Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa, with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, and odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acids

Knowledge of the fatty acid profile of microbial lipids is of great nutritional importance to the animals and, subsequently, their products. This study was conducted to examine the fatty acid profiles of mixed rumen bacteria and protozoa. Bacterial and protozoal cells were isolated by differential centrifugation of rumen contents. The main fatty acids were palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) in both the bacterial and protozoal fractions. Palmitic acid was 74% greater in the protozoal fatty acids than in the bacterial fatty acids, whereas bacteria had 2.25-times greater stearic acid (18:0) proportions compared with protozoa. The total odd-chain plus branched-chain fatty acids were 16.5% of bacterial fatty acids and 11.0% of protozoal fatty acids. The anteiso-17:0 proportions in bacterial and protozoal fatty acids were 1.4 and 2.9%, respectively. The most abundant trans-18:1 isomer, vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11), was 6.6% of total fatty acids in protozoa and 2.0% of total fatty acids in bacteria. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA was 8.6-times greater in the protozoal fraction (1.32% of total fatty acids) than in the bacterial fraction (0.15%). These results suggest that the presence of protozoa in the rumen may increase the supply of CLA and other unsaturated fatty acids for lower gut absorption by ruminants.     

The Influence of Tallow on Rumen Metabolism,Microbial Biomass Synthesis and Fatty Acid Composition of Bacteria and Protozoa

Abstract

Rumen metabolism, microbial biomass synthesis and microbial long chain fatty acid composition were studied in lactating cows fed at two levels of dry matter intake (L, 8.6 kg DM and H, 12.6 kg DM) with 0, 4 and 6% added tallow at the low feed level (L0, L4 and L6) and 0, 2, 4 and 6% at the high feed level (H0, H2, H4 and H6).

Fibre digestibility was not significantly affected by tallow addition. Increasing tallow level in the diet decreased the total VFA concentration, the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid and the ammonia concentration in the rumen. Crude fat and fatty acid content in bacterial and protozoal dry matter increased with increased tallow level, especially due to an increase in fatty acids originating from the feeds. Microbial synthesis in the rumen and flow of amino acids to the duodenum was highest for medium fat intake at the high feed level.     

Leukoencephalomyelopathy in cats linked to abnormal fatty acid composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and of irradiated dry cat food

Four outbreaks of leukoencephalomyelopathy in colonies of SPF cats on a long‐term diet of irradiated dry cat food were observed in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2001. As a primary defect in myelin formation was suspected to be the cause of the disease and myelin consists mainly of lipids and their fatty acids, we investigated the fatty acid composition of the white matter of the spinal cord of affected and control cats and of irradiated and non‐irradiated food. The irradiated food had low levels of alpha‐linolenic acid compared to linoleic acid as well as a high total omega‐6:omega‐3 ratio of 7:1 in the irradiated and of 2:1 in the non‐irradiated food. The white matter of the spinal cord showed low levels of linoleic acid and absence of alpha‐linolenic acid in affected cats as well as absence of lignoceric and nervonic acid in both affected and control cats. These abnormalities in fatty acid composition of the white matter of the spinal cord may reflect an increased need for alpha‐linolenic acid as a substrate for longer chain omega‐3 fatty acids to compose myelin and thus indicate a particular species sensitivity to dietary deficiency in omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly alpha‐linolenic acid in cats. Our findings indicate that abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism in myelin play an essential role in the pathogenesis of this acquired form of leukoencephalomyelopathy in cats.     

The effect of microbial phytase on ileal phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in the broiler chicken

1. The study aimed to assess the effect of a commercially available microbial phytase on phytate phosphorus and total phosphorus content at the terminal ileum as well as true ileal amino acid digestibility. 2. Five diets, each containing a different plant-based feedstuff, were supplemented with microbial phytase and fed, along with a non-supplemented corresponding diet, to 28-d-old broiler chickens, Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. Ileal contents were collected and analysed, along with the diets, for total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus and amino acids. 3. Endogenous phosphorus determined at the terminal ileum was 272 +/- 108 mg/kg food dry matter (mean +/- SE). Endogenous ileal amino acid flows ranged from 58 +/- 10 mg/kg food dry matter for methionine to 568 +/- 47 mg/kg food dry matter for glutamic acid. 4. Supplementation with microbial phytase resulted in a significantly greater phytate P disappearance from the terminal ileum for rice bran (17% units), but not for soyabean meal, maize, wheat or rapeseed meal. Similarly total phosphorus digestibility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when microbial phytase was added to the rice-bran-based diet but not for any of the other feedstuffs. 5. Amino acid digestibility was significantly greater in the presence of microbial phytase for all the amino acids examined in wheat, for several of the amino acids each in maize and rapeseed meal and for one amino acid in rice bran and soyabean meal. The average increase in amino acid digestibility for those amino acids affected, was 13, 6, 10, 7 and 12% units for wheat, maize, rapeseed meal, rice bran and soyabean meal, respectively. 6. It appears that microbial phytase improves phosphorus digestibility and amino acid digestibility for certain plant-based feedstuffs.     

