Pre‐ and Post‐Partum Mild Underfeeding Influences Gene Expression in the Reproductive Tract of Cyclic Dairy Cows

Undernutrition before and after calving has a detrimental effect on the fertility of dairy cows. The effect of nutritional stress was previously reported to influence gene expression in key tissues for metabolic health and reproduction such as the liver and the genital tract early after calving, but not at breeding, that is, between 70 and 90 days post‐partum. This study investigated the effects of pre‐ and post‐partum mild underfeeding on global gene expression in the oviduct, endometrium and corpus luteum of eight multiparous Holstein cows during the early and middle phases of an induced cycle 80 days post‐partum. Four control cows received 100% of energy and protein requirements during the dry period and after calving, while four underfed received 80% of control diet. Oestrous synchronization treatment was used to induce ovulation on D80 post‐partum. Oviducts, ovaries and the anterior part of each uterine horn were recovered surgically 4, 8, 12 and 15 days after ovulation. Corpora lutea were dissected from the ovaries, and the endometrium was separated from the stroma and myometrium in each uterine horn. The oviduct segments were comprised of ampulla and isthmus. RNAs from ipsi‐ and contralateral samples were pooled on an equal weight basis. In each tissue, gene expression was assessed on a custom bovine 10K array. No differentially expressed gene (DEG) in the corpus luteum was identified between underfed and control, conversely to 293 DEGs in the oviduct vs 1 in the endometrium under a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.10 and 1370 DEGs vs 3, respectively, under FDR < 0.15. Additionally, we used dedicated statistics (regularized canonical correlation analysis) to correlate the post‐partum patterns of six plasma metabolites and hormones related to energy metabolism measured weekly between calving and D80 with gene expression. High correlations were observed between post‐partum patterns of IGF‐1, insulin, β‐hydroxybutyrate and the expression in the oviduct of genes related to reproductive system disease, connective tissue disorders and metabolic disease. Moreover, we found special interest in the literature to retinoic acid‐related genes (e.g. FABP5/CRABP2) that might indicate abnormalities in post‐partum tissue repair mechanisms. In conclusion, this experiment highlights relationships between underfeeding and gene expression in the oviduct and endometrium after ovulation in cyclic Holstein cows. This might help to explain the effect of mild undernutrition on fertilization failure and early embryonic mortality in post‐partum dairy cows.     

Influence of Puerperal Uterine Infection on Uterine Involution and Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Dairy Cows

This article presents the results of a clinical trial designed to study the effect of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and on ovarian activity in dairy cows, monitored twice weekly from parturition until the sixth week postpartum (wpp). Infection significantly retarded uterine involution assessed by the uterine body diameter and a score of intrauterine fluid volume (IUFV). By the sixth wpp, cows with normal puerperium (controls) and cows that showed mild puerperal endometritis had similar uterine body diameter and IUFV, indicating spontaneous recovery within the postpartum voluntary waiting period. However, in cows with severe puerperal endometritis, although uterine body diameter had regressed to pregravid size, IUFV remained significantly higher than in control and mild endometritis cows, indicating that chronic endometritis was established. The IUFV score was positively and significantly correlated with uterine swab bacterial growth density and allowed diagnosis of endometritis after the third wpp. Cows with mild or severe endometritis had a significantly higher prevalence and persistence of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Actinomyces pyogenes , Gram-negative anaerobes – GNA) than controls. Actinomyces pyogenes was associated to GNA in 74% of isolations. Ovarian activity measured by ultrasound scanning of the ovaries and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations was more abnormal (prolonged anoestrus, prolonged luteal phases and ovarian cysts) in cows with severe endometritis than in controls.     

