栽培方法对穗直立型稻株养分含量的影响

Field experiments were carried out with rice variety of Shennong 91 of short culms and erect panicles to study nutrient contents in high-yielding rice plants and to increase rice yield by appropriate fertilization. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper contents in rice plants varied with different treatment factors. The relationship between the nutrient contents and treatment factors could be simulated using a multiple quadratic equation. The nutrient contents in plants should be appropriate for high-yielding rice. If the mean nutrient content in rice plants producing 11 t ha^-1 or more of grain (μ_j) was set as the standard value and the standard deviation (σ_j) was set as the range of variation, the nutrient content in high-yielding rice plants should be μ_j ± 1.99σ_j. Rice leaves were sensitive to the nutrient elements. Heavy nitrogen dressing increased the content of nitrogen in rice plants. Sparse transplanting also increased nitrogen content. Improper application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could affect the nutrient contents and decrease the grain yield.     

Effect of Incorporation of Wheat Straw and Urea into Soil on Biomass Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Supplying Characteristics of Paddy Soil

Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of incorporation of wheat straw and/ or urea into soil on biomass nitrogen and mineral nitrogen and its relation to the growth and yield of rice.The combined appliation of wheat straw and urea increased much more biomass nitrogen in soil than the application of wheat straw or urea alone and consequently increased the immobilization of urea nitrogen added and reduced the loss of urea nitrogen.An adequate nitrogen-supplying process to rice plant could be obtained if C/ N ratio of the material added was about 20.The three yield components of rice were affected significantly by the status of nitrogen supplying.More than 30mg N/ kg soil of mineral nitrogen at effective tillering stage,panicle initiation stage and filling stage should be maintained in order to get high rice yield,though the criteria varied with the different experimental conditions.     

在施钾条件下灌溉水稻的养分吸收和利用效率研究

Potassium is one of the most important nutrients for rice production in many areas of Asia, especially in southeast China where potassium deficiency in soil is a widespread problem. Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, to determine utilization of nutrients (N, P and K) by inbred and hybrid rice and rice grain yields as affected by application of potassium fertilizer under irrigated conditions. Grain yield and nutrient harvest index showed a significant response to the NPK treatment as compared to the NP treatment. This suggested that potassium improved transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from stems and leaves to panicles in rice plants. N and P use efficiencies of rice were not strongly responsive to potassium, but K use efficiency decreased significantly despite the fact that the amount of total K uptake increased. A significant difference between varieties was also observed with respect to nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Hybrid rice exhibited physiological advantage in N and P uptake and use efficiency over inbred rice. Analysis of annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K in the test soil indicated that non-exchangeable K was an important K source for rice. Potassium application caused an annual decrease in the concentration of available K in the soil tested, whereas an increase was observed in non-exchangeable K. It could be concluded that K fertilizer application at the rate of 100 kg ha^-1 per season was not high enough to match K output, and efficient K management for rice must be based on the K input/output balance.     

Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency of Irrigated Rice in Response to Potassium Application

Potassium is one of the most important nutrients for rice production in many areas of Asia, especially in southeast China where potassium deficiency in soil is a widespread problem. Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, to determine utilization of nutrients (N,P and K) by inbred and hybrid rice and rice grain yields as affected by application of potassium fertilizer under irrigated conditions. Grain yield and nutrient harvest index showed a significant response to the NPK treatment as compared to the NP treatment. This suggested that potassium improved transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from stems and leaves to panicles in rice plants. N and P use efficiencies of rice were not strongly responsive to potassium, but K use efficiency decreased significantly despite the fact that the amount of total K uptake increased. A significant difference between varieties was also observed with respect to nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Hybrid rice exhibited physiological advantage in N and P uptake and use efficiency over inbred rice. Analysis of annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K in the test soil indicated that non-exchangeable K was an important K source for rice. Potassium application caused an annual decrease in the concentration of available K in the soil tested, whereas an increase was observed in non-exchangeable K. It could be concluded that K fertilizer application at the rate of 100 kg ha^-1 per season was not high enough to match K output, and efficient K management for rice must be based on the K input/output balance.     