思州鸡肌肉品质分析

随机选取相同条件下放牧饲养的120日龄思州鸡10只,公、母各半,进行肌肉品质测定。结果显示,思州鸡肌肉嫩度好,干物质含量高,钙含量丰富,硒和铁含量较低,锌含量适中;胸肌11种脂肪酸中以油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸为主,占脂肪酸总量的92.20%,不饱和脂肪酸含量占69.35%,必需脂肪酸占15.31%;17种氨基酸中以谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸为主,占氨基酸总量的44.22%,必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸、支链氨基酸和抗氧化氨基酸含量分别为39.40%、26.18%、20.09%、7.06%、18.08%和11.61%。因此,思州鸡肌肉品质优良,肉质风味好。     

Comparative evaluation of rumen-protected fat, coconut oil and various oilseeds supplemented to fattening bulls. 2. Effects on composition and oxidative stability of adipose tissues.

The effects of five different dietary fat supplements on fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of subcutaneous and kidney fat were evaluated in 36 Brown Swiss bulls and compared to a low fat diet in a monofactorial design. The following fat supplements were provided as additional fat at 30 g per kg feed dry matter: crystalline rumen-protected fat, coconut oil, and three types of crushed whole oilseeds (rapeseed, sunflower seed and linseed). Adipose tissues reflected differences (P < 0.05) in dietary fatty acid composition although to a lower extent. Using protected fat, which contained elevated levels of trans fatty acids, and sunflower seed, containing a high proportion of linoleic acid, significantly increased C18:1 trans fatty acid proportion in the adipose tissues. The use of sunflower seed increased conjugated linoleic acid. The oilseeds resulted in lower amounts of C16:0 in favour of C18:0. Except for linseed, all fat supplemented groups improved oxidative stability of adipose tissues as compared with control. This was explained by lower proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue (protected fat), by elevated alpha-tocopherol contents (rapeseed, sunflower seed) or by a combination of both (coconut oil). Fat colour remained unaffected by treatments. Compared to other fat supplements oilseeds, especially sunflower seed and rapeseed, can therefore be recommended to be fed to bulls in order to increase the proportions of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissues and to maintain or improve oxidative stability.     

The effect of protein status of the pig on the recovery and amino acid composition of endogenous protein in digesta collected from the distal ileum

Barrows with an average initial weight of 55 kg were fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum. The animals were fed a protein-free diet that consisted of 79.7% cornstarch, 10% sucrose, 3% Alphafloc (a source of cellulose), 3% canola oil and a vitamin-mineral premix. The pigs were fed 700 g of diet twice each day, at 0800 and 2000. A balanced amino acid mixture or a saline solution was administered intravenously while the protein-free diet was fed. Ileal digesta were collected for 24 h following a 7-d adaptation period. The administration of amino acids reduced (P less than .05) the recovery of endogenous protein from 18.5 to 12.7 g per kg dry matter intake. For the amino acids, the reduction was only significant (P less than .05) for proline, from 3.6 to .6 g per kg dry matter intake. If the total endogenous protein losses are assumed to be constant and the differences in the amino acid composition of non-reabsorbed endogenous protein, as observed in this study, are used to calculate true ileal digestibilities, differences in the digestibilities of the indispensable amino acids are large (up to 7.4 percentage units for threonine). The amino acid composition of endogenous protein determined in pigs fed a protein-free diet and parenterally administered with amino acids should provide a better estimate for the calculation of true amino acid digestibilities when based on the determination of true protein digestibility by the 15N-isotope dilution technique.     

