Occurrence and survival of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella in various manure and compost

pp. 865–874
Occurrence and survival of fecal-contamination indicator bacteria (coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella ) in various manure and compost samples collected from 23 composting facilities mostly in Kyushu were investigated by using selective media. Coliform bacteria were detected on desoxycholate agar from 11 (38%) of 29 product samples (15 cow dung manure, 4 poultry manure, 2 biosolid compost and 8 food waste compost) at a range of 10² to 10⁶ cfu g¹ dry matter. From positive samples, 21 isolates of possible coliform bacteria were purified. Among them, species of coliform bacteria ( E. coli , E. vulneria , Pantoea sp. and Buttiauxella agrestis ) were identified whereas isolates of Serratia marcescens , not coliform bacteria, were also obtained, suggesting that careful observation was necessary to avoid false positive counting due to the presence of a red colony of S. marcescens that resembled coliform bacteria. Isolates of E. coli were tested for slide aggregation with a set of antiserum against pathogenic E. coli serotypes and negative reaction was obtained for all the isolates tested. Direct detection of E. coli on Chromocult coliform agar and Salmonella on MLCB agar resulted in none and 2 (17%) of 12 samples tested, respectively. The fate of fecal-contamination indicator bacteria as above was followed during compost production on 7 cases at 6 compost facilities and 4 patterns were observed: fecal-contamination indicator bacteria 1) decreased and finally disappeared, 2) decreased once but re-growth was occurred on products, 3) decreased to some extent but remained in products, 4) was not detected throughout production. These results suggest that some fecal-contamination indicator bacteria may survive compost production and appropriate temperature control would be significant for hygiene control of manure and compost.     

堆肥中大肠菌群等粪便污染指标菌的残留状况调查

从日本九州地区23处堆肥化设施采集了以牛粪、鸡粪、污泥和餐厨垃圾为原料的堆肥试样29个,调查了大肠菌群等粪便污染指标菌的残留状况。结果表明,使用DESO培养基有11个试样被检出大肠菌群,检出率达38%,菌数在102~106 cfu.g-1的范围。使用API 20E鉴定系统对4个试样中的21个分离纯化菌株进行了菌种鉴定,发现有大肠菌群属的Escherichia coli、Escherichiavulneris、Pantoea sp.和Buttiauxella agrestis,以及非大肠菌群属的Serratia marcescens等肠内细菌科细菌。采用血清凝集试验对5株E.coli的病原性检测结果均为阴性。进一步针对6处堆肥设施的堆肥发酵过程中大肠菌群的消长追踪发现,大肠菌群数从原料到成品出现了逐渐减少直至消失、暂时消失、未完全消失、完全未检出4种走势,显示即使堆肥发酵温度在60℃以上,大肠菌群也有可能通过交叉污染等途径残留在堆肥成品中。     

Glucuronidase assay in a rapid MPN determination for recovery of Escherichia coli from selected foods

Glucuronidase is present in most strains of Escherichia coli but absent in most other enteric microorganisms; therefore, an assay for this enzyme is useful for determining the presence of the organism. The substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) is incorporated into either lauryl tryptose (LT) broth or EC medium; the inoculated tubes are then incubated under specified conditions and examined under longwave UV light for the presence of a fluorogenic glucuronidase end product. When compared with the 10-day most probable number (MPN) procedure of AOAC, the LT-MUG and the EC-MUG tests required 24 and 96 h, respectively, and gave comparable mean log MPN values for samples of crabmeat, sunflower kernels, and walnut pieces. However, false-positive and false-negative reactions were observed with foods tested by both of these rapid methods. Overall, method sensitivity was not compromised by using the LT-MUG rather than the EC-MUG method. Incorporation of 25 micrograms MUG/mL into LT broth resulted in diminished fluorescence of positive reactions, whereas MUG concentrations of 50 and 100 micrograms/mL provided decisive fluorogenic reactions.     

