野生马来穿山甲被引入圈养后的应激对策和对新环境的适应

在重庆师范大学穿山甲饲养繁殖研究基地对新引入圈养环境下的2只雄性马来穿山甲(Manis javanica)(一只为成体,一只为亚成体)进行了行为观察研究,分别在室内进行预观察与连续观察、在人工圈养环境中连续观察,观察期为1个月。从分析结果看出,成年穿山甲的适应环境能力要优于亚成年穿山甲个体,而日常活动开始时间早晚主要由其生理钟调节支配,还可能与其他物种在其周边活动有一定相关性,但与所处小环境并无太大的关联。在圈养环境中,其休息行为比重加大,并且攀爬、游走、作窝行为比重也增大;在圈养环境中,两只穿山甲出现不同日常生理状况,观察到的数据及行为比例对成功人工驯化和饲养野生穿山甲提供一定的科学依据和方法。     

动物冬眠集趣

动物冬眠是为了应付骤变的气候所带来的恶劣生存环境，从而达到种族繁衍生息而采取的一种特殊生存方式。在地球上采用冬眠方式的动物不计其数，其冬眠的奇趣也就数不胜数。现集５趣，以飨读者。冬眠产仔的黑熊每年４－９月份，黑熊正常取食，取食量只要能维持正常生理活动即可。但一进入９月中旬，它的食欲、食量就成倍增长，一直猛吃猛喝到１０月底，使自己长得又肥又壮，然后就选择一处干燥、背风的岩洞或树洞躲进去开始冬眠。它的冬眠期一直要持续到来年的３月份。最为有趣和令人不可思议的是，母熊产仔和育仔都是在冬眠期完成的。循环耗…     

白鹤秋季迁徙期行为观察

为阐明在沼泽湿地生态系统环境中白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)秋季的活动规律以及各种行为的时间分配,于2003年10月10日~15日,在内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区进行了该鸟类迁徙期行为的初步观察,其各种行为的时间分配依次为:觅食62.74%,警戒14.04%,游走10.94%,静栖8.60%,理羽3.59%,其它0.08%;成体和亚成体白鹤在行为和时间分配上有明显差异。     

极北鲵无冬眠饲养生长发育规律研究

2016年10月至12月,展开极北鲵无冬眠饲养试验,记录极北鲵幼体和成体在各饲养周期的体重、全长、体长和尾长,对各饲养周期间和各分组间的差异进行比较分析。结果显示:极北鲵在无冬眠饲养过程中保持其在陆地生活期的生长发育趋势,幼体生长发育速度比成体快,成体生长发育速度趋于缓慢且稳定。在玻璃恒温生态饲养缸中相关环境因子保持在一定范围内(气温16℃～18℃,湿度55%～60%,水温16℃～17℃等)相对稳定的状态下,可打破极北鲵的冬眠习性,在冬眠期继续生长发育。极北鲵在无冬眠人工饲养条件下体重和体尺的各项指标之间、体尺的各项指标之间的相关性显著,通过多元线性回归分析建立极北鲵体重和体尺的指标之间的最优回归方程是Y=-19.128+3.536X+1.238Z(R=0.826、R 2=0.747、校正R 2=0.778),可为极北鲵人工饲养及进一步研究提供参考依据。     

蛇场的四季管理——蛇类养殖技术漫谈之二

正蛇是变温动物,体温随着环境温度的升降而改变。四季更替造成了蛇冬蛰春出、夏秋活跃的生活规律。一般说,蛇类的活动时间主要为春末冬初,它也是蛇类主要摄食和繁殖时期。春末冬初蛇场的工作量会很大。冬季后,蛇进入冬眠,蛇场只需确保场内蛇类的越冬安全。春季管理刚出蛰的蛇,前2-3个星期基本不进食,至4月份才进食,食量也较小。从5月份开始,食量大增。春季     

梅花山华南虎散养繁殖与半野化研究

通过引进2雄1雌3只亚成体华南虎,提供适宜的散放生境条件,开展散养繁殖管理和野生行为习性恢复驯养,实现种虎间的配对和交配繁殖,提高了种虎繁殖成活率,有效地恢复了种虎野生行为习性,为促进华南虎的种群保护与发展提供参考。     

新型植物性不育剂与化学灭鼠剂杀鼠效果对比试验

新型植物性不育剂是替代化学灭鼠剂的一种生物制剂。采用对比试验的方法，验证了新型植物性不育剂具有与化学灭鼠剂相同的防治效果，且持续药效期长，对环境无污染、无毒害。采用该不育剂防治后，害鼠的越冬种群以老体和成体为主，第３年秋季尚未恢复到亚成体占优势的种群；而采用化学灭鼠剂灭鼠后，害鼠种群中幼体和亚成体占多数，则预示未来种群为增长型。     