Effects of dietary energy level and protein source on site of digestion and duodenal nitrogen and amino acid flows in steers

Six steers (468 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were fed diets formulated for two levels of energy containing three crude protein (CP) sources in a 6 X 6 Latin square with a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Energy levels were 2.17 and 2.71 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg dry matter (DM) provided by hay-corn (H) and corn silage-corn (CS) diets, respectively. Soybean mean (SBM), corn gluten meal-urea (CGM) and urea (U) provided 33% of dietary CP in 12% CP diets. Apparent organic matter (OM) digested in the stomach was not affected (P greater than .05) by energy level or CP source, but OM truly digested in the stomach was greater (P less than .05) when steers were fed the CS compared with the H diet. Duodenal flow of non-NH3 N was greater (P less than .05) when steers were fed CS compared with H and when fed SBM or CGM compared with U. Efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis and duodenal bacterial N flow were increased (P less than .05) when steers were fed CS, but non-NH3, nonbacterial N flow to the duodenum was increased (P less than .05) when steers were fed H. When steers were fed CS rather than H, flows (g/d) of bacterial amino acids were greater (P less than .05), but flows of nonbacterial amino acids tended (P less than .08) to be less. Total amino acid flows were not affected (P greater than .05) by energy level. Duodenal flows of total amino acids tended (P less than .06) to be greater when steers were fed CGM compared with SBM or U, due mainly to an increased (P less than .05) flow of nonessential amino acids.     

Lipid Composition of Hepatic and Adipose Tissues From Normal Cats and From Cats With Idiopathic Hepatic Lipidosis

The purpose of this study was to characterize the lipid classes in hepatic and adipose tissues from cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis (IHL). Concentrations of triglyceride, phospholipid phosphorus, and free and total cholesterol were determined in lipid extracts of liver homogenates from 5 cats with IHL and 5 healthy control cats. Total fatty acid composition of liver and adipose tissue was also compared. Triglyceride accounted for 34% of liver by weight in cats with IHL (338 ± 38 mg/g wet liver) versus 1% in control cats {9.9 ±1.0 mg/g wet liver, P < .001). The mass of cholesterol ester was significantly higher in triglyceride-free (TG-free) liver from cats with IHL (741 ± 340 μg/g TG-free wet liver) compared to healthy cats (31 ± 11 μg/g TG-free wet liver, P < .05). Total fatty acid composition of hepatic tissue in the 2 groups differed; pa Imitate was higher (19.5 ± 1.1% of total fatty acids in cats with IHL versus 9.2 ± 2.7% in controls, P < .05), stearate was lower (8.5 ± 0.8% versus 16.8 ± 1.1%, P < .05), oleate was higher (41.2 ± 1.6% versus 31.1 ± 1.8%, P < .05), and arachidonate was lower (1.2 ± 0.2% versus 6.0 ± 0.9%, P < .05). The total fatty acid composition of adipose tissue also differed between the 2 groups; palmitate was higher (25.2 ± 1.2% in cats with IHL versus 21.3 ± 0.6% in controls, P < .05), total monounsaturated fatty acids were higher (48.4 ± 1.0% versus 45.0 ± 0.8%, P < .05), linoleate was lower (13.3 ± 1.6% versus 17.5 ± 0.9%, P < .05), total (n-6) fatty acids were lower (13.8 ± 1.38% versus 18.4 ± 0.83%, P < .05), linolenate was lower (0.2 ± 0.04% versus 0.7 ± 0.06%, P < .05), and total (n-3) fatty acids were lower (0.3 ± 0.02% versus 1.3 ± 0.32%, P < .05). The fatty acid composition of both liver and adipose tissue was similar for stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate in cats with IHL. These results support the hypothesis that the origin of hepatic triglyceride in cats with IHL is the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue.     

Plasma lipids and fatty acid composition in parrots in relation to the intake of alpha-linolenic acid from two feed mixtures

The main objective of this study was to find out whether the content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in plasma cholesteryl-esters (CE) or triglycerides (TG) in parrots might serve as an index of ALA intake. The intake of ALA might be a risk factor for atherosclerosis, but on the basis of the fatty acid composition of seed mixtures the intake is difficult to assess due to selective eating of seeds. Parrots were fed two seed mixtures that differed in ALA content according to a cross over design. The macronutrient composition of the diets supplied differed from that of the diets consumed. The diets consumed had higher levels of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and energy, and lower levels of crude fibre and crude ash. The ALA content, expressed as g/kg diet, was similar for the diet supplied and that consumed, irrespective of the type of diet. The diets had no systematic effect on plasma lipid concentrations. There were marked differences in plasma cholesterol concentrations between parrot species. When the diet with the low ALA content was fed (0.8% ALA of total fatty acids consumed, 1.1 g ALA/kg of diet consumed), the plasma CE and TG did not contain detectable ALA amounts. When the diet with the high ALA content was fed (4.2% ALA of total fatty acids consumed, 6.1 g ALA/kg of diet consumed), the plasma CE and TG contained about 1% ALA of total fatty acids. It is suggested that the content of ALA in plasma CE and TG might be used as an indicator of ALA intake.     

Whole body cholesterol, fat, and fatty acid concentrations of mice (Mus domesticus) used as a food source.

The concentrations of dry matter, cholesterol, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and 29 fatty acids were measured in four size categories of whole mice (Mus domesticus) that are commonly fed to zoo animals. Dry matter increased with age/size of mice, whereas cholesterol decreased with age/size. Significant differences in fatty acid content were found among mice categories with capric, lauric, and myristic acids. Mice categories had similar levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, heptadecenoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, gamma linolenic, alpha linolenic, eicosenoic, eicosadienoic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and lignoceric acids. Analyzed lipid content of mice exceeded domestic carnivorous animal requirements for linoleic and arachidonic acids. The fatty acid levels in mice were high, falling between published values in beef and fish. Generally, mice contained higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including the omega-3 fatty acids, and lower levels of saturated fatty acids than beef. Although fatty acid levels met or exceeded some dietary requirements for carnivores and omnivores, a possibility of excessive levels exists that could lead to eye and tissue abnormalities. Furthermore, as the intake of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids increases, the dietary requirement for vitamin E increases. Thus, it is important that lipid profiles of feeder mice be known and considered when examining captive animal diets.     

Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa,and effect of defaunation on fatty acid profile in the rumen with special reference to conjugated linoleic acid in cattle

Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminal bacterial (B) and protozoal (P) cells, and to investigate effect of protozoa on FA profile in the rumen of cattle. Three cows were used to prepare ruminal B and P cells. Four faunated and three defaunated cattle (half‐siblings) were used to study effect of protozoa on ruminal FA profile. Proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in total fatty acids in B cells were 20.7% and 37.4%, whereas those in P cells were 33.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Proportions of trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in B cells were 3.9% and 1.0%, and those in P cells were 5.5% and 1.6%, respectively, being higher in P cells. Proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in P cells were two to three times higher than in B cells. Proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, VA and CLA in B cells of faunated cattle were higher than those of defaunated. VA and CLA in the ruminal fluid of faunated were also 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than those of defaunated. This tendency was similar for cell‐free fraction of ruminal fluid. These results indicate that protozoa contribute greatly in VA and CLA production in the rumen.     

Effect of different fat sources on in vitro degradation of nutrients and certain blood parameters in sheep

This study was designed to determine the effects of calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids (CS), hydroxyethylsoyamide (HESA), butylsoyamide (BSA) and soybean oil (SO) on degradation of crude protein and fibre in vitro, and on the blood plasma lipid parameters in vivo. Five mature wethers (body weight 75 kg) were fed five diets in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The control diet consisted of 50% meadow hay and 50% concentrate with no added fat. The control diet was supplemented with CS, HESA, BSA, or SO. Fat was added at 3.5% of dietary dry matter (DM). The final ether extract content of the ration was near 6%. Each period lasted 20 days. Fat supplements, except HESA, consistently decreased the in vitro DM disappearance of soybean meal as compared to control. In contrast to the effect of other treatments, crude protein degradation was greatest in the test tubes with inocula obtained from sheep fed diet with HESA. Fat supplements equally inhibited the DM and fibre breakdown of alfalfa pellet. CS and HESA seemed to be less detrimental to in vitro fermentation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than BSA and SO. All fat supplements increased blood plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and total lipid content. Plasma concentration of cholesterol and total lipid was highest with SO. The inclusion of CS in the diet increased 16:0, while all fat supplements increased plasma 18:0 and decreased 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acid content. Plasma 18:2n-6 was not changed by feeding CS and SO. However, compared to the control diet, 18:2n-6 increased with 12 and 41% in plasma fatty acids when sheep were fed HESA and BSA, respectively. The results showed that plasma concentration of linoleic acid was enhanced more when the amide was synthesised from butylamine than when from ethanolamine.     

