世界各国控制法氏囊病的几种措施

传染性法氏囊病(IBD)是一种全球范围的疾病,不仅可导致家禽发病,还可造成严重的免疫抑制。许多国家对该病做了大量研究,尤其是病毒基因和发病机理方面的研究。疫苗制造商也在不断地改进疫苗的安全性和疗效,生产出不同病原型的疫苗,大多数都能有效地控制该病的流行。针对IBD病,不同的国家尚需采取不同的措施。西班牙制药公司HIPRA实验室负责禽病诊治的技术服务人员对IBD的控制措施进行了调查。下面阐述的是全球家禽企业中成功控制IBD病的4位专家的经验。1东南亚AlmasdiPogor,印尼共和国人,国家食品公司的一名兽医。因地区的重要性使…     

Field test studies of the 2512 strain of infectious bursal disease

Responses to an infectious bursal disease vaccine made from the 2512 strain were studied in broiler flocks under field conditions and management. Pre- and post-vaccination sera were analyzed by agar-gel-precipitin tests and beta virus neutralization. Specific measurements of broiler performance (livability, weight, feed conversion, and condemnations) were also analyzed. When possible, contemporary licensed products were compared at the same time in adjacent houses. Results of these trials indicate that the vaccine made from the 2512 strain of infectious bursal disease was highly immunogenic and safe under field conditions.     

Studies on a vaccine against infectious bursal disease

An infectious bursal disease vaccine, registered for use in breeder flocks, was studied for efficacy on the day-old offspring of vaccinated hens and for virulence in susceptible day-old and 6-week-old chickens. When given to susceptible day-old chicks and 6-week-old cockerels, the vaccine was found to induce atrophy and pathology of the bursa of Fabricius similar to that observed in field infections. Chicks vaccinated at day-old had markedly lowered titres in the haemagglutination inhibition test to Newcastle disease virus, when this was given 2 weeks later, but the response of the 6-week-old cockerel was similar to that of control birds. Maternal antibody induced by the vaccine protected chicks against infection at day-old.     

Compatibility of turkey herpesvirus-infectious bursal disease vector vaccine with Marek's disease rispens vaccine injected into day-old pullets

Mixtures of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and Rispens poultry vaccines have been used worldwide for over 20 yr, mainly for vaccination of future layers and breeders. With increasing virulence of Marek's disease (MD) virus strains, vaccination strategies are evolving toward the use of vaccines combining HVT and Rispens. A single vaccination either in ovo or at 1 day of age with the HVT + infectious bursal disease (IBD) vector vaccine is efficient against IBD. However, with vaccination programs that include a hatchery administration of the HVT + IBD vaccine, additional protection against very virulent and very virulent-plus MD viruses is needed, especially for layers and breeders. This study looked at the combination of four commercially available Rispens vaccines with the HVT + IBD vector vaccine injected at 1 day of age. MD challenge tests that were superior to 90% in relative score in all the groups vaccinated with both vaccines showed that the mixture of HVT + IBD and Rispens vaccines had no effect on clinical protection against MD, and IBD challenge tests showed that the mixture of HVT + IBD and Rispens vaccines had no effect on clinical protection against IBD, which was equal to 100% protection in all the groups vaccinated with both vaccines.     

鸡传染性鼻炎的诊断及防制

鸡传染性鼻炎是由副鸡嗜血杆菌引起的鸡的急性或亚急性呼吸道传染病,其特征是鼻腔和鼻窦发炎,打喷嚏、流鼻液、颜面肿胀等。本病可在育成鸡群和产蛋鸡群中发生,可造成鸡只生长停滞、淘汰率增加以及产蛋显著下降（10％-40％）,2007年11月我区一个规模蛋鸡养殖场发生以鼻腔和鼻窦发炎,打喷嚏、流鼻液、颜面肿胀为主要特征的传染病,经综合诊断为鸡传染性鼻炎,现将这次发病和治疗情况介绍如下,供参考。     

Concomitant turkey herpesvirus-infectious bursal disease vector vaccine and oil-adjuvanted inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine administration: consequences for vaccine intake and protection

Hatchery vaccination protocols in day-old chicks are designed to provide early priming and protection against several poultry diseases including, but not limited to, Marek's disease (MD), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and Newcastle disease (ND). The constraint of concomitant administration of live MD and IBD vaccines plus ND inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines (IOAVs) requires improvements in vaccine technology. Single-needle concomitant subcutaneous (SC) application of IBD/MDV and killed NDV vaccine and the use of viral vectors for expression of immunogenic proteins are a current trend in the industry. The objective of this work was to assess the compatibility of a turkey herpesvirus (HVT)-infectious bursal disease (vHVT-IBD) vector vaccine applied simultaneously with IOAV and to evaluate the consequences for vaccine intake, the need for additional immunizations with the respective vaccines, and protection. Five separate trials were performed using double- and/or single-needle injectors. The levels and persistence of vaccine intake, serologic response, vHVT-IBD virus combination with the MD Rispens strain, and/or live NDV vaccination were also assessed. Histopathology and PCR at injection sites showed adequate vaccine intake detected up to 44 days postvaccination. Serologic evidence of vaccine priming was observed, and all vaccinated groups differed (P < 0.05) from the control at different time points. MD, NDV, and IBD protection results after concomitant double-shot single-needle vaccination were near 85%, 95%, and 100%, respectively. Taken together the results indicate no deleterious effects on the efficacy of the vHVT-IBD vaccine monitored by vaccine intake, serologic and challenge results, and combinations after concomitant live/killed vaccination, suggesting the suitability of its use in hatchery vaccination. All types of injectors used as well as injection techniques, vaccines injected separately or together, gave the same results.     

Embryo vaccination with infectious bursal disease virus alone or in combination with Marek's disease vaccine

Studies with specific-pathogen-free chickens revealed that chicks hatching from eggs inoculated at the 18th day of embryonation with infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine viruses of low virulence (isolates TC-IBDV and BVM-IBDV) developed antibