超高产大豆主要群体生理参数与 经济产量关系的研究

以“新大豆1号”为供试品种，研究了超高产大豆在不同种植密度下的植株性状以及叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累、光合生产率的动态及其与经济产量的相关关系。结果表明：收获株数在28.87万株/hm2时，产量达到5695.2kg/hm2；叶面积指数在出苗后84天达到最高，为5.29，总光合势达到2602269 m2.d/hm2；光合生产率在出苗后105天达到最大，为5.19 g/m2.d。“新大豆1号”在较低种植密度条件下，生长前期各项主要群体生理参数均优于较高种植密度；初花期和盛花期的叶面积指数、光合势和作物生长率与经济产量具有显著的相关性。     

云南机插籼稻品种产量潜力分析

以36个籼稻品种为材料,在云南省永胜县三川镇开展了机插稻种植试验研究,对品种产量、群体质量、倒伏情况等指标进行了分析。结果表明,高产机插籼稻平均产量10.03 t/hm^2,颖花量5.62万/m^2,结实率72.23%,收获指数0.56,最大叶面积指数9.91,抽穗期干物质量1619.28 g/m^2,倒伏指数79.16,总叶龄18.22,其中产量最高的品种为C两优华占,产量为11.46 t/hm^2;低产机插籼稻平均产量7.03 t/hm^2,颖花量5.27万/m^2,结实率53.87%,收获指数0.46,最大叶面积指数7.89,抽穗期干物质1494.12 g/m^2,倒伏指数85.05,总叶龄17.56。总之,结实率是机插籼稻产量形成的主导因素,高产品种在适当降低有效穗数的基础上增加结实率可以获得超高产,低产品种只有在增加移栽基本苗数的基础上提高有效穗数才能获得较高产量。     

特早熟甘蓝型双低油菜杂交种青杂3号的选育

青杂3号(原代号为E144)是青海省春油菜研究开发中心培育的甘蓝型双低油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育三系杂交种.在国家春油菜区域试验早熟组中平均产量为2 340.1㎏/hm2,比对照白菜型油菜品种青油241增产39.3%;在国家春油菜生产试验中平均产量为2 407.5kg/hm2,比对照青油241增产45.1%.在青海省区域试验中平均产量为2 790.2kg/hm2,比对照青油241增产47.6%;在青海省生产试验中平均产量为2 989.1㎏/hm2,比对照青油241增产50.2%.青杂3号种子含油量44.27%,芥酸含量0.50%,硫甙含量29.40μmol/g.全生育期110d左右.     

食用型向日葵杂交种辽嗑杂1号

辽嗑杂 1号是辽宁省农业科学院选育的食用型向日葵杂交种。具有高产稳产、商品性好、抗病、抗旱、耐盐碱等优点 ,1 995年 1 1月经辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定通过 ,同意推广。1　特征特性辽嗑杂 1号为早熟中秆食用型向日葵杂交种 ,下胚轴淡绿色 ,舌状花杏黄色 ,平均株高 2ｍ左右 ,叶片 33片 ,茎粗 2 .8ｃｍ ,花盘直径 2 0～ 2 6ｃｍ ,千粒重 1 2 9ｇ ,籽仁率 5 8.8% ,籽仁含蛋白31 .2 %。种皮黑白条相间 ,粒长 2 .1～ 2 .3ｃｍ ,商品性好 ,抗叶部斑病 ,耐菌核病 ,空瘪率低。2　产量表现在 1 991年、1 992年产量比较试验中 ,该杂交种产量…     

高产高油抗病油葵杂交种晋葵5号的选育

晋葵5号是以雄性不育系76202－3A为母本，恢复系902－11R为父本组配选育而成，该杂交种抗旱、耐盐碱、耐瘠薄、耐菌核病能力强，含油率达51．44％，品种鉴定平均产量3823．5kg/hm^2，比对照品种汾葵杂3号增产13．9％，生产示范平均产量2056．5kg/hm^2，比对照品种晋葵2号增产17．0％，适宜高寒山区春播及麦茬复播。     

国外引入和自育油用向日葵杂交种产油量与稳定性分析

试验分析表明，新疆自育油用向日葵（以下简称油葵）杂交种903、935和新葵杂2号与美国杂交种G101和G103产油量处于同一水平。美国杂交种G101和G103产油量稳定性分别优于和差于新疆自育杂交种903、935、新葵杂2号。     

苦荞品种在辽宁省引种试验研究

通过苦荞品种在辽宁省进行试验，结果表明：九江苦荞、黔威3号、西农9909、六苦2号这4个品种都适宜在辽宁地区种植。产量最高的是黔威3号，103．0kg/667m^2；其次是西农9909，91．1kg/667m^2；第三的是九江苦荞。85．2kg/667m^2；最低的是六苦2号，78．5kg/667m^2。从产量上进行选择，应首选黔威3号，其次是西农9909。     

高产双低杂交没菜淮杂油1号的选育

淮杂油1号系江苏淮阴农科所选育的甘蓝型双低油菜杂交种，在江苏省油菜区域试验，生产试验，多年多点示范种植中均表现出生长优势强，产量高，品质优，抗（耐）菌核病，熟期适中等特性，江苏省区试平均产量3157．75kg/hm^2，比对照宁杂1号增产4．50％，生产试验平均产量2843．40kg/hm^2，比对照宁杂1号增产10．79％，2001年通过江苏省农作物品种审定员会审定。     

油用向日葵杂交种陕葵杂1号的选育

利用国外向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)杂交种及我国自交系作为基本育种材料，通过回交与自交的方法，选育出含油率高、自花结实性好、产量高的油葵新品种陕葵杂l号，陕西省油葵品种区域试验平均产量2400kg／hm^2,生产试验平均产量3450kg／hm^2，含油量47％，出仁率75％。     

大豆大垄平台增密保墒增产机理的研究

选用半矮秆大豆绥农22,采用大区对比试验,重点分析大垄平台增密保墒技术对土壤水分含量、土壤容重、叶面积指数、消光系数及产量构成因素的影响,试验结果表明：大垄平台技术全生育期的土壤含水量平均保持在28,34％-34．18％,比常规垄作高出0．62％-2．16％,土壤容重全生育期平均比常规垄作低0．374g／cm^3;开花期大垄平台叶面积指数比常规垄作大1．066、结荚期大2．377、鼓粒期大1．261;在开花期大垄平台消光系数变化为0．55-1．26、常规垄作为0．97～1．1,在结荚期消光系数变化分别为0．73-1．14和O．71～1．14,在鼓粒期消光系数变化分别为0．77-1．12和0．97-1．0,而在3个时期的最大顶角时大垄平台消光系数大于常规垄作;大垄平台和常规垄作收获时密度分别为35株／m^2和28株／m^2,单株粒数分别为61．8粒和71．0粒,百粒重分别为15．6g和16．0g,产量分别为239．40kg／m^2和212．06kg／667m^2,大垄平台比常规垄作增产27．34kg,增产幅度为12．89％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).