肥大细胞的异质性

肥大细胞广泛分布于人和多种动物体内，分为粘膜肥大细胞和结缔组织肥大细胞两个亚群。在不同种属、同一种属的不同个体、同一个体不同部位的肥大细胞都存在着异质性。本文从肥大细胞的分布、形态结构（显微结构、超微结构）、组织化学特征、功能等方面论述了肥大细胞的异质性。     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—EQUINE MAST CELL TUMOR

Equine mast cell tumors are typically benign solitary growths of the head, neck, trunk, or limbs. When involving the limbs, these masses tend to be adjacent to joints without involving them. In radiographs there is often a well-circumscribed soft tissue mass with granular mineralization. The Arabian breed appears to be over represented. Surgical removal is usually curative. In this report, we describe the diagnosis, clinical features, and management of mast cell tumors in the rear limb of a horse.     

小鼠胃、小肠和精囊黏膜肥大细胞的组织学观察

取健康小鼠胃、肠管和精囊放入生理盐水中冲洗干净,放入10%中性甲醛固定液中固定、透明、浸蜡、包埋,对胃、肠管和精囊进行连续切片,并用苏木精-伊红和甲苯胺蓝染色。然后,用光学显微镜观察小鼠胃、肠管和精囊的肥大细胞并计数,再用生物统计学方法分析、比较了胃、肠管和精囊肥大细胞的分布规律。结果发现,胃内的肥大细胞最多,小肠较少,而精囊中几乎看不到。胃和小肠内肥大细胞主要分布在血管和腺管周围。     

Evaluation of prognostic indicators in dogs with multiple,simultaneously occurring cutaneous mast cell tumours: 63 cases

Sixty‐three dogs with multiple contemporaneous cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) were identified. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of breed, concurrent dermatological condition; number of cutaneous MCTs, size, location, histological grade and mitotic index; completeness of excision (complete, close or incomplete); local recurrence, metastasis and adjuvant therapy for the prognostic evaluation of dogs with a unique disease presentation of multiple, simultaneously occurring cutaneous MCTs. On the basis of multivariable survival analysis, dogs with one recorded grade 3 MCT had shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) times (18.7 versus 2.2 months) and median survival times (MSTs) (24 versus 3 months). Dogs treated with adjuvant vinblastine/lomustine had a 16 times increased risk of dying. MSTs were found to be significantly longer in dogs with one recorded MCT on an extremity. For all dogs, the PFS (range 14–1835 days) and MSTs (range 28–1835 days) were not reached.     

Mast cell tumour in the third eyelid of a mare

A 4‐year‐old Missouri Fox Trotter mare was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine with a reddish mass protruding from the third eyelid and adjacent palpebral conjunctiva of the left eye. On ophthalmic examination, the mare showed mild blepharospasm, mild mucopurulent discharge and mild corneal oedema in the left eye. Menace response, pupillary light reflexes and intraocular examination were normal. A rounded, fleshy red ulcerated mass, approximately 3 cm in diameter, expanded the edge of the outer surface of the medial third eyelid and conjunctiva of the ventromedial palpebral region. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. Based on history and clinical findings, surgical removal was elected. The tumour was excised and the conjunctiva in the area of tumour treated with cryotherapy. Histological evaluation revealed a mast cell tumour on the third eyelid. Nine months follow‐up revealed no recurrence.     

子宫与输卵管肥大细胞研究进展

肥大细胞(MC)来源于骨髓造血干细胞,能分泌40余种生物活性物质或细胞因子.肥大细胞在发情周期以及胚泡着床、胎盘发育和正常分娩过程中具有重要作用.文章结合国内外文献,就肥大细胞在子宫及输卵管中的分布、所分泌的细胞因子和功能等做一概述.     

Diagnostic accuracy of pre‐treatment biopsy for grading cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs

Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are common tumours of the canine skin, and are estimated to represent up to 20% of all skin tumours in dogs. Tumour grade has a major impact on the incidence of local recurrence and metastatic potential. In addition to helping the clinician with surgical planning, knowledge of the tumour grade also assists in proper prognostication and client education. For pre‐treatment biopsies to be useful, there must exist a high level of correlation between the histopathological grade obtained from the pre‐treatment biopsy and the actual histopathological grade from the excisional biopsy. The aim of this study was to determine concordance of tumour grade between various biopsy techniques (wedge, punch, needle core) and the “gold standard” excisional biopsy method. We found an overall concordance rate of 96% based on the Patnaik grading system, and an overall concordance rate of 92% based on the Kiupel grading system. The accuracy of the various biopsy techniques (wedge, punch and needle core) when compared with excisional biopsy was 92%, 100% and 100%, respectively, based on the Patnaik grading system, and 90%, 95% and 100%, respectively, based on the Kiupel grading system. Of the cases with discordant results, the pre‐treatment biopsies tended to underestimate the grade of the tumour. Based on these results, we conclude that pre‐treatment biopsies are sufficiently accurate for differentiating low‐grade from high‐grade MCTs, regardless of biopsy technique or tumour location.     