不同N水平紫色土上不同水稻品种吸收N、K的动力学

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen and potassium uptake by four rice cultivars. Results showed that the quadratic parabola relationship between biomass of rice and nitrogen levels was observed, with the maximum biomass at the nitrogen level of 150 mg kg^-1. The rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake by the four rice cultivars depended on growth stage and rice cultivar with the maximum rate of N in Shanyou-63 and maximum rate of K in Kaiyou-5 (hybrid rice), respectively. The kinetics of nitrogen and potasssium uptake by rice plant could be quantitatively described by the following equations: y = a + blogt, y = ab + t^1/2 and y = ae^-bt. The b value in the equations was correlated significantly to the rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake (N_R and K_R, r = 0.901^**~0.990^**), suggesting that the b value could be used to distinguish the index of nitrogen and potassium uptake capacity of rice. The maximum values of nitrogen uptake by plant (b value) and apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were observed in Shanyou-63, and the minimum value in Eryou-6078. However, the capacity of potassium uptake (b value) by Kaiyou-5 ranked first and that by Shanyou-63 second. There was a significant linear relationship between nitrogen level and nitrogen uptake by rice, but a quadratic parabola relationship was found between nitrogen level and patassium uptake by rice. The application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the ratios of potassium to nitrogen uptake by rice plant. The greatest reduction in the ratio was observed at high nitrogen level, and the least reduction was found in Kaiyou-5 and Shanyou-63 due to their greater ability to absorb potassium.     

钾和湿度对油菜生长及其营养吸收的影响

The Interaction between potassium and moisture during the growth of and nutrient uptake by rapeseed plats grown on K-deficient soils has been investigated in this study.The results show that the dry weight of the above-ground parts of the plant appears to be somewhat reduced when the volume water content of the soil remains 0.15 for 3 successive days.As the shortage in the soil water continues,the weight of the plant root and the permeability of the root plasmalemma are markedly affected;the stem thickness and leaf area are reduced.However,K application can increase the dry matter weight of the above-ground parts,the thickness of the stem,and the area of the leaf.Application of K can also maintain a comparatively low water potential(ψ)and a comparatively high moisture content in the leaves,thus increasing the drought-resisting ability of the plant.When the volume water content of the soil is raised to 0.30,leaf yellowing as a symptom of nutrient deficiency appears on rapeseed plants grown on K-deficient soils.With increase in soil moisture content,the Ca concentration of the aerial parts of the rapeseed plant without K application increases while the K concentration decreases,Both K application and the soil moisture regime have very little effect on the Mg Concentration in the plant.Under soil mosture stress,the nitrogen content and total amount of amino acids in rape leaves increases;and thus more proline and glutamic acid is formed.On the other hand,the impact of soil moisture on pant‘s dry matter is governed by the status of potassium nutrition.On soils with low K.the moisture content has very little effect on yield;when K fertilizer is applied,however,the moisture content shows a very significant effect on yield increase.     

水稻突变体对镉的吸收及其亚细胞分布和化学形态特点

Wild-type （Zhonghua 11） and mutant rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were used to investigate the effect of cadmium （Cd） application on biomass production, to characterize the influx of Cd from roots to shoots, and to determine the form, content, and subcellular distribution of Cd in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of the rice plants. Seedlings were cultivated in a nutrient solution and were treated with 0.5 mmol L^-1 of Cd^2＋ for 14 d. The sensitivity of rice plants to Cd toxicity was tested by studying the changes in biomass production and by observing the onset of toxicity symptoms in the plants. Both the wild-type and mutant rice plants developed symptoms of Cd stress. In addition, Cd application significantly （P ≤ 0.01） decreased dry matter production of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types, especially the mutant. The Cd content in roots of the mutant was significantly （P ≤0.05） higher than that of the wild-type rice. However, there was no significant difference in the Cd content of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves between the wild-type and mutant rice. Most of the Cd was bound to the cell wall of the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves, and the mutant had greater Cd content in cell organelles than the wild type. The uneven subcellular distribution could be responsible for the Cd sensitivity of the mutant rice. Furthermore, different chemical forms of Cd were found to occur in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types of rice plants. Ethanol-, water-, and NaCl-extractable Cd had greater toxicity than the other forms of Cd and induced stunted growth and chlorosis in the plants. The high Cd content of the toxic forms of Cd in the cell organelles could seriously damage the cells and the metabolic processes in mutant rice plants.     

在富营养土壤斑块中根增值对玉米养分吸收和生长的贡献

Root proliferation can be stimulated in a heterogeneous nutrient patch; however, the functions of the root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil patches are not fully understood. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the comparative effects of localized application of ammonium and phosphorus (P) at early or late stages on root growth, nutrient uptake, and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) on a calcareous soil in an intensive farming system. Localized supply of ammonium and P had a more evident effect on shoot and root growth, and especially stimulated fine root development at the early seedling stage, with most of the maize roots being allocated to the nutrient-rich patch in the topsoil. Although localized ammonium and P supply at the late stage also enhanced the fine root growth, the plant roots in the patch accounted for a low proportion of the whole maize roots in the topsoil at the flowering stage. Compared with the early stage, fine root length in the short-lived nutrient patch decreased by 44%-62% and the shoot dry weight was not different between heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient supply at the late growth stage. Localized supply of ammonium and P significantly increased N and P accumulation by maize at 35 and 47 days after sowing (DAS); however, no significant difference was found among the treatments at 82 DAS and the later growth stages. The increased nutrient uptake and plant growth was related to the higher proportion of root length in the localized nutrient-enriched patch. The results indicated that root proliferation in nutrient patches contributed more to maize growth and nutrient uptake at the early than late stages.     