Influence of plant lecithin partly replacing rumen-protected fat on digestion, metabolic traits and performance of dairy cows

Nutrient digestibility, metabolic effects and performance were evaluated in lactating cows (n = 6 × 6) receiving diets containing one of four different lecithins (raw, deoiled and deoiled/partially hydrolysed soy lecithin, raw canola lecithin) or soybean oil in combination with Ca soaps of palm oil fatty acids in a ratio of 1 : 3. A diet supplemented only with Ca soaps served as a control. The complete diets consisted of forage and concentrate (0.62 : 0.38) and total lipid supplementation was 30 g fatty acids/kg dietary dry matter. Lecithins had no effect on milk yield and milk composition. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and gross energy were highest in the control diet and lowest in the soybean oil diet (p < 0.1) with intermediate values for the lecithin‐supplemented diets. Soybean oil particularly reduced fibre digestibility (significant with hemicellulose), whereas this effect was reduced or even missing when lecithins, particularly raw canola lecithin and deoiled/hydrolysed soy lecithin, were used. The digestibility of total fatty acids was not affected by the treatments. The effects were also not significant for blood plasma traits except for insulin which was significantly higher with raw than with deoiled/hydrolysed soy lecithin. In conclusion, lecithins, particularly those technologically modified or of a low polyenoic fatty acid content, might be preferred to oils when used as an energy source whereas they failed to improve digestibility of rumen‐protected fats.     

体外培养条件下不同长链脂肪酸对山羊瘤胃原虫群体结构和原虫吞噬细菌循环的影响

本试验旨在研究体外培养条件下不同长链脂肪酸对山羊瘤胃原虫群体结构和原虫吞噬细菌循环的影响。试验选取6种不同不饱和度的长链脂肪酸[分别为硬脂酸(A组)、油酸(B组)、亚油酸(C组)、α-亚麻油酸(D组)、花生四烯酸(E组)、二十碳五烯酸(F组),不饱和键个数从0~5依次递增],各脂肪酸的添加水平为底物的3%,进行体外培养。在体外培养10 h后测定原虫吞噬细菌速率,在体外培养24 h后测定细菌、原虫密度以及细菌蛋白质、原虫蛋白质含量。结果表明:除F组头毛虫属(Ophryoscolecinae)比例显著高于B和D组(P0.05)外,不同长链脂肪酸的添加对原虫中厚毛虫属(Dasytricharuminantium)、内纤毛虫属(Entodinium)、双毛虫属(Diplodiniinae)、等毛虫属(Isotrichidae)、前毛虫属(Epidinium)比例的影响均不显著(P0.05)。原虫密度以A组最高,并显著高于B组(P0.05);细菌密度以D组最高,并显著高于A、B、E、F组(P0.05)。原虫吞噬细菌速率A~F组依次为244.50、236.51、229.60、189.04、200.51、174.24 cells/(cell·h);另外,以D组的细菌周转率(0.68%)最低,且其细菌周转时间(146.92 h)最长。所估算的细菌蛋白质循环量以D[126.75 mg/(d·头)]和F组[131.63 mg/(d·头)]相对较低。因此,在本试验基础上认为,体外培养条件下α-亚麻油酸抑制山羊瘤胃原虫吞噬细菌效果较好。     

7月龄陶赛特×小尾寒羊F1代公母羔羊肌肉化学成分的比较研究

试验对7月龄陶赛特×小尾寒羊F₁代（简称陶×寒F₁）公母羔羊肌肉化学成分进行了比较研究。试验选择了在集约化饲养方式下饲养的7月龄陶赛特×小尾寒羊F₁代公羔、母羔各5只进行屠宰,分别取背最长肌后测定常规营养成分、氨基酸、长链脂肪酸、胆固醇、矿物元素等养分的含量。结果表明,陶×寒F₁公羔、母羔之间在背最长肌中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷等含量上均无显著差异（P>0.05）。各种氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量、总非必需氨基酸含量、总氨基酸含量差异均不显著（P<0.05）。公羔与母羔背最长肌中大部分脂肪酸的含量、总不饱和脂肪酸含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）,但公羔背最长肌中亚油酸的含量提高20.3%（P<0.05）,胆固醇含量降低约32%（P<0.05）。羔羊不同性别之间背最长肌中的镁、锌、铜、锰含量没有显著差异（P>0.05）,但母羔背最长肌中的铁含量比公羔的高约26%（P<0.05）。因此,7月龄陶×寒F₁公羔、母羔肌肉的营养价值基本相同。     