四川羚牛和水鹿在舔盐过程中警戒行为的对比分析

通过远程视频监控系统对卧龙自然保护区五一棚臭水观察区域的野生四川羚牛和水鹿在舔盐过程中警戒行为进行观察,对比分析其警戒行为的日活动规律以及性别、年龄、季节、群体大小对警戒行为的影响。结果表明：羚牛和水鹿警戒行为的日活动规律存在差异,羚牛警戒行为的时间占比为0.27%,水鹿占比为13.03%,水鹿的警戒性比羚牛高;在性别上,羚牛和水鹿均是雌性警觉性比雄性高;在年龄上,羚牛和水鹿均是成体的警惕性最高,其次是亚成体,最后是幼体;在季节上,羚牛和水鹿警戒行为发生最多均为冬季;在群体大小上,警戒频率与群体大小成反比;水鹿和羚牛同时出现,水鹿只数大于羚牛或其正在行动时,羚牛会有很高的警惕性,与水鹿保持安全距离并先行离开,为避免领域竞争冲突,羚牛和水鹿的防御行为均为逃离。     

燕雀越冬期种群结构的初步研究

１９９６ 年—１９９８ 年， 在历山国家级自然保护区采用路线调查和猎捕剖检的方法对燕雀迁徙动态和种群结构进行了研究。结果表明： 燕雀每年１０ 月中旬迁来， 次年５ 月中旬迁离。种群年龄组成可以划分为： 幼体组， 占种群总数的４１９１％ ； 亚成体组， 占２５７３％ ； 成体Ⅰ组， 占２２５５％ ； 成体Ⅱ组， 占９０２％ ； 老体组， 占０７９％ 。燕雀个体平均寿命为４ ａ 左右。     

日粮脂肪酸优化平衡对哺乳母猪生产性能的影响研究

指出了通过遗传育种手段,可使母猪的繁殖潜力得到极大提高。但母猪日粮的能量水平与脂肪酸平衡,之前一直没有受到足够重视。进行了两组试验:分别在哺乳期日粮中添加等量(3%)的豆油与优脂能脂肪粉,在母猪妊娠第105d开始饲喂,以提高仔猪的初生重,直到仔猪断奶,试验仅列出一个哺乳期的断奶窝重与母猪采食量。结果表明:优脂能与豆油等量替代(非等能替代)时,优脂能组的断奶窝重较豆油组提高3.86kg/窝,母猪的采食量增加600g/头·d。说明给予哺乳母猪平衡预乳化后的脂肪酸营养,将带来母猪采食量与泌乳量的增加,从而间接提高了仔猪的断奶窝重。     

莽山烙铁头蛇人工饲养技术研究

2012-2015年,先后采集6条莽山烙铁头蛇(Protobothrops mangshanensis)在韶关市进行人工饲养.重点从人工饲养环境、饲养技术、疾病防治、食物种类和越冬条件等方面进行研究.结果表明,莽山烙铁头蛇在人工仿生饲养条件下生长良好,能安全越冬;该蛇种对食物有选择性,只采食褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)、家兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus)和山斑鸠(Streptopelia orientalis),对黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus)、沼蛙(Hylarana guentheri)、白鼠(Mus musculus)、豚鼠(Cavia porcellus)和家鸭(Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)均不采食;食物10 d投放1次,每次投喂量控制在蛇体重的3%左右可满足其生长需要;该蛇在11月份气温低于12 ℃时开始进入冬眠,次年3月气温达到20 ℃左右开始苏醒,冬眠期长达4个月.     

苗木冬眠期限与造林时间选择对造林成活率的影响

各林木树种冬眠期限不尽相同,苗木冬眠期结束早晚与春季造林时间选择是影响造林成活率的关键性因素。早春冬眠期结束较早的树种,适宜早期造林栽植,反之,则应推迟造林时间,最佳栽植时间为苗木冬眠结束前后1~5 d为宜。     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Reservestoffe überwinternder und nicht überwinternder Adulter des Melonenmarienkäfers,Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) (Col., Coccinellldae)

Results obtained from the present study showed great variations in the body weight, water content, fat and glycogen reserves of hibernating and active adults ofEpilachna chrysomelina. Beetles were active throughout May—September and entered hibernation from October to March/April. At the beginning of hibernation, beetles were generally heavier than active ones. They lost 26.3–36.5% of their body weight and 6.5% of their water content during the hibernation period. Active beetles entered hibernation with high fat and glycogen reserves (13.3 and 1.4 mg/beetle). These gradually decreased to 4.2 and 0.12 mg/beetle throughout the 6 months of hibernation, an indication that beetles consumed about 44.6% and 90% of the total fat and glycogen reserves during this period.     

Zur Kenntnis der Culex pipiens-Gruppe (Dipt., Culicidae) im bayerischen Alpenvorland. 3. Überwinterung in Gebäuden

Part 3 deals with problems of hibernation ofCulex pipiens pipiens L. Investigations were made on: Seasonel changes in the gonoactivity and in the development of fat-body with regard to the hibernation; Period of beginning of hibernation; origin of the hibernatingCulex and possible migrations from breeding sites lying far away from the places of hibernation; accounts of the natural and artificial overwintering grounds in the open land and in buildings; behaviour of the autumnal flight into buildings before visiting the definite places of hibernation; the climatic and light conditions at the seats ofCulex in stables during the fall months; the readiness of flight of these mosquitoes; the autumnal behaviour of flight into dwelling houses and the demands ofCulex on the environment; the behaviour of hibernating mosquitoes in the area of dwelling especially their searching migrations after the impairment of conditions; loss of populations of overwinteringCulex and its causes; proceedings and circumstances leading to the termination of hibernation; period of flying out of dwelling houses.     