半干旱地区土壤水分和养分对玉米生长和产量的耦合影响

Interaction between soil water and nutrients plays an important role in sustainable crop management in semi-arid environments.On the basis of a field experiment conducted from 2000 to 2003,this study examined the coupled effects of irrigation and fertilizers on maize growth and yield in a semi-arid region of northeastern China.In terms of plant productivity,nitrogen fertilizer had the most significant effect followed by irrigation and phosphate levels.The combined application of nutrients and irrigation exerted a synergistic effect on the grain yield of maize plants.Regression analysis indicated that optimal levels of nitrogen and phosphate,in addition to adequate irrigation,could greatly improve the efficiency of grain production.Similarly,optimization of soil nutrient availability substantially increased water use efficiency.These suggested that for the most efficient and sustainable crop production,irrigation and nutrient management should be based on a quantitative understanding of water/nutrients interaction,particularly in semi-arid and arid regions.     

硅对植物体中某些营养物质穿细胞及质外体吸收的影响

The positive effects of silicon（Si） on growth of plants have been well documented;however,the impact of Si on plant nutrient uptake remains unclear.The growth,nutrient content and uptake of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）,canola（Brassica napus L.） and cotton（Gossypium hirsutum L.） plants were evaluated with or without application of 1.5 mmol L^-1 Si.Application of Si increased dry weights by 8%,30%and 30%and relative growth rate（RGR） by 10%,13%and 17%in the cotton,canola and wheat plants,respectively.The plant relative water content（RWC） was also increased,but the plant transpiration was decreased by Si application.The uptake and content of Ca²⁺ were 19%and 21%lower in the cotton and wheat plants with Si than those without Si,respectively;however,Si application increased both K⁺ and Fe uptake and contents in all plant species.Silicon application reduced B uptake and content only in cotton and increased P and Zn²⁺ contents in all three plant species.The decrease in Ca²⁺ uptake by Si application was sustained even in the presence of metabolic inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium cyanide.Uptake of Ca²⁺ by Si application was enhanced or did not change when plant shoots were saturated with water vapor or their roots were exposed to low temperature.Thus,Si application increased the uptake of transcellularly transported elements like K⁺,P,Zn²⁺ and Fe.In contrast,Ca2+ uptake which occurred via both apoplastic and transcellular pathways was decreased by Si application,possibly through reduction of apoplastic uptake.More efficient nutrient uptake might be another promoting effect of Si on plant growth.     

减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响

氮、 磷用量偏大,钾肥用量不足不仅影响水稻的正常生长发育,而且导致养分利用率偏低。本文通过田间试验,研究减量施用氮、 磷肥,稳定钾肥投入对水稻产量、 养分积累量和肥料利用率的影响。试验设14个处理,每个处理重复2次。结果表明,氮钾、 磷钾、 氮磷钾配施处理的水稻秸秆生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于不施肥处理（P0.05）; 减氮控磷稳钾处理（N 225 kg/hm2、 P2O5 60 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2）与常规施肥处理相比（N 300 kg/hm2、 P2O5 150 kg/hm2、 K2O 60 kg/hm2）能显著增加水稻秸秆生物量（P0.05）,明显提高千粒重和籽粒产量; 试验还得出,减氮控磷稳钾处理分蘖期地上部氮、 钾含量和秸秆氮、 钾含量显著高于常规施肥处理（P0.05）; 收获期地上部氮、 钾的积累量和氮、 磷的表观利用率显著大于常规施肥处理（P0.05）。适当减少氮、 磷用量, 增加钾肥用量能改善氮、 钾营养状况,促进地上部干物质的积累,提高籽粒产量和氮、 磷表观利用率。N 196.2 kg/hm2、 P2O5 46.5 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2的配施方案具有实际推广应用价值。     