Metastatic mast cell tumour in a dog presenting with spinal pain

The clinical, advanced imaging and surgical features of a case of canine extradural mast cell tumour are presented. This rare location has only been reported once before as a primary lesion, although the present case may be a metastatic lesion. Given the frequent occurrence and treatment of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs, the finding of spinal metastasis is an important reminder to consider metastatic neoplasia in cases of previously treated cancers presenting with spinal pain.     

猪子宫大豆素(SBA)受体细胞和肥大细胞观察

本研究用HRP—SBA标记技术、甲苯胺染色法及甲苯胺蓝和HRP—SBA双重染色技术,观察了猪子宫大豆素(SBA)受体细胞和肥大细胞.发现SBA受体细胞和肥大细胞,形态相似,但两者在子宫壁内的分布和数量不同.双重染色证明,SBA受体细胞和肥大细胞是存在猪子宫内膜的不同细胞.     

Mast cell and plasma cell collision tumor in the spleen of a dog

A 9‐year‐old spayed female English Mastiff was referred for outpatient ultrasound due to a 3‐week history of weight loss, vomiting, and decreased appetite. Abdominal ultrasound showed multiple splenic masses of varying sizes and serum chemistry panel showed hyperglobulinemia. Cytologic examination of fine‐needle aspirates of the splenic masses indicated a mast cell and plasma cell collision tumor. Results of serum and urine protein electrophoresis and immunofixation indicated the plasma cell neoplasia was producing IgA immunoglobulins.     

Pleural fluid from a dog with marked eosinophilia

A 12-year-old neutered male Shar-Pei was presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital cardiology service with a 2-week history of coughing and a 2-day history of lethargy and anorexia. Pleural effusion and a mediastinal mass were detected with thoracic radiographs. Ten mL of fluid were removed via thoracocentesis, and cytologic examination of the fluid revealed marked eosinophilic inflammation and few atypical mast cells. Mast cell neoplasia was suspected. Aspirates of the mediastinal mass, abdominal lymph nodes, and bone marrow contained similar pleomorphic mast cells and increased numbers of eosinophils. The dog was diagnosed with systemic (visceral) mastocytosis, a rare form of neoplasia in dogs, and was euthanized. These tumors carry a poor to grave prognosis and the etiology is uncertain.     

Skin mast cell histamine release following stem cell factor and high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor cross-linking in dogs with atopic dermatitis

Stem cell factor (SCF) influences mast cell activation and inflammatory mediator release, and is elevated in tissues undergoing allergic inflammation. Wheal formation in response to the injection of SCF or anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibody injection was compared between normal (n = 10) and nonlesional atopic (n = 10) canine skin. In situ SCF secretion was compared between lesional and nonlesional skin using immunohistochemistry. Histamine release by skin cell suspensions after stimulation with SCF, concanavalin A (ConA) or rabbit anticanine IgE antibodies was compared between normal and atopic dogs. All dogs exhibited strong responses to intradermal SCF injection at 10 and 50 ng mL(-1). Atopic dogs had significantly (P = 0.002) larger wheal responses to anti-IgE than normal dogs; but there was no difference in numbers of skin mast cells bearing IgE as detected by immunohistochemistry. Only atopic dogs exhibited interstitial deposition of SCF in both lesional and nonlesional skin specimens. Median histamine release stimulated by SCF in the absence of IgE from lesional skin cells was higher in atopic than normal dogs (P = 0.04). These experiments suggest that dermal SCF secretion could potentiate histamine release following IgE receptor cross-linking and thus, could be one of the explanations for the inherent mast cell hyperexcitability observed in canine atopic dermatitis.     

