整合人乳铁蛋白cDNA山羊胎儿成纤维细胞系的建立

通过转基因动物乳腺表达系统生产重组药用蛋白比微生物发酵系统和动物细胞培养系统具有很多优势;同时,体细胞核移植技术为制备动物乳腺生物反应器开辟了一条新的途径。本实验旨在建立稳定整合人乳铁蛋白cDNA的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞系,为体细胞核移植法制备转基因动物提供可靠的供体细胞。本研究采用RT-PCR获得人乳铁蛋白cDNA,通过Long and Acute PCR扩增山羊β-酪蛋白5’ 端6.5 kb的调控序列,以pEGFP-C1为骨架构建乳腺特异性表达载体 p6.5hLF-EGFP。脂质体介导法转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,G418抗性筛选3-4周后,经PCR扩增和报告基因EGFP表达检测,得到稳定整合外源基因的转基因供体细胞系,为制备高效表达人乳铁蛋白的转基因山羊乳腺生物反应器提高可靠的核移植供体细胞。     

A calorimetric study of thermal denaturation of recombinant human lactoferrin from rice

Thermal denaturation of recombinant human lactoferrin from transgenic rice with different degrees of iron saturation has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The maximum temperature, enthalpy change, and activation energy of denaturation were higher when recombinant lactoferrin was more saturated with iron, indicating an increase in the stability of the protein structure. Maximum temperature and activation energy values for apo- and holo-lactoferrins were practically identical to those reported for the same forms of lactoferrin from human milk, which indicates a similar thermal stability. However, the value of enthalpy change for denaturation of the recombinant lactoferrin was 2.5-3-fold lower than that found for the human milk protein. This finding may reflect the influence that the different glycosylation pattern may have in the relationship between lactoferrin domains. Denaturation of recombinant lactoferrin in milk was compared with denaturation in phosphate buffer, and results indicated that the protein was more heat-sensitive when treated in milk than in buffer.     

利用转基因小鼠表达法氏囊病毒A片段的研究

摘要： 将法氏囊病毒(IBDV)A片段定向连于乳腺特异性表达载体p7GMB53, 用于转基因实验, 用PCR和Southern杂交对阳性小鼠及其后代进行检测。 共注射了879枚小鼠受精卵, 移植受体26只, 产仔39只。 经PCR检测阳性6只（其中2只死胎）,Southern杂交检测确定了2只阳性小鼠(1公1母)。外源基因整合的拷贝数分别为3拷贝（公）和9拷贝（母）。将两只阳性小鼠进行了传代,实验表明二者分别为种系纯合体及种系嵌合体。 ELISA 及Western blot检测认为阳性母鼠表达了IBDV 衣壳蛋白。初步验证了先前构建的含基质附着区序列（MARs）的乳腺表达载体能克服转基因的位置效应,实现转入目的基因的表达,提高乳腺反应器的制备效率。     

小鼠乳汁中重组人乳铁蛋白的提取与抗菌活性的研究

本研究从人乳铁蛋白（hLF）cDNA转基因小鼠乳汁中提取重组人乳铁蛋白（rhLF）,并用提取的rhLF进行抗菌活性分析。收集了2个基因和2个品系的（PCL25和AP基因）转基因小鼠乳汁,采用凝胶过滤层析法从转基因小鼠乳汗中提取rhLF,提取物通过SDS-PAGE电泳及Western-blotting分析,ELISA检测提取物中rhLF含量;按不同浓度rhLF作琼脂扩散抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌试验。结果表明,通过凝胶过滤层析获得的PCl25和AP转基因小鼠乳汁中的rhLF分子量为78KDa,与天然人乳铁蛋白一致,rhLF对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均具有明显的抑菌作用。     

人胰高血糖素样肽1在转基因番茄中的表达

人胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP1）是一种短肽激素,对Ⅱ型糖尿病具有很好的疗效。本研究在设计合成GLP1基因并构建植物表达载体的基础上,通过农杆菌介导将GLP1基因导入番茄基因组中,经过PCR扩增和Southern Blot分析,证实GLP1基因已整合进入9个株系的番茄基因组中。Western Blot检测表明,其中4个株系转基因番茄的叶片能够检测到hGLP1融合蛋白的表达。通过Ni—NTA亲和层析分离纯化转基因番茄表达的hGLP1融合蛋白,动物实验表明该融合蛋白具有显著的降血糖生物活性。本研究结果将为转基因番茄作为生物反应器表达药用蛋白提供重要的理论和技术支持,并将为培育具有糖尿病治疗功能的番茄新品种奠定基础。     

转透明颤菌血红蛋白基因杨树的再生及其生长量初步测定

采用农杆菌介导法,将透明颤菌血红蛋白Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb)基因vgb导入银腺杨(Populus alba ×P.glandulosa).以经无菌培养的叶片为外植体,通过450个叶盘与根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404共培养,将植物双元表达载体pPZV中vgb基因导入银腺杨基因组,经卡那霉素筛选后,共获得60株卡那霉素抗性植株.经PCR特异性扩增和Southern点杂交分析,证明其中52株再生植株基因组DNA中整合了vgb基因.RT-PCR分析结果表明,vgb基因在其中的44个株系中获得表达.在2年温室生长条件下,转基因无性系的外部形态与对照相比无显著差异.但在株高和地径上,有3株转基因无性系较对照植株有明显增加.     