新疆昌吉地区荷斯坦奶牛泌乳曲线拟合效果分析

本研究对新疆昌吉地区荷斯坦牛2011~2014年185 340条日单产记录进行统计分析,分别采用5种模型(Wood、IQP、Wilmink、ML、AS模型)对第1、2、3、4胎及所有胎次泌乳曲线进行拟合。结果表明,Wood、IQP、Wilmink、ML、AS模型拟合精度范围分别在0.9562~0.9828、0.9467~0.9809、0.8671~0.9752、0.8752~0.9175、 0.8775~0.9127范围内;Milmink模型为第1胎次泌乳曲线最佳拟合模型,Wood模型为第2、3、4胎次泌乳曲线的最佳模型。     

Development of a Multiplex PCR for the Identification of Major Pathogenic Bacteria of Post‐Partum Endometritis in Dairy Cows

Post‐partum period has an important role in cows' breeding due to its effects on reproductive efficiency and subsequent pregnancy. Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes (Arcanobacterium pyogenes), Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella melaninogenicus are recognized as major pathogens associated with uterine endometrial lesions. The objective of this study was to identify these pathogens using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a culture‐independent sensitive method. A total of 172 cows were examined 25–35 days post‐partum, and 128 cows were examined at 2 weeks later (39–49 days post‐partum). Uterine discharges were collected by covered plastic infusion pipettes. The prevalence of endometritis was greater in the first examination than the second (35.5% vs. 16%). E. coli was detected in eight of the samples, T. pyogenes was detected in 13 of the samples and F. necrophorum was detected in 11 of the samples. There was no positive sample of P. melaninogenicus. Uterine contamination by T. pyogenes and F. necrophorum in the first examination was higher than the second examination. T. pyogenes affected as a tendency the prevalence of clinical endometritis in first examination. Primiparous cows showed 4.02 times higher odds of clinical endometritis compared with second‐parity cows in first examination. A multiplex PCR protocol as a simple, less expensive, fast assay was introduced to identify E. coli, T. pyogenes and F. necrophorum.     

胎衣不下对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

研究胎衣不下在不同年度、季节、产犊季节、泌乳阶段、胎次对奶牛泌乳性能的影响,以期为提高奶牛泌乳性能及牛奶质量提供可靠的理论依据。收集某奶牛场4 247头奶牛2013至2015年度DHI生产性能测定记录,用多因素方差法分析产后胎衣不下奶牛在不同测试年、测定季节、产犊季节、胎次和泌乳阶段对奶牛泌乳性能的影响。结果表明:在不同产犊季节、测定季节、测试年、泌乳阶段和胎次情况下,胎衣不下对奶牛日产奶量、体细胞评分、乳糖和尿素氮这4项指标均有显著影响(P0.05)。春、夏、秋季产犊胎衣不下奶牛日产奶量显著低于胎衣正常排出奶牛(P0.05),泌乳前期胎衣不下奶牛的日产奶量显著低于胎衣正常排出奶牛(P0.05)。秋冬季测定的胎衣不下奶牛日产奶量显著低于胎衣正常排出奶牛(P0.05)。第1胎、3胎胎衣不下奶牛的日产奶量显著低于胎衣正常排出的奶牛(P0.05)。     

Analysis of Holstein Dairy Cows Fitting Lactation Curve in Xinjiang Changji Area

In this study,the statistical analysis data of 185 340 Holstein dairy cows daily yield records were collected from 2011 to 2014 years in Changji area of Xinjiang,five kinds of models (Wood,IQP,Wilmink,ML,AS models) were used for the first,second,third,fourth and all parities fitting lactation curve.The results showed that the Wood,IQP,Wilmink,ML,AS models fitting precision were within the range from 0.9562 to 0.9828,0.9467 to 0.9809,0.8671 to 0.9752,0.8752 to 0.9175,0.8775 to 0.9127;Milmink model was the best fitting model for the first parity lactation curve,Wood model was the best fitting model for the second,third,and fourth parities lactation curve.     

丙三醇对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响

选用36头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305天产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,研究丙三醇（0、100、200和300 g.d-1）对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能、体质量变化、能量平衡、血液代谢产物和尿酮浓度的影响。结果表明：日粮添加丙三醇对奶牛的采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200和300 g.d-1组饲料转化效率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,300 g.d-1组乳脂率显著低于对照组和100 g.d-1组（P〈0.05）。添加丙三醇后,和300 g.d-1组血浆葡萄糖浓度显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而血浆游离脂肪酸（NEFA）浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,300 g.d-1组β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;和300 g.d-1组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。添加丙三醇200和300 g.d-1均显著改善了泌乳早期奶牛能量负平衡,减少了体质量下降。     

The Comparison of Antioxidative/Oxidative Profile in Colostrum,Milk and Blood of Early Post‐Partum Cows During their First and Second Lactation

The aim of the study was to compare antioxidative/oxidative profile in blood, colostrum and milk of early post‐partum cows during their first and second lactation. A total of 19 healthy, primiparous cows were included in experiment and samples were collected during 2 years from the same animals immediately after parturition, 24, 48 h as well as 6 and 12 days later. All parameters including the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the content of vitamin A, C as well as the contents of products of lipid and protein peroxidation were determined by the use of spectrophotometric methods. Comparing the profile within lactation, TAC and GSH‐Px activity in blood showed decreasing trends, while parameters of lipid and protein peroxidation fluctuated. All examined parameters in colostrum and milk except from intermediates of lipid peroxidation exhibited increasing trends. These results which showed dynamic changes of antioxidative/oxidative profile not only in blood but also in colostrum/milk within examined period of time suggested appropriate answer of organism to current challenge. Moreover, not uniform but detectable changes between first and second lactation suggested that two consecutive lactations are not the same. Comparing first and second lactation, TAC and parameters of lipid and protein peroxidation in blood showed increasing tendency in second as first lactation while GSH‐Px activity was opposite. The content of antioxidative vitamins and SH groups in colostrum/milk showed increasing tendency in second as first lactation, while TAC and content of end products of lipid peroxidation showed opposite trend, and GSH‐Px together with intermediates of lipid peroxidation remained stable. Molecular and biochemical background for it require further elucidation.     

中草药制剂"乳源康"的药物残留对乳品质影响的研究

取“乳源康”和青链霉素治愈停药后不同时间的奶样,进行了乳酸菌的发酵试验。其中包括“乳源康”治疗组19头牛22个乳区奶样共计88份,青链霉素对照组17头牛19个乳区奶样共计95份。结果“乳源康”治疗组在停药后第3d和第4d有90.9%和100%的奶样可以进行乳酸菌发酵;青链霉素对照组在停药后第7d和第8d有94.7%和100%的奶样可以进行乳酸菌发酵。“乳源康”和青链霉素治疗奶牛乳房炎后,分别在停药后第3d和第7d,奶中的残留药物已基本代谢完;第4d和第8d达到正常牛奶的饮用标准。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

试验选用80头荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按单因子随机配对设计,研究添加地衣芽孢杆菌制剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,每千克精饲料中添加20亿单位的地衣芽孢杆菌产奶性能最好(p<0.05);奶品质有了改善但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同水平全棉籽日粮对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取健康的荷斯坦母牛32头,根据产奶量、体重、泌乳日龄，采取随机区组设计分为4组，每组8头。对照组和试验1、2、3组分别饲喂无棉籽日粮、8%全棉籽日粮、12%全棉籽日粮和16%全棉籽日粮，以研究添喂不同水平全棉籽日粮对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明奶牛日粮中添加8%全棉籽与对照组相比，产奶量提高5.65%（P<0.05），乳脂产量试验1组显著高于其它3组（P<0.05），各组间采食量无显著差异。     