DNA colony hybridization method using synthetic oligonucleotides to detect enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: collaborative study

The genes that encode several of the enterotoxins produced by Escherichia coli have been cloned by recombinant DNA techniques. When the nucleotide sequence of these genes is determined, defined sequence oligonucleotides that include a part of these genes may be synthesized. A 22-base DNA hybridization probe was produced for each of 2 heat-stable E. coli enterotoxin (ST) genes: STH, from strains originally isolated from humans; and STP, from strains first found in pigs. For this study, 32P end-labeled DNA probes, sonicated calf thymus DNA, and 3 known and 20 unknown (10 ST-positive and 10 ST-negative) strains were sent to each of 23 collaborators. Cultures were spotted onto an agar-based medium and grown into colonies, which were transferred by blotting to cellulose filters, lysed by alkali and steam, and used for DNA colony hybridization with the ST DNA probes. Strains containing an ST gene were recognized as dark spots on an autoradiogram. Of the 460 samples analyzed, 440 (95.7%) were correctly classified by the collaborators. The method has been adopted official first action.     

法氏囊素在大肠杆菌中的表达及其免疫增强活性

选用大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)编码赖氨酸(Lys)、组氨酸(His)和甘氨酸(Gly)的常用密码子按顺序排列成BS基因:5'-AAACACGGT-3'。连续合成10个BS(BS10)串连基因单链及其反向互补链,通过退火使其复性成双链。BS10基因经EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ双酶切后,克隆进表达载体pGEX-6P-1中。获得的重组质粒pGEX-Bur转化大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导,串连的BS10基因获得了高效表达。表达产物经GST亲和层析和胰酶消化处理后,按适当的浓度和新城疫病毒(NDV)混合,免疫90只30日龄的小白鼠。分别在免疫后第7,14和21天,用血凝抑制试验(HI)测定小鼠血清中NDV的抗体水平,结果加入囊素的实验组比不加囊素的对照组HI平均高出22.5个滴度。同样的实验样品免疫100只8日龄SPF(speclficpathogenfree)鸡,15d后实验组的抗体水平比对照组平均高出20.7个滴度。研究结果证实了用大肠杆菌表达的法氏囊素对小鼠和鸡具有免疫增强的作用。     

Identification of mammalian feces by thin layer chromatography of coprostanol: collaborative study

Mammalian feces contain coprostanol (5 beta-cholestan-3 beta-ol). In this study, 7 collaborators each tested 45 unknown specimens by a thin layer chromatographic method that uses coprostanol as an indicator of feces. The materials tested were 5 replicates each of 3 test portion sizes (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg) of cockroach excreta (negative), and cow and rat feces (both positive). Of 315 specimens tested, 261 (82.9%) were correctly identified; there were 5 false positives, 26 false negatives, and from 1 collaborator, 23 inconclusive results.     

利用环介导等温扩增技术快速检测水产品中的副溶血弧菌

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种重要的食源性致病菌。首次将环介导等温扩增技术（Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, LAMP）应用于副溶血弧菌的快速检测。针对副溶血弧菌不耐热溶血毒素基因（tlh）设计四条特异性引物,建立了副溶血弧菌LAMP检测方法,1 h即可完成。对12种细菌共28株菌进行LAMP扩增,仅副溶血弧菌得到阳性结果,证明引物具有很高的特异性;副溶血弧菌基因组DNA和纯培养物的检测灵敏度分别为90 fg/LAMP反应体系和24 cfu/mL,对模拟食品样品进行直接检测,检测限为89 cfu/g;对40份水产样品进行检测,8份副溶血弧菌LAMP阳性,其中6份传统培养阳性。本研究表明,该方法检测副溶血弧菌特异性强、灵敏度高,并且操作简便、快捷、检测成本低,有望发展成为快速检测副溶血弧菌的有效手段。     

毛竹耐铅内生细菌分离及其16S rDNA鉴定

铅污染是当前土壤重金属污染亟待解决的难题之一，利用微生物与树木的互作来修复铅污染土壤是一个行之有效的方法。为了给利用植物内生细菌提升植物修复铅污染土壤效率提供支持，以毛竹的芽和叶为材料，分离耐铅内生细菌，采用生理分析和分子鉴定相结合的方法，对分离到的菌种进行鉴定。结果发现，在不同铅离子浓度的胁迫下，从毛竹芽和叶组织中分离出27株内生细菌，革兰氏染色和VP实验均为阳性。过氧化氢酶实验中，24株表现为阳性(+)，3株为阴性(-)；甲基红实验测定结果为阳性(++)4株、弱阳性(+)20株、阴性(-)3株。对细菌提取DNA，并PCR扩增16S rDNA序列，通过BLAST比对分析，并用MEGA软件建立发育树等分子鉴定手段，初步推断分离得到的内生细菌为假单胞菌属、蜡样芽孢杆菌和不动杆菌属。     

Liquid chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol residues in meat: interlaboratory study

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in meat at the 10 microgram/kg level was tested in an interlaboratory study. The method used, based on aqueous extraction and sample cleanup with a cartridge containing Extrelut, was published earlier. A prestudy to familiarize collaborators with the method was performed before the actual interlaboratory precision study. The meat samples used in the precision study were prepared by diluting dosed chicken and pig muscle tissues with blank tissues from other species. Fourteen laboratories received 20 meat samples; 13 laboratories actually participated in the study. Two blank samples and 2 positive samples each of pig, calf, chicken, lamb, and cow meat were tested. The chloramphenicol concentrations in the positive samples ranged from 6.5 to 21 micrograms/kg. The overall mean reproducibility coefficient of variation was 17.9% after the results per laboratory were corrected for the mean recovery obtained within each sample series. The overall mean recovery was 55.1% with a coefficient of variation of 18.0% at the 10 micrograms/kg level. The limit of detection, based on chromatograms of blank samples, was estimated to be 1.5 micrograms/kg of chloramphenicol. No false positives or false negatives were observed in the concentration range tested; only 2 false positive results above the detection limit (1.7 and 6 micrograms/kg) on a total number of 60 blank analyses (3.3%) were observed.     

近年来大肠杆菌K88ac菌毛的变异和生物学特性

2000~2005年，从猪大肠杆菌病 (colibacillosis)中分离到一些表达K88菌毛的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )，这些分离株只与K88 a因子单抗反应，而不与K88 b、c和d因子单抗反应。分离的菌株 (13/16)以O149为常见血清型，且全部拥有STb毒素基因，通过K88常规血清交叉吸收试验、SDS-PAGE和Western印迹，表明这些菌株不仅与K88ac参考菌株C83907制备的c因子血清反应，而且与以分离株SEC586制备且经K88ab、K88ac和K88ad参考菌株吸收后的血清也反应，表明这些分离株仍为K88ac大肠杆菌。对新近分离的SEC464、SEC525、SEC586、SEC799和EC910株及80年代我国分离的TM128株的K88主要亚单位结构基因faeG进行克隆、测序，发现新近分离株的faeG基因由846对核苷酸组成，编码菌毛主要亚单位的261个氨基酸及21个氨基酸的信号肽，比国内外报道的K88ac FaeG亚单位 (262个氨基酸)少了一个氨基酸，比K88ab、K88ad (264个氨基酸)少了3个氨基酸。TM128株的FaeG氨基酸序列与K88ac(M29375)的同源性为100.0%，SEC464、SEC525、SEC586、SEC799和SEC910株的FaeG亚单位氨基酸序列的同源性为97.7%~99.6%，它们与K88ac的同源性为94.6%~96.6%；与K88ab的同源性为90.0%~91.6%；与K88ad的同源性为87.0%~88.9%。 结果表明新分离的K88ac大肠杆菌黏附素主要亚单位已发生了部分变异。     

猪附红细胞体荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

摘要: 根据GenBank已登录的猪附红细胞体（M.suis）推测的功能性蛋白基因ORF2序列设计引物和TaqMan荧光探针,以定量的10倍系列稀释含M.suis部分ORF2基因的T载体重组质粒（pGEX-T/M.suis）为标准品,进行荧光定量PCR扩增并制作了标准曲线,经对荧光定量PCR的反应条件进行优化,建立了M.suis的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法（Taqman FQ-PCR）;对所建立的FQ-PCR检测方法进行了敏感性、特异性和重复性实验,并对疑似M.suis感染临床抗凝全血样品进行了检测应用。结果显示：标准曲线的曲线循环阈值与模板浓度有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998;所建立的FQ-PCR方法检测灵敏度可达10个拷贝/μL,比对照常规PCR灵敏度高100倍;FQ-PCR方法特异性高,对pGEX-T/M.suis重组质粒扩增呈现阳性反应曲线,而对8个对照细菌、病毒和寄生虫DNA扩增曲线均呈现阴性反应;对不同浓度的pGEX-T/M.suis重组质粒分别重复扩增2次,重复结果良好;用该方法对24份临床疑似M.suis感染样品进行了应用检测,结果有20份样品为阳性,阳性检出率高于常规PCR方法。     

Distribution and biodiversity of soybean rhizobia in the soils of Shennongjia forest reserve,China

Soil samples were collected at an altitude of 500, 1,060, 1,500, 1,950, 2,400 and 3,100 m, respectively, from Shennongjia, a forest reserve in Hubei province (central China). Their corresponding pHs were 5.50, 4.91, 5.64, 5.28, 5.49 and 4.60. By using a plant trap method, a total of 25 soybean rhizobia were isolated from the soil above an altitude of 1,500 m and all identified to be Sinorhizobium fredii. Their genetic biodiversity was characterized by 16S–23S rDNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and random amplification DNA (RAPD) analysis. All the tested strains produced a 2.1 kb 16S–23S rDNA ITS fragment. After digestion with three restriction endonucleases (HaeIII, MspI and CfoI), respectively, great variations in 16S–23S rDNA ITS PCR-RFLP patterns were observed. The tested strains could be differentiated into 11 ITS genotypes. The genotypes of rhizobia were not related to geographical location. Twelve primers were applied to RAPD analysis and a dendrogram was obtained, showing that all the strains (including reference strain S. fredii USDA205) were divided into two diverging groups. Moreover, each group could be further divided into two subgroups. Both RAPD and 16S–23S rDNA ITS PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that a high degree of genetic diversity existed among S. fredii strains isolated from Shennongjia virgin soils. Since Shennongjia is an unexploited forest region in central China and the gene centre of soybean is located in China, the symbiotic genes harboured by these strains may be of great importance and the rich diversity of these strains might contribute to the adaptation of soybean to an alpine environment.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with alfalfa in Serbian soils

We have evaluated the genetic diversity and phylogeny of alfalfa rhizobia, originating from different types of soils in Serbia and their ability to establish an effective symbiosis with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A collection of 65 strains isolated from root nodules of alfalfa were characterized by rep-PCR analysis, partial and complete 16S rDNA gene and recA gene sequencing, as well as atpD gene sequencing and DNA–DNA hybridizations. The results of the sequence analyses revealed that Sinorhizobium meliloti is the dominant species in alfalfa nodules. Only one strain was identified as Sinorhizobium medicae, two strains as Rhizobium tibeticum and one strain as Rhizobium sp. Despite the fact that the majority of strains were identified as S. meliloti, a high genetic diversity at strain level was detected. Almost all isolates shared the ability to nodulate and fix nitrogen with M. sativa, except 11 of them, which were incapable of fixing nitrogen with this species. About 50% of the isolates showed values of symbiotic effectiveness (SE) above 50%, while 10% of the strains were highly effective with SE values above 70%. Some of the strains which were highly effective in nitrogen fixation at the same time could intensively solubilize phosphates, offering a possibility for multipurpose inoculum development. This was the first genetic study of rhizobia isolated from this region and also the first report of natural presence of R. tibeticum in root nodules of M. sativa.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌新型vip3Aa基因的克隆、表达与活性分析