RESULTS OF RADIATION THERAPY IN 19 DOGS WITH CUTANEOUS MAST CELL TUMOR AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS

The records of 19 dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumor and regional lymph node metastasis (WHO Stage 2) were reviewed to determine the efficacy of radiation therapy in this population. Dogs with grade I (n = 1), grade II (n = 16), and grade III (n = 2) cutaneous mast cell tumor were included in this study. All dogs were treated with a combination of pre-irradiation surgical cytoreduction of the primary tumor, irradiation of the primary tumor and regional lymph node, and oral prednisone. Total radiation dose to the primary tumor and regional lymph node ranged from 48 to 57 Gray (Gy). The medial iliac and hypogastric lymph nodes were irradiated prophylactically in 11 dogs with primary tumor of the pelvic limb and positive ipsilateral popliteal lymph node. Total radiation dose to these lymph nodes ranged from 48 to 57 Gy. For all radiation fields, dose per fraction was 3 Gy, and therapy was administered on a Monday through Friday schedule. Acute and late radiation side effects observed in this study were considered acceptable. The median disease-free survival was 1,240 days (95% confidence interval 256 to 2,391 days). The disease-free survival in dogs with stage 2 mast cell tumor suggests that the combination of surgery, irradiation, and prednisone for the primary tumor along with irradiation of the positive lymph node is effective.     

Evaluation of the global DNA methylation in canine mast cell tumour samples by immunostaining of 5‐methyl cytosine

Cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCT) are the most common skin tumour in dogs, and to our knowledge, there are no previous studies regarding the global methylation of these tumours. DNA hypomethylation and hypermethylation have been described in several tumours and both mechanisms can lead to carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the global DNA methylation in canine MCT. A total of 48 MCT samples were classified in grades 1, 2 and 3 or high‐grade or low‐grade. Monoclonal antibodies were used for the immunohistochemical detection of the 5‐methylcytosine. The immunostained nuclei were classified in strong, weak or negative pattern, and these were quantified in five distinct microscopic fields (40× objective) in each slide. The results showed that global DNA hypomethylation was predominant in grade 3, high‐grade, less differentiated MCT. These epigenetic changes in neoplastic mast cells warrant further detailed investigation aiming the establishment of tumour epigenetic therapies.     

肥大细胞在动物肠道黏膜免疫屏障中的作用

肠道黏膜屏障包括机械屏障和免疫屏障等,后者主要由肠黏膜吸收上皮细胞和肠道相关淋巴组织构成。肠道黏膜免疫细胞包括淋巴细胞、杯状细胞、肥大细胞等。其中肥大细胞是天然免疫的效应细胞之一,其不仅在天然免疫中发挥重要作用,且能通过所分泌的细胞因子参与获得性免疫。笔者综述了肥大细胞的生物学特性及其在肠道免疫屏障中的作用。     

奶牛乳腺肥大细胞免疫形态学的增龄性变化

应用改良甲苯胺蓝染色法研究不同年龄奶牛乳腺肥大细胞分布特点的增龄性变化，并用Alcian bluc-safranin染色法对肥大细胞进行细胞化学分型研究。结果：青年奶牛乳腺中肥大细胞数量较少，中年奶牛乳腺中肥大细胞的数量增多，有趣的是，老年奶牛乳腺肥大的数量更多，AB-S染色显示，各年龄奶牛乳腺中只有黏膜型肥大细胞。结果表明：奶牛乳腺肥大细胞数量具有随年龄增长而增加的特点，但肥大细胞的类型没有发生改变。     

Masitinib mesylate for metastatic and non‐resectable canine cutaneous mast cell tumours

Masitinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of gross, non‐metastatic grade II and III canine mast cell tumours (MCTs). This study evaluated the use of masitinib as a frontline and rescue agent for metastatic and non‐metastatic canine MCTs. Identification of toxicities and prognostic factors in these dogs was of secondary interest. Twenty‐six dogs were included in this study. The overall response rate to masitinib was 50%. The median survival time for dogs that responded to masitinib was 630 days versus 137 days for dogs that did not respond (P = 0.0033). Toxicity was recorded in 61.5% of treated dogs, but the majority of adverse events were mild and self‐limiting. Response to masitinib, not tumour grade, stage or location, was the most significant prognostic factor for survival in dogs with MCTs.     

家兔黏膜免疫器官肥大细胞在巴氏杆菌感染中的特征——组织化学与电镜观察

对5例巴氏杆菌感染家兔的空肠与圆小囊肥大细胞（mast cell，MC）进行了组织化学与电镜的观察，发现在细菌感染导致的病变组织边缘、病变组织内血管附近结缔组织中及变性细胞周围组织的上皮下与黏膜下层都出现了大量甲苯胺蓝（Toluidine Blue，TB）阳性肥大细胞。电镜下，MC有的直接与变性细胞密切接触，有的则和血管内皮紧密相触，在此部位的血管内可见有淋巴细胞贴附填充。MC胞浆内充盈大量的特征性颗粒，有时这些颗粒向细胞表面突出形成边缘空隙，即形成所谓的脱颗粒管道，将颗粒内容物逐渐排除细胞外，遗留空腔。