胎次和泌乳阶段对荷斯坦奶牛血液乳成分前体物及泌乳相关激素含量的影响

本文旨在研究胎次和泌乳阶段对荷斯坦奶牛血液乳成分前体物及泌乳相关激素含量的影响。选取不同泌乳阶段的1~4胎奶牛60头荷斯坦奶牛饲喂相同全混合日粮,每15 d采集血液。血液检测参数有葡萄糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、总氨基酸(T-AA)5种乳成分合成前体物及甲状腺素(T4)、生长激素(GH)、皮质醇(COR)、胰岛素(INS)、催乳素(PRL)、孕酮(PRG)6种激素的含量。利用SAS 9.2中Proc Univeriate程序进行正态分布检验,利用Proc Mixed线性模型评估胎次、泌乳阶段的固定效应。结果表明:1)胎次可显著影响泌乳奶牛血液INS及PRL含量(P0.05),而对血液COR、GH、PRG、T4及5个乳成分前体物含量无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着泌乳时间延长,血液GLU含量逐渐递增,且泌乳早期(0~21 d)显著低于其他泌乳阶段(P0.05),而泌乳早期血液BHBA和NEFA含量显著高于其他泌乳阶段(P0.05),同时血液T-AA含量在泌乳中期(22~100 d)显著高于其他泌乳阶段(P0.05);泌乳阶段对奶牛血液COR、GH、PRG、T4和INS含量均有显著的影响(P0.05),但对血液PRL含量无显著影响(P0.05),其中泌乳前期COR含量显著高于泌乳中期和后期(201~305 d)(P0.05),而泌乳后期的GH、PRG和T4含量均较高。本方法能提高利用生化检测指标评估泌乳荷斯坦奶牛代谢状态的准确性,可以作为奶牛养殖者监测奶牛健康状态的工具。     

奶牛子宫复旧的B-超影像学研究

应用Ｂ型实时超声断层扫描仪（Ｂ－ 超），对奶牛子宫复旧过程进行研究。对３８ 头中国荷斯坦奶牛，用Ｂ－ 超和连续检查法监测了子宫复旧过程。结果，经连续直肠检查法监测，受试牛子宫孕角、空角和子宫颈复旧的平均时间分别为（３７ ．４±３．１）、（３１．４ ±４．９）和（３６．８ ±４．９） ｄ；用Ｂ－ 超监测则为（３５ ．５±４．５） 、（３０．８ ±５．９）和（３７．５ ±５．０）ｄ。并且Ｂ－超监测还发现，分娩当天子宫肌层平均厚度为１．６５ ｃｍ ，产后２３ ｄ 时减少到１．３５ｃｍ ；产后第５ 天在超声影像上可见子宫内膜，平均厚度为０ ．３ ｃｍ ，第１５ 天为０ ．６ ｃｍ ，而到产后２３ ｄ 平均增厚到１．０２ ｃｍ ，子宫复旧完成时，子宫壁平均厚度为１ ．０ ｃｍ ；两子宫角的横切面轮廓清晰，大小基本相同，超声影像变白。研究表明Ｂ－ 超监测奶牛子宫复旧过程是可行的。     

葡萄藤颗粒饲料对奶牛产奶性能的影响

[目的]为了促进葡萄藤等葡萄副产物的饲料化利用,[方法]试验利用葡萄藤等葡萄副产物生产的颗粒饲料饲喂产奶期奶牛,研究其对奶牛产奶性能的影响。[结果]结果显示,试验期内,试验组奶牛产奶量随着试验时间延长而增加。在试验30 d时,试验组奶牛平均产奶量比对照组多2.1 kg,达显著水平(P0.05);在试验结束时,比对照组多产奶2.4 kg(P0.05)。乳蛋白含量和乳脂率均有所增加,但未达显著水平(P0.05)。试验组奶牛日均增效益较对照组多2.26元。[结论]葡萄藤颗粒饲料可部分代替奶牛日粮中的玉米秸秆、玉米青贮等粗饲料,对提高奶牛产奶性能具有促进作用。     

米曲霉提取物对瘤胃生态及奶牛生产性能的影响

米曲霉(Aspergillus Oryzae)是FAO/WHO公认安全的食品级菌种,其发酵提取物通过刺激纤维素分解菌的生长,提高纤维素酶的产量,提高饲草中纤维的消化率,改善反刍动物瘤胃生理功能,稳定瘤胃pH值,从而达到降低奶牛代谢疾病,提高反刍动物的生产性能及体况,显著提高奶牛抗热应激的能力。     