为了发掘新型vip3基因,本研究采用PCR和高分辨熔解曲线的方法对72株菌株中vip3基因进行了鉴定和分析,结果表明,有18株菌呈阳性,分别含有vip3Aa、vip3Af和vip3Ba共3类vip3基因。根据已知vip3基因的全长序列设计引物,以菌株T03B001(B.thuringiensis subsp.sumiyoshiensis)的总DNA为模板扩增出长为2.37kb的全长基因,插入表达载体pEB,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Rosetta(DE3)菌株,在低温条件下经IPTG诱导后,表达88kD的蛋白,该蛋白由789个氨基酸组成,与已知的Vip3Aa氨基酸一致性为96%,已被国际Bt命名委员会正式命名为Vip3Aa39,GenBank登录号为HMI17631。Vip3Aa39蛋白与本实验室此前获得的Vip3Aa11蛋白进行比较,发现两者存在39个氨基酸的差异。两种蛋白的表达产物采用饲喂法分别对小地老虎(Agrotis ipsilon)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)和甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua...     

Evaluation of extraction methodologies for corn kernel (Zea mays) DNA for detection of trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA

Sensitive and accurate testing for trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA from plant material requires pure, high-quality genomic DNA as template for subsequent amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six methodologies were evaluated for extracting DNA from ground corn kernels spiked with 0.1% (m/m) CBH351 (StarLink) corn. DNA preparations were evaluated for purity and fragment size. Extraction efficiency was determined. The alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adh1) and the CBH351 (cry9C, 35S promoter) genes in the genomic DNA were detected using PCR. DNA isolated by two of the methods proved unsuitable for performing PCR amplification. All other methods produced some DNA preparations that gave false negative PCR results. We observed that cornstarch, a primary component of corn kernels, was not an inhibitor of PCR, while acidic polysaccharides were. Our data suggest that amplification of an endogenous positive control gene, as an indicator for the absence of PCR inhibitors, is not always valid. This study points out aspects of DNA isolation that need to be considered when choosing a method for a particular plant/tissue type.     

Quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soils using an inhibitor-resistant NanoGene assay

Humic acids are ubiquitous and abundant in terrestrial environments; therefore, they are often co-extracted with nucleic acids and interfere with quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. In this study a recently developed NanoGene assay that is resistant to interference by humic acids was evaluated for gene detection in soil samples. The NanoGene assay utilizes a combination of magnetic beads, dual quantum dots labels, and DNA hybridization in solution. Seven soil samples containing different amounts of organic matter were tested to compare NanoGene and qPCR assays for their respective ability to detect a bacterial pathogen. We spiked the soils with Escherichia coli O157:H7, extracted genomic DNA, and conducted NanoGene and qPCR assays targeting the E. coli O157:H7-specific eaeA gene. To prevent the inhibition of PCR that is common when using DNA extracted from soils, we used a range of template DNA concentrations and BSA addition in the qPCR assay. Compared to the qPCR assay the NanoGene assay was significantly more resistant to the inhibitory effect of humic acids, successfully quantifying the eaeA gene within a linear (R² = 0.99) range of 10⁵ through 10⁸ CFU/g soil for all seven soil samples tested. In contrast, the qPCR assay was significantly inhibited using the same template DNA isolated from soils containing a range of organic content (2.0%–12%). Interestingly, the qPCR assay was still inhibited despite additional purification steps, suggesting that humic acids were still associated with DNA at a level that was inhibitory to qPCR. This study demonstrated that the NanoGene assay is suitable for quantitative gene detection in diverse soil types and is not susceptible to inhibition by humic acids and other organic compounds that commonly lead to false negative results in qPCR assays.     

