was excised and divided into three segments, from pylorus to duodenum, and two equal lengths of the jejunum and ileum of control and diabetic mice with or without added acarbose. Specific maltase and sucrase activities were determined using maltose and sucrose as substrates respectively. Increased specific activities of maltase and sucrase were detected in the intestines of CBA mice on standard laboratory diet seven days after alloxan-induced diabetes. Feeding for 7 days with 75, 100 or 150 mg acarbose uniformly mixed in 100 g standard laboratory chow, induced a decrease in the specific maltase and sucrase activities, compared with diabetic mice on standard laboratory diet. Feeding with 75 mg acarbose mixed in 100 g standard laboratory chow caused a statistically significant decrease of maltase in the duodenum and of sucrase in duodenum and jejunum, without a antihyperglycaemic effect. Feeding with 100 or 150 mg caused statistically significant decreases in specific maltase and sucrase activities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. An antihyperglycaemic effect was observed only in the group of diabetic mice fed with 100 mg acarbose. This indicates that the antihyperglycaemic effect of acarbose involves factors other than these, related only to its inhibitory effect on disaccharidase activities.     

Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids on performance and intestinal development in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning

This study was conducted to determine the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AA) on performance and intestinal development in barrows (n = 32) over 2 weeks after weaning at 18 ± 1 day. Four maize-soybean meal based diets providing 0.93 g standardized ileal digestible lysine/MJ ME were prepared. The treatments were a control diet containing 23.1% CP (crude protein) and three low-protein diets (21.2, 18.9, and 17.2% CP, respectively), which were supplemented with crystalline AA to achieve an ideal AA pattern. Piglets were raised individually and had free access to feed and water. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured weekly. Severity of diarrhea was monitored twice per day. Blood from all piglets was taken for determining serum urea nitrogen on d 0, 7, and 14 and serum free AA concentration on d 14. At the end of the experiment, all piglets were killed to measure morphology of the small intestine and disaccharidase activities. Reducing CP level did not affect ADFI (P > 0.10) but resulted in poorer (linear, P < 0.05; quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG and feed:gain ratio (F:G) over the 2-week study period. However, most of the effect of dietary CP was due to the significant deterioration of performance with the 17.2% CP diet. Faecal consistency was improved linearly (P < 0.01) with dietary CP decrease. Reducing dietary CP from 23.1 to 17.2% resulted in a linear (P < 0.001) and quadratic (P < 0.001) decrease in serum urea nitrogen levels on d 7 and 14. Serum arginine (P < 0.001), glutamine (P < 0.05), and proline (P < 0.05) concentrations were decreased in pigs fed the 17.2% CP diet compared with those fed the control diet on d 14. Villous height was decreased (P < 0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum by the reduction of dietary CP. As dietary CP declined, lactase and sucrase activities were reduced (P < 0.01) in the proximal jejunum. In conclusion, reducing CP concentration from 23.1 to 17.2% led to decreased growth performance associated with morphological changes of the gut and reduced disaccharidase activities in the small intestine. But reducing dietary CP from 23.1 to 18.9% did not affect intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities.     

Development of disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of broiler chickens

1. The changes in disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of broiler chickens were investigated in isolated enterocytes on d 18 of embryonic development and d 1, 7, 21, 35 and 56 after hatching. 2. The specific activities of maltase, lactase and trehalase were greatest on d 18 of embryonic development. After hatching, maltase specific activity gradually decreased until d 18. 3. After d 7 postnatally only traces of lactase and trehalase activity were found in the enterocytes. 4. Significant sucrase activity was found on d 18 of embryonic development and the activity of this enzyme increased 2-fold after hatch and remained generally constant up to d 35, after which the enzyme specific activity declined.     

Colistin and tylosin enhances disaccharidase activities,and improves morphology and permeability of the intestine of broilers

ABSTRACT

1. The present study focused on the potential effects of antibiotics on intestinal digestion and integrity in broilers in terms of disaccharidase activity, electrophysiological properties and morphology.

2. One-day-old Arbour Acres birds were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups for 42 days; control, colistin (20 mg/kg), tylosin (55 mg/kg) or chlortetracycline (CTC, 55 mg/kg) groups. Colistin and tylosin supplementation, but not CTC supplementation, caused an increase in body weight gain.

3. Colistin and tylosin elevated the activities of maltase and sucrase in the mucosa of the jejunum on d 42. Age caused a gradual decrease in the short-circuit current (Isc) and conductance (Gt) of the ileum, as a measure of permeability. The Isc and Gt of the ileum were higher in the colistin-supplemented broilers than in the control birds on d 42. Tylosin- and CTC-supplemented birds displayed Isc and Gt values similar to those of the control birds.

4. Colistin supplementation increased the villus area in the jejunum and thinned the muscularis mucosae in the ileum compared with the control group. Tylosin supplementation decreased the thickness of the muscularis mucosae and the depth of crypt in the jejunum. CTC thickened the muscularis mucosae in the jejunum and ileum.