转CBF1基因增强水稻的耐逆性

为改良水稻(Oryza sativaL.)的耐逆性,以来源于成熟种子的胚性愈伤组织为受体材料,通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)耐逆相关CBF1基因导入粳稻品种秀水11基因组,经GUS组织化学染色、PCR检测和Southern杂交分析验证,获得一批转基因植株。T1代检测结果显示,所转基因已遗传给后代,且大多数株系的分离比符合3∶1。试验表明,在高盐与高渗胁迫下,转基因株系较非转化对照具有显著或极显著生长优势,表现苗高负增长率较小,长出的根数较多,根长较长;经低温胁迫处理后,转基因株系的叶片相对电导率显著或极显著低于对照。这些结果证明水稻转基因株系的耐逆性得到了增强。     

Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation

Lactoferrin is an iron transport protein present in human milk at an average concentration of 1.4 mg/mL. Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow's milk contain much lower amounts of lactoferrin (0.1 mg/mL lactoferrin) and soy based formulas have none. In addition to its role in iron transport, lactoferrin has bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Infant formulas are supplemented with relatively large amounts of iron (up to 12 mg/L). The effect of various concentrations of added lactoferrin and supplemental iron on lipid oxidation was tested in two different infant formulas. The extent of oxidation in the formulas as a function of time was determined by formation of hydroperoxides, production of hexanal, and fluorescence. On the basis of all three of these determinations, lactoferrin acted as an antioxidant in the absence and presence of different concentrations of supplemented iron. Lactoferrin inhibited oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner even at concentrations beyond its capacity to bind iron at its two high affinity binding sites. Lactoferrin can be used, therefore, as a dual purpose additive in infant formulas and similar food products for its antioxidant and its antimicrobial properties.     

Recombinant human lactoferrin and iron transport across Caco-2 monolayers: effect of heat treatment on the binding to cells

Recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) from Aspergillus awamori bound to Caco-2 cell membranes in a saturable manner. The dissociation constant for the apo form was (Kd)=2.2 x 10(-7) M; however, the specific binding of the iron-saturated rhLF and of lactoferrin from human milk (hLF) was too low to calculate the binding parameters. Recombinant human lactoferrin subjected to heat treatment did not lose the ability to bind to cell membranes except at high temperature and long time treatments (85 and 89 degrees C for 40 min) for which there was a slight decrease in the binding. No significant differences have been found in the transport of iron bound to rhLF or to hLF across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Nevertheless, the amount of iron-saturated hLF transported across Caco-2 monolayers was significantly higher than that of rhLF. For both lactoferrins, the amount of intact protein in the lower chamber was about 4.5% of the total radioactivity transported, indicating the degradation of lactoferrin in the passage across Caco-2 cells.     

Changes in structures of milk proteins upon photo-oxidation

Changes in protein structures as a result of riboflavin-induced photo-oxidation were studied for six milk proteins: alpha-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin. The milk proteins showed significant variability in sensitivity to photo-oxidation. After photo-oxidation, an increase in carbonyl content because of oxidation of tryptophan, histidine, and methionine, as well as formation of dityrosine, was observed for all proteins studied, although at very different levels. Generally, the increment was highest for alpha- and beta-casein and was lowest for lactoferrin. Loss of tryptophan because of photo-oxidation was well-correlated with the formation of the tryptophan oxidation products, N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine. Changes at the tertiary protein structure level were observed after photo-oxidation of the globular proteins, where tryptophan fluorescence emission indicated unfolding of alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin, whereas lactoferrin achieved a more compact tertiary structure. Changes in secondary structure were observed for alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin, whereas the secondary structure of lactoferrin did not change. Polymerization of alpha- and beta-casein and of lactoferrin was observed, whereas kappa-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin showed little tendency to polymerize after photo-oxidation. Lability toward photo-oxidation is discussed according to the structural stabilities of the globular proteins.     