不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收、转运及土壤氮素平衡

【目的】为解决东北地区水稻合理施用氮肥问题,系统研究了不同施氮水平条件下,东北水稻产量及构成因素、养分吸收、转运、氮肥利用效率及土壤氮素平衡的变化,并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系,为东北地区水稻合理施氮提供理论基础。【方法】于2012~2013年在吉林省松原市前郭县红光农场,选用当地主栽水稻品种富优135和吉粳511为材料,设置施N 0、60、120、180和240 kg/hm25个水平。于水稻返青期、分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆期及成熟期采集植株样本,分为茎鞘、叶片和籽粒三部分,测定氮、磷、钾含量,计算水稻主要生育期植株养分吸收、转运、氮素利用特性的相关参数及各养分吸收、转运与产量间的关系。水稻移栽前和收获后采集0—100 cm土壤样品,每20 cm为一层(共5层),测定铵态氮、硝态氮含量,并根据各层土壤容重计算0—100 cm土体无机氮积累量,分析土壤氮素平衡状况。【结果】施氮量60~180 kg/hm2范围内,水稻产量随着施氮水平的提高而增加,氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2水稻产量下降。结合当年水稻和肥料价格,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合方程,得出最高产量氮肥用量分别为212.8 kg/hm2和220.6 kg/hm2,施氮范围在202.2~231.6 kg/hm2之间,最佳经济产量氮肥用量分别为203.0和209.1 kg/hm2,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2之间。施用氮肥可显著提高水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量,且能提高水稻抽穗期氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒的转运,施氮量180 kg/hm2处理抽穗期各养分累积量与籽粒转运量呈正比,当氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒转运出现负效应。氮素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施氮水平的提高而显著下降,氮肥当季回收率以施氮量180 kg/hm2处理最高。相关分析表明,水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运与产量间均存在显著或极显著的正相关性,其中灌浆期氮、磷、钾的吸收状况与产量间的相关系数最大。施用氮肥可显著提高收获后0—100 cm土壤中残留无机氮(Nmin),氮素表观损失量随施氮水平的提高而增加。【结论】适宜的氮肥用量可显著提高水稻产量,各生育时期养分吸收总量,提高水稻生育后期秸秆中氮、磷、钾向籽粒的转运量,并能降低土壤氮素表观损失量。综合考虑提高水稻产量、效益、氮肥当季回收率及维持土壤氮素平衡等因素,在本试验条件下,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2。     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

稻-麦轮作条件下两种施肥模式对作物产量 和农田氮磷径流流失的比较研究

稻-麦轮作是太湖流域典型的集约化粮食作物种植体系,化肥用量大,氮磷流失控制广为关注。本文采用大区田间对比试验研究了习惯施肥（FP）和优化控制施肥（CM）两种施肥模式对作物产量及氮磷肥料偏生产力的影响,同时探讨了两种施肥模式下农田径流水中各形态氮、磷的特征和径流氮、磷损失的差异。结果表明优化控制施肥水稻和小麦地上部总生物量、籽粒产量、植株地上各部位养分（氮磷钾）含量及积累量与习惯施肥差异不显著（P>0.05）;优化控制施肥水稻和小麦的氮肥偏生产力显著大于习惯施肥（P<0.05）,磷肥偏生产力也相似。稻季和麦季优化控制施肥径流水中各形态氮、磷浓度小于习惯施肥,甚至达到显著水平（P<0.05）;稻季、麦季和完整轮作期优化控制施肥总氮、总磷的累积流失量显著小于习惯施肥（P<0.05）。优化控制施肥模式不仅能保持水稻和小麦的籽粒产量,而且能显著减少稻-麦轮作体系的氮磷流失,可以在实际农业生产中加以推广和利用。     

宁夏枸杞生育期干物质与氮磷钾积累动态和养分需求规律

通过对枸杞植株不同物候期各器官干物质与氮磷钾含量的测定,计算出不同物候期枸杞养分需求量,以期为宁夏枸杞营养诊断及精准施肥提供理论依据.以4年生'宁杞7号'为对象,通过在不同物候期采集整株植株样,测定养分相关指标,经过综合分析发现:宁夏枸杞树随生育进程延续,各器官干物质积累量呈现出主干>根>侧枝>叶片>主枝>果实;根中氮...     