5. Colistin and tylosin exhibited a beneficial effect on intestinal digestion and integrity by enhancing disaccharidase activities and improving gut morphology and permeability.     

Malabsorption in the horse associated with alimentary lymphosarcoma.

Three horses suffering from malabsorption were shown to have alimentary lymphosarcoma predominantly affecting the small intestine and the associated lymph nodes. The diffuse cellular infiltration in two of the case produced marked changes in the villous architecture reducing the available mucosal surface area, and, with lowered or barely detectable disaccharidase activities, contributed to the impairment of digestive-absorptive processes. One of the horses maintained a voracious appetite and was not diarrhoeic, but failed to gain weight, indicating differences in the production and utilisation of energy sources absorbed from the small and the large intestines. A large proportion of plasma cells in the infiltrate, and the resulting morphological changes in two of the cases bore a striking resemblance to features of alpha chain disease, an immunodeficiency disease of man, although immunological studies were not conducted on these horses.     

Effects of beta-glucanase and xylanase supplementation on gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets fed a barley-based diet

The effects of supplementing a barley-based diet for weaned piglets withexogenous beta-glucanase and xylanase on gastrointestinal digestiveenzyme activities were investigated. Thirty-six cross-bred weaned pigletswere randomly assigned to two groups with three pens based on sexand mass. Each group was fed on the diet based on barley with or withoutadded beta-glucanase and xylanase (0.15%) for a 4-week period. Theresults showed that enzyme supplementation improved growth performanceof piglets significantly (p < 0.05), but had no effect (p = 0.091)on average daily feed intake. The results also showed that supplementationof beta-glucanase and xylanase had no effect on pepsin activity in gastriccontents but slightly decreased (p = 0.092) the pepsin activity ingastric mucosa. Meanwhile, no effect of enzyme supplementation ontrypsin activity in duodenal contents was observed. However, the activitiesof amylase and lipase in duodenal contents were significantly(p < 0.05) decreased, whereas the activities of maltase, sucrase andgamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in jejunal and ileal mucosa wereenhanced significantly (p < 0.05). The improvement of disaccharidaseand gamma-GT activity may be attributed to the positive impacts of exogenousenzymes on digestion and absorption of the nutrients. In conclusion,the current results indicated that supplementation with enzymes in barley-based diets could improve the growth performance of piglets,decrease the activities of amylase and lipase in duodenal contents andincrease the activities of disaccharidase and gamma-GT in jejunal and ilealmucosa.     

Small intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities in early-weaned piglets fed a diet containing spray-dried porcine plasma

The purpose of this study was to test whether dietary spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in early-weaned piglets prevents small intestinal villus atrophy by trophic or protective activity. Fifty-four weaned, 18-day-old piglets were used to determine the effect of dietary SDPP on small intestinal villus length, crypt depth, enterocyt mitotic activity and brush border enzyme activities during the first week after weaning. The piglets were offered a diet containing either 8% SDPP or 8% casein. At 2 and 7 days after weaning, piglets were anaesthetized to provide samples of the small intestinal wall and killed immediately afterwards. There were no differences in daily gain and daily feed intake between the two dietary treatments. At day 2 after weaning, all piglets showed a marked reduction in villus height when compared with baseline values. In all piglets, small intestinal enterocyte mitotic activity had decreased by day 2 and was increased again on day 7. There were no significant effects of dietary SDPP on small intestinal villus length, crypt depth and enterocyt mitotic activity. This indicates that SDPP has no trophic effect on the small intestinal mucosa and that it does not protect against the damaging effect on the small intestinal villi that is associated with the process of weaning. There was no effect of SDPP on lactase-, sucrase- or maltase-specific activities that are a measure of the digestive function of the small intestine. It can be concluded that SDPP versus casein has no effect on small intestinal morphology and disaccharidase activities in early weaned piglets kept under low infection pressure.     

Effects of dietary fructo-oligosaccharide on villous height and disaccharidase activity of the small intestine,pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations in the large intestine of weaned pigs

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate changes in the lumen and wall of the intestinal tract of weaned pigs caused by fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and consequences for growth. Twelve male pigs weaned at 24 days were individually housed and fed either control, 0.25% FOS, or 3% FOS diets for 21 days after weaning. The pH of chyme in the caecum and proximal colon were lower (p<0.001) in 3% FOS compared to other treatments. Mean molar proportions (%) of total SCFA values along the large intestine were significantly affected by FOS diet. Acetic acid was significantly higher in control compared with other treatments. Butyric acid and isobutyric acid were significantly increased in 0.25 and 3% FOS compared to the control. Feed intake, empty body weight gain, disaccharidase activities and villous height in the small intestine were not significantly affected by FOS. It was concluded that dietary FOS stimulates fermentation in the large intestine, but does not significantly affect enzyme activity, ammonia content, villous height and growth.