叶类蔬菜中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌PCR快速检测方法的建立

为建立一种无需样品前增菌即可快速检测叶类蔬菜中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法,本试验将β-环糊精和牛乳蛋白包被活性炭结合用于去除叶类蔬菜基质中的PCR反应抑制因子,从而促进该菌的回收,随后以iap为靶基因,进行PCR检测,确定该方法的特异性、灵敏度和实用性,并评估该方法所用主要试剂在冷冻条件下的稳定性。结果表明,与prfA序列相比,该方法检测78株目标菌和63株非目标菌后,无假阳性或假阴性结果,特异性为100%;该方法无需前增菌,可在4 h内完成检测,灵敏度为10¹ CFU·25g^-1;该方法与常规培养法在实际叶类蔬菜样品中目标菌的检出率、活体菌检测率均一致(符合率100%);所用的主要试剂在-20℃冰箱中保存至少12个月后仍可正常使用,稳定性较好。综上,该方法可快速、灵敏、特异地检测叶类蔬菜中的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,且实用性较好。本研究结果为降低单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌对消费者造成的安全风险提供了技术支持。     

AcMNPV chiA基因表达产物对棉铃虫围食膜的破坏及对Bt和NPV的增效作用

采用PCR方法扩增出苜蓿银纹夜蛾(Autographa californica)核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)几丁质酶基因(chiA)编码区1.6kb全长片段,并将该片段分别克隆至原核表达载体pET30a和杆状病毒BactoBac表达系统转移载体pFastBac中,分别在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)和草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞系Sf-9中进行了表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中均有效表达了60kD的蛋白。将表达产物饲喂5龄棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)幼虫后取其围食膜,扫描电镜结果显示,围食膜结构遭到破坏形成大量孔洞。生物测定结果表明,以上两种表达产物对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)和核型多角体病毒(NPV)均具有增效作用。以AcMNPVChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与BtCry2Ac蛋白混合饲喂棉铃虫初孵幼虫,增效率分别为33.4%和54.5%,其LT50较对照处理分别缩短了17.8和20.6h;当AcMNPVChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassica)核型多角体病毒(MbNPV)混合处理棉铃虫初孵幼虫时,其LT50与对照比较分别缩短了16.6和22.4h。     

AcMNPV chiA基因表达产物对棉铃虫围食膜的破坏及对Bt和NPV的增效作用研究

采用PCR方法扩增出苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcMNPV）几丁质酶基因（chiA）编码区1.6kb全长片段,并将该片段分别克隆至原核表达载体pET30a和杆状病毒Bac to Bac表达系统转移载体pFastBac中,分别在大肠杆菌（E. coli）BL21(DE3)和草地贪夜蛾细胞系Sf-9中进行了表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中均有效表达了60kDa的蛋白。将表达产物饲喂5龄棉铃虫幼虫后取其围食膜,扫描电镜结果显示,围食膜结构遭到破坏形成大量孔洞。生物测定结果表明,以上两种表达产物对Bt和NPV均具有增效作用。以AcMNPV ChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与Bt Cry2Ac蛋白混合饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,增效率分别为33.4％和54.5％,其LT50较对照处理分别缩短了17.8h和20.6h;当AcMNPV ChiA在大肠杆菌和细胞系Sf-9中的表达产物分别与甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒（MbNPV）混合处理棉铃虫幼虫时,其LT50与对照比较分别缩短了16.6h和22.4h。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌对新秀丽小杆线虫的作用

新秀丽小杆线虫是一种模式生物，能够在室内培养。本研究采用大肠杆菌饲养，获得大量虫源，通过观察该线虫对不同Bt菌株产生毒力反应的情况，筛选含有毒力的Bt菌株。经筛选获得6个菌株的伴孢晶体对新秀丽小杆线虫进行毒性比较，野生菌株Bt-010杀虫快速而持久，毒力强，作用时间大约在36h左右，测得其理想的LC50为0.498µg/ ml。初步纯化其毒性蛋白，发现其主要作用成分是大小为25 – 35 kD的蛋白。DNA Ladder检测发现在这个毒性蛋白不象化学农药一样对线虫的DNA造成损伤。