产犊季节对荷斯坦牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响

[目的]为了研究不同产犊季节对荷斯坦奶牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响,以便为长江中下游地区荷斯坦奶牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据。[方法]利用海丰奶牛场有限公司2009年引进2480头澳系进口荷斯坦牛产犊季节及其第一胎泌乳性能的数据,分析不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数、全泌乳期实际产奶量、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量和305d蛋白产量的影响。[结果]表明:不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),显著影响305天脂肪产量(0.01P0.05),春季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最长(358±10d),而冬季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最短(299±18d),春季与夏季产犊奶牛的全泌乳期产奶量显著高于秋季、冬季产犊奶牛(P0.05),夏季产犊奶牛305d脂肪产量最高。[结论]综合各产犊季节样本量及相应泌乳性能,认为该场澳系进口荷斯坦牛最适宜产犊季节为夏末秋初,此时泌乳性能最好。该结果对同类地区引进澳系进口荷斯坦牛繁殖与生产管理有借鉴作用。     

日粮补充棕榈酸对泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、血液生化指标和激素水平的影响

旨在研究日粮补充棕榈酸对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能、血液生化指标和激素水平的影响。本研究选用体重((598.49±30.98)kg)、胎次(2～4胎)、泌乳时期(产犊15～37天)和泌乳量((20.76±3.32)kg)相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛30头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮上补充2.0%和4.0%棕榈酸,每组设10个重复,每个重复1头牛,试验期为60d。在试验开始和结束时采集奶样和血液样品,测定乳成分,同时测定血液生化指标和激素浓度。结果表明:1)3个处理组之间的日均干物质采食量、初始产奶量、饲料效率、初始乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳非脂固形物率和乳糖含量和初始的游离脂肪酸、葡萄糖、乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)浓度以及胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦素含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,2.0%和4.0%棕榈酸组显著提高产奶量、标准乳(FCM)产量和试验后乳脂率、葡萄糖、胰岛素和IGF-1浓度(P<0.05),显著降低试验后乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、胰高血糖素和瘦素浓度(P<0.05)。3)2.0%与4.0%棕榈酸组之间的产奶量、FCM、乳蛋白、乳非脂固形物率、乳糖、葡萄糖、乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、游离脂肪酸、IGF-1、胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦素浓度差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮补充2.0%或4.0%棕榈酸可通过调节泌乳早期奶牛体内激素分泌,使酮体生成量减少,提高产奶量,改善乳品质。本试验条件下,综合考虑效果最佳剂量为日粮补充2.0%棕榈酸。     

高产荷斯坦奶牛泌乳曲线的特征及相关分析

选取285胎次第三、四胎305d产奶量超过8000kg的安徽荷斯坦牛的泌乳资料，利用Wood模型（Yt=ate^b-ct）进行高产荷斯坦奶牛泌乳曲线特征及相关的分析。结果表明：按照达到泌乳高峰周时间的不同对选取奶牛进行分级，11组Wood模型拟合泌乳曲线的平均拟合精度（R^2）为0.939（幅度为0.899-0.962）。随着达到泌乳高峰周时间的推迟，规模因子a具有逐渐降低的趋势；而产奶量上升率b、产奶量下降因子c、泌乳持久力表现与a相反的变化趋势。在相关分析中，MY（实际产奶量）与EMY（估计产奶量）、PY（高峰月产奶量）为强正相关，r(相关系数）分别为0.999和0.776，与持久力为中等正相关（r=0.379），与a、b、c的r分别是0.905、－0.875、0.731，与PY的相关程度较弱（r=-0.140）。     

脂肪酸钙添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

在荷斯坦奶牛日粮中分别添加脂肪酸钙 150g/头、250g/头、350g/头,观察其对产奶量的影响。结果表明:添加250g/头的脂肪酸钙,可使奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、标准乳分别提高 17. 54% (P<0.01)、12.79% (P<0.05)和 24.92(P<0.01),平均每头奶牛每日增收 3.05元。     

牛子宫脱整复术

牛子宫脱是奶牛产科常见病之一,传统的整复方法是用手把脱出的子宫用力塞进阴道,这样操作不仅不易成功,而且有可能造成牛子宫壁的划伤甚至穿孔,影响以后的生殖机能,严重的可造成大出血而导致病牛的死亡。本文介绍两种方法,都是借助于简单器械,整复速度快,治疗效果好,特别是对重