紫云英与尿素或控释尿素配施对双季稻产量及氮钾利用率的影响

【目的】 了解化肥氮钾用量减少条件下不同比例紫云英与普通化肥尿素或控释尿素配施对双季稻产量及氮钾利用效率的影响,旨在为南方双季稻种植区制定科学减肥增效策略提供依据。 【方法】 通过连续 6 年定位田间小区试验,除对照不施肥外,试验的其他 5 个处理早稻施肥量均为 N 150 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 75 kg/hm2、K₂O 120 kg/hm2,氮素以尿素、控释尿素、紫云英按处理比例配合和施用。分析了双季稻产量,植株氮、钾养分吸收积累、利用效率及土壤氮、钾养分含量。 【结果】 与 (CF100) 处理相比,早稻翻压紫云英鲜草 17145 kg/hm2 时,早、晚稻均减施氮 40%、减施钾 21% 条件下,氮肥采用尿素处理 (CF60 + A40) 或控释尿素处理 (CRU60 + A40) 以及早稻翻压紫云英鲜草 25715 kg/hm2,早、晚稻均减施 60% 氮、32% 钾条件下,氮肥采用控释尿素处理 (CRU40 + A60) 有利于早晚稻及全年产量的提高,其中以 CRU60 + A40 处理增产效果最佳。CF60 + A40 和 CRU60 + A40 处理早晚稻的稻谷、稻草和植株氮素及钾素积累量均较 CF100 提高,其中 CRU60 + A40 处理提高效果最明显。紫云英与尿素或控释尿素配施提高了早晚稻氮、钾养分利用效率,CF60 + A40、CF40 + A60、CRU60 + A40 和 CRU40 + A60 处理的氮肥和钾肥回收利用率、氮肥和钾肥农学效率以及氮肥和钾肥偏生产力均高于 CF100 处理。在紫云英替代和肥料等量施用条件下,施用控释尿素处理比施用尿素处理有利于提高养分利用效率。6 年 12 季水稻种植后,紫云英与尿素或控释尿素配施处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量均较 CF100 处理有所提高。 【结论】 综合考虑作物产量效应、养分高效利用及土壤肥力维持,在该区域双季稻种植体系中早稻可用紫云英替代 40% 氮肥、20% 钾肥,晚稻减施 40% 氮肥、20% 钾肥,氮肥品种采用控释尿素或尿素均可,采用控释尿素有进一步提高早稻紫云英的替代比例和晚稻氮钾肥减施比例潜力。      

氮磷钾配施对紫云英鲜草产量、养分含量的影响

采用部分"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案进行田间试验,研究了氮、磷、钾配施对紫云英性状指标、鲜草产量及植株养分含量的影响,并筛选出适宜的氮、磷、钾肥用量。结果表明,施肥处理比不施肥处理,株高、茎粗、分枝、根瘤数、单株重和鲜草产量最大增幅分别为13.50%、42.34%、18.75%、18.18%、87.07%和33.22%。与不施肥处理相比,9个施肥处理紫云英鲜草产量平均增产9 591.9 kg/hm2,提高了13.50%。处理7(N0P3K2)即高量磷和中量钾配施的鲜草产量最高,达到94 641.6 kg/hm2,与不施肥处理相比,增产了33.22%。处理7对紫云英植株养分含量(N、P、K)的累积最大,与不施肥处理相比,N、P、K养分含量分别提高了16.53%、34.40%、24.47%。可见,增施磷钾肥是提高当前肥力水平下紫云英产量与植株养分累积的有效途径。合理施用N、P、K肥能明显促进紫云英的生长,提高产量和养分积累量,对翻压紫云英作绿肥,减少化肥施用量,有重要的生态环境效益。     

基于养分专家系统的侧深施肥技术对宁夏引黄灌区

为了寻求合理施用肥料与改善水稻养分利用的有效措施,通过2016—2018年在宁夏引黄灌区开展的8组田间试验,研究基于养分专家系统的侧深施肥技术（NE-SD）对水稻产量与养分利用率的影响。结果表明：与农民习惯施肥（FP）处理相比,养分专家系统（NE）处理在减氮24.85%、减磷24.78%、增钾90.71%的基础上,稻谷增产4.71%;氮素、磷素、钾素累积量分别增加2.24%,4.40%,15.09%;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥利用率分别增加9.84,8.78,1.99个百分点;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥农学效率分别增加4.73,7.69,1.54 kg/kg。基于养分专家系统的侧深施肥技术,能够深化4R养分管理方法,表现出较好的应用效果。与FP处理相比,NE-SD处理稻谷增产7.53%;氮素、磷素、钾素累积量分别增加3.92%,7.87%,18.74%;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥利用率分别增加11.09,11.32,5.82个百分点;氮肥、磷肥、钾肥农学效率分别增加5.87,11.31,3.54 kg/kg。因此,在宁夏引黄灌区,NE推荐施肥与NE推荐施肥的基础上,采用侧深施肥技术 2种施肥方法均能在减少肥料投入的基础上,增加稻谷产量,增加水稻养分累积量,提高养分利用率,降低土壤氮素、磷素盈余。