圈养东北虎幼仔行为的研究

圈养东北虎幼仔阶段的行为构成以睡眠为主,随着幼仔的成长发育,其行为发生变化,睡眠行为和取食行为逐渐减少,玩耍行为迅速增加,并成为除睡眠外的重要行为。此外,幼仔行为在各时间段上分布也呈现规律性。     

黄缘阿扁叶蜂生物学特性与防治试验研究

黄缘阿扁叶峰(Acantholyda flavomarginata Maa)是一种严重危害云南松针叶的害虫，1994年首次在越西县云南松林区发生。一年发生一代，以老熟功虫入土作室化蛹，以预蛹越冬。翌年4月上旬开始活动，5月中旬为产卵盛期且幼虫开始孵化，幼虫5龄～7龄，6月下旬幼虫开始下树，7月下旬全部下树越冬。有效防治措施为卫生伐、人工物理和化学药剂防治相结合。幼虫2龄～3龄期是化防的最佳时期，杀虫双、灭扫利等的致死率达90％以上。     

Antifeedant activity of luteolin and genistein against the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Electrical penetration graphs (DC EPG) were used to monitor the feeding behavior of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) exposed to the flavonoids luteolin and genistein in artificial diets. The EPG patterns generated by aphids feeding on plants were used to interpret the patterns generated on the artificial diets. Addition of flavonoids to the diets generally prolonged the period of stylet probing (as indicated by EPG pattern d-C), reduced salivation (as indicated by pattern d-E1) and passive ingestion (as indicated by pattern d-E2), and also delayed the onset of salivation and passive ingestion. At higher concentrations (≥100?μg?cm^?3 for luteolin, ≥1,000?μg?cm^?3 for genistein), the flavonoids completely stopped salivation and passive ingestion. In most events associated with active ingestion (EPG pattern d-G), however, differences in feeding behavior did not statistically differ between the control diet and those with flavonoids; luteolin, and genistein only at 10?μg?cm^?3 prolonged the time until the first d-G pattern was observed. The current findings demonstrate detrimental effects of the isoflavone genistein and the flavone luteolin on the feeding behavior of the pea aphid, A. pisum. This can be employed to create plants which are resistant to aphids and other herbivores.     

秦岭南麓新分布小太平鸟迁徙期食性初步观察

2011-2013年冬季,作者采用分组全天跟踪的方法,调查小太平鸟迁徙期活动特征和食性。结果证明:小太平鸟冬季由北向南成群迁徙过程中,会在某个生境优良的区域停留取食9~15日、成群活动在树冠上部。小太平鸟在迁徙期停留区域取食植物果实种类有20种,有人工栽培树种果实,也有野生树种果实。今后应持续迁移路线、停歇地、种群动态监测。     

Life-cycles and ecology of willow beetles on Salix viminalis in England

The life-cycles of three willow beetle pests, Phratora (= Phyllodecta) vulgatissima, Phratora (=Phyllodeeta) vitellinae and Galerucella lineola (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), were investigated during 1994–95 in a plantation of short-rotation coppiced willows (Salix viminalis cv. Bowles Hybrid) at Long Ashton, Bristol, UK. The P. vulgatissima had one generation during the year. Overwintered adults emerged from hibernation in April and after a short feeding period, copulation and egg-laying occurred. Larval stages were found from May–July. The new generation of adult beetles appeared in July–August and fed for a while before hibernating. Hibernating adults were found in hedgerows around the site and in the plantation on willow stools and ground vegetation. Dispersal of adult beetles between feeding and overwintering sites appeared to be fairly localized. Hence, crop management strategies that reduce the potential for overwintering in and around plantations may help to minimize spring re-invasion and damage. Although based on limited observations, the biology of P. vitellinae and G. lineola appeared similar to that of P. vulgatissima. However, there is evidence in the literature that both these species, unlike the latter, can have a partial second generation in some years. The potential effect of insect herbivory on the growth and biomass yield of S. viminalis cv. Bowles Hybrid was investigated experimentally by artificial hand-defoliation of pot-grown plants. Yield losses were strongly correlated with the amount and time of defoliation. Results indicated that even slight or moderate damage by insect herbivores could have a significant impact on the biomass productivity of coppiced willows.     

Observation on behavior of adult oriental white stork in nesting period

lntroductionTherearemanystudiesonOrientaIWhiteStorks.Thestudysubjectsincludepopulation,distribution,migration,ecology,historicstatusandconservation,captivepropagation,reproductivebioIogyandbe-haviors,etc.KyDkoArchibaIdandBernardSchmitt(1991)reportedthecomparisonbetWeentheorientaIWhiteStorkandtheEuropeanWhiteStork.TheyalsodescribedspeciaIbehaviorsofiIlCIattering"anddi-videdinto3styIes.ThesearethreatbiIIcIattering",courtshipbilIclattering"andcontactbilIclattering".TheyexpIainedthefem…