The HSP terminator of Arabidopsis thaliana induces a high level of miraculin accumulation in transgenic tomatoes

High-level accumulation of the target recombinant protein is a significant issue in heterologous protein expression using transgenic plants. Miraculin, a taste-modifying protein, was accumulated in transgenic tomatoes using an expression cassette in which the miraculin gene was expressed by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the heat shock protein (HSP) terminator (MIR-HSP). The HSP terminator was derived from heat shock protein 18.2 in Arabidopsis thaliana . Using this HSP-containing cassette, the miraculin concentration in T0 transgenic tomato lines was 1.4-13.9% of the total soluble protein (TSP), and that in the T1 transgenic tomato line homozygous for the miraculin gene reached 17.1% of the TSP. The accumulation level of the target protein was comparable to levels observed with chloroplast transformation. The high-level accumulation of miraculin in T0 transgenic tomato lines achieved by the HSP terminator was maintained in the successive T1 generation, demonstrating the genetic stability of this accumulation system.     

第三代慢病毒高效率包装系统的建立

慢病毒介导法是最有前途的转基因动物生产方法之一,高滴度慢病毒颗粒的包装是慢病毒转基因动物技术的关键。本研究应用含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因（eGFP）的第3代慢病毒载体系统,用脂质体转染法将慢病毒系统4质粒共转染293T包装细胞,培养48-72h收集病毒上清液,通过超速离心进行浓缩,采用批量快速测定法（LaSRT）定病毒滴度。结果显示,用脂质体转染法包装的慢病毒能成功地感染293T细胞,经检测病毒滴度达到5×10^8IU／mL以上,初步建成了高滴度慢病毒包装平台,为慢病毒介导制作转基因动物奠定了良好的研究基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白VIP3研究进展

营养期杀虫蛋白（vegetative insectcidal protein,VIP）是由苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）在营养生长指数中期至稳定期期间分泌产生的一类新型杀虫因子,分为VIP1、VIP2和VIP3三种,以VIP3的研究最为深入。VIP3A对鳞翅目害虫具广谱杀虫活性,可作用于敏感昆虫中肠上皮细胞刷状缘膜囊致离子通道的形成,杀虫活性达纳克级水平。利用Bt ICPs不同启动子与vip3基因重组可提高VIP3蛋白的表达量和稳定性。转vip3基因植物也已有构建成功的报道。本文从VIP3的类型和杀虫活性、作用机理、vip3基因的定位和分离、vip3基因重组和转vip3基因植物等方面详细介绍了VIP3近十年来的研究进展。     

Effect of potato plants expressing snowdrop lectin (GNA) on the performance and colonization behaviour of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae

Abstract

Transgenic potato plants expressing snowdrop lectin (GNA potatoes) are developed to increase resistance against sap-feeding insects. When expressing GNA at relatively high levels such potatoes may have a negative effect on the fecundity and development of the first generation of the important pest, the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). However, the effects on M. persicae over several generations, and how such plants affect the alate aphids’ colonization behaviour have not been reported. In this laboratory study, the performance of single M. persicae on potatoes with low GNA expression, measured as developmental time, fecundity, size and survival, was compared with the control, following two successive generations of single apterous aphids. Aphid population growth on the two plant lines was also studied. In addition, colonization behaviour was investigated in a choice experiment where the alate aphids could choose between the GNA and an isogenic control potato plant in a cage. The present study showed that the apterous aphid performance was not significantly different on the two potato lines, although the aphids tended to perform slightly poorer on the transgenic potato. However, the transgenic potato was less likely to be colonized by alate aphids. It is concluded that such transgenic potato plants expressing the lectin at a relatively low level, maximum 0.2% of the soluble protein, have no significant impact on the performance of apterous M. persicae once on the plant, but may have a potential in controlling the aphids by altering the colonization behaviour of alates.     

水稻钙依赖型蛋白激酶0sCPK9基因RNAi表达载体的构建及遗传转化

水稻钙依赖型蛋白激酶（CDPKs）是一个响应逆境胁迫并在植物发育过程中起重要作用的蛋白激酶。我们采用RT—PCR从水稻品种日本晴（Oryza sativa L．CV．Nipponbare）中克隆了OsCPK9基因靠近翻译起始位点下游的一段280bp的特异基因片段。将该片段以正、反向分别连接到来源于小麦TAK14基因的548bp内含子片段（NCBIaccessionnumber：AF325198）两侧,从而获得pSK．OsCPK9-RNAi的中间表达载体。进而将其克隆到植物双元表达载体pCAMBIA1301中,构建shRNAi表达载体pCAMBIA．05CPK9一RNAi。经酶切和测序鉴定正确后,利用农杆菌介导转化水稻。通过抗性筛选和标记基因hyg和gus进行PCR鉴定,筛选到20株转基因水稻植株,实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,部分转基因植株OsCPK9的表达受到显著抑制。     