7月龄和13月龄陶赛特×小尾寒羊F_1代羔羊肌肉化学成分的比较研究

本试验比较研究了无角陶赛特(父本)×小尾寒羊(母本)的杂交一代羔羊(简称为陶×寒F1)分别在7、13月龄屠宰时对羔羊肉化学成分指标的影响。结果表明,7、13月龄的陶×寒F1羔羊的背最长肌中,干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷等含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。7月龄羔羊背最长肌中的谷氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸的含量均显著高于13月龄羔羊(P0.05);组氨酸含量则显著低于13月龄羔羊(P0.05),其它氨基酸含量与总必需氨基酸含量、总非必需氨基酸含量、总氨基酸含量2个月龄羔羊之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。除7月龄羔羊背最长肌中亚油酸的含量较13月龄高出近45%(P0.05)外,其它脂肪酸的含量、总不饱和脂肪酸含量、总不饱和脂肪酸/总饱和脂肪酸、胆固醇含量2个月龄羔羊之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。与7月龄羔羊相比,13月龄羔羊背最长肌中的镁、锌、铜、锰含量均有提高趋势(P0.05),其中铁含量增加17.2%。因此,13与7月龄陶×寒F1羔羊肌肉的营养价值基本相同。     

Composition and fatty acid profile of milk from cows supplemented with pressed oilseed cake

This study compared the productive and nutritional parameters of milk from crossbred lactating cows managed on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania and with a diet supplemented with different pressed oilseed cakes. The supplements used were as follows: peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake for replacement of soybean meal. Sixteen cows with an average weight of 544 ± 57 kg and producing 8 ± 1.4 L of milk per day were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to the treatments according to a Latin square design repeated over time, with four treatments, 16 animals and four experimental periods. Supplementation of the diet with peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake compared with soybean meal in the diet of cows did not affect the average daily production or composition of the milk. The palm kernel cake promoted an increase in lauric fatty acids (C_12:0) and palmitoleic acids (C_16:1) (5.02 and 1.65%, respectively) compared with peanut cake and sunflower cake (4.13 and 4.01%, respectively). The levels of oleic fatty acids (C_18:1) were higher for the sunflower cake and palm kernel cake supplements (26.01 and 25.01%, respectively) compared with peanut cake (23.11%). The replacement of soybean meal with sunflower cake and palm kernel cake improved the nutritional quality of the milk, with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the production or nutritional composition of the milk. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Parental dietary arachidonic acid altered serum fatty acid profile,hepatic antioxidant capacity,and lipid metabolism in domestic pigeons (Columba livia)

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary arachidonic acid on serum fatty acid profile, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in pigeon squabs by supplementing arachidonic acid in their parental diets. A completely randomized design was conducted consisting of control group, 0.05% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, 0.1% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, and 0.2% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group. Six randomly selected squabs from each group were sampled on Day 21 post-hatch. Results indicated that moderate level (0.05%) of arachidonic acid in parental diets for pigeon squabs improved lipid metabolism via regulation on serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition and tended to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in the premise of negligible damage to antioxidant status. Unfortunately, excessive parental supplementation of dietary arachidonic acid might be harmful to squab health. The regulatory effects of arachidonic acid were sensitive to the arachidonic acid doses. In conclusion, parental dietary arachidonic acid at 0.05% could be beneficial for squabs to maintain health as reflective aspects in ameliorative serum lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation.     

不同规格管角螺肌肉营养成分分析

本研究旨在比较不同规格管角螺腹足部肌肉的营养成分含量。以体重为50、100、200、300和400 g 5种规格的管角螺为研究对象,比较分析其肌肉中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、矿物质、氨基酸和脂肪酸的差异。结果表明:不同规格管角螺肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和水分含量差异显著(P<0.05),灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05),其中400 g组管角螺肌肉粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量最高,分别为70.00%和5.63%,而50 g组最低,分别为56.21%和2.17%。对矿物质分析发现,常量元素中钾含量最高,微量元素中铁含量最高,300 g组各种矿物质含量均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。氨基酸分析结果表明,谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天门冬氨酸和精氨酸含量最高,胱氨酸含量最低;300 g组肌肉氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量最高,分别达到了186.91和80.71 mg/g,200 g组呈味氨基酸的含量最高,为82.70 mg/g。脂肪酸分析结果表明,不饱和脂肪酸的总量达到了63.50%～66.13%;C20:5(EPA)和C22:6(DHA)的含量分别为5.38%～6.21%和15.03%～16.06%。