Ri质粒T-DNA对6年生转基因三倍体毛白杨生长和生理性状的影响

为探索外源基因在成年树木中的表达及稳定性,以转Ri质粒6年生三倍体毛白杨成年树木为材料,以同时种植的未转基因三倍体毛白杨为对照植株,对21个转基因株系和对照植株进行外源基因检测和生长、生理特性测定。PCR检测结果证明,Ri质粒T-DNA上的tms、rolC基因在各转基因株系基因组中稳定存在。转基因株系生长受到不同程度影响,各转基因株系的叶柄长、叶片长、叶片宽度和叶面积均小于对照植株,叶片长宽比大于对照植株;71%的转基因株系树高低于对照植株;81%的转基因株系胸径低于对照植株。转基因株系叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量、Fv/Fm值、PI值均低于对照植株。81%的转基因株系叶片内源GA3含量及所有株系叶片的内源IAA含量和IAA/ABA比值均高于对照植株,而86%转基因株系叶片的内源ABA含量低于对照植株。T-DNA能够在三倍体毛白杨成年树木中稳定表达,使植物体内内源IAA和GA3含量提高,生长受到抑制,但不同株系存在较大差异。本研究结果为进一步研究外源基因在植物体内的表达调控机制提供了参考依据。     

Development and validation of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the screening of tylosin and tilmicosin in muscle, liver, milk, honey and eggs

Incorrect use of tylosin and tilmicosin could result in allergy and select resistance. To monitor the illegal use of these antibiotics in animals, a monoclonal-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) has been established. Several haptens were synthesized and conjugated to carrier protein. Female Balb/c mice were inoculated with the four different conjugates to produce monoclonal antibodies according to the schemes of immunization. Aftercell fusion and culture several times, nine hybridoma cell lines were isolated. Only one, 3C4 that has isotype IgG2a, was selected for detailed study. The cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibody 3C4 to tylosin and tilmicosin was 100% and 51% respectively. The standard curves based on the tylosin and tilmicosin matrix calibration ranged from 2.5 to 40 μg L(-1), with an IC(50) value of 6.1 μg L(-1) and 12.1 μg L(-1), respectively. The limits of detection of the ic-ELISA ranged from 5.1 μg kg(-1) to 13.8 μg kg(-1) in edible animal tissues. The recoveries were 74.1% to 120.7% with less than 18.6% of the coefficient of variation when tylosin and tilmicosin were spiked in various biological matrices with the concentrations of 25.0-200.0 μg kg(-1). Good correlations between the results of the ic-ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography were observed in the incurred tissues. These results suggest that the ic-ELISA is a sensitive, accurate and low-cost method that would be a useful tool for the screening of the residues of tylosin and tilmicosin in muscle, liver, milk, honey and eggs.     

Sensitive PCR analysis of animal tissue samples for fragments of endogenous and transgenic plant DNA

An optimized DNA extraction protocol for animal tissues coupled with sensitive PCR methods was used to determine whether trace levels of feed-derived DNA fragments, plant and/or transgenic, are detectable in animal tissue samples including dairy milk and samples of muscle (meat) from chickens, swine, and beef steers. Assays were developed to detect DNA fragments of both the high copy number chloroplast-encoded maize rubisco gene (rbcL) and single copy nuclear-encoded transgenic elements (p35S and a MON 810-specific gene fragment). The specificities of the two rbcL PCR assays and two transgenic DNA PCR assays were established by testing against a range of conventional plant species and genetically modified maize crops. The sensitivities of the two rbcL PCR assays (resulting in 173 and 500 bp amplicons) were similar, detecting as little as 0.08 and 0.02 genomic equivalents, respectively. The sensitivities of the p35S and MON 810 PCR assays were approximately 5 and 10 genomic equivalents for 123 bp and 149 bp amplicons, respectively, which were considerably less than the sensitivity of the rbcL assays in terms of plant cell equivalents, but approximately similar when the higher numbers of copies of the chloroplast genome per cell are taken into account. The 173 bp rbcL assay detected the target plant chloroplast DNA fragment in 5%, 15%, and 53% of the muscle samples from beef steers, broiler chickens, and swine, respectively, and in 86% of the milk samples from dairy cows. Reanalysis of new aliquots of 31 of the pork samples that were positive in the 173 bp rbcL PCR showed that 58% of these samples were reproducibly positive in this same PCR assay. The 500 bp rbcL assay detected DNA fragments in 43% of the swine muscle samples and 79% of the milk samples. By comparison, no statistically significant detections of transgenic DNA fragments by the p35S PCR assay occurred with any of these animal tissue samples.     

动物转基因技术研究新进展

动物转基因的关键限制因素是制备效率和基因表达的精确调控.综述了近年发展的提高转基因效率的非定点整合转基因方法,如睾丸转基因法和卵巢转基因法;提高转基因精确性的定点整合转基因的基因打靶法;调控外源基因表达的时空表达和可控表达转基因策略;通过转基因对特定基因的进行表达时空和可逆的RNA干扰灵活精细调控.对这些新的转基因方法的优缺点进行了讨论,并探讨如何利用这些方法进行转基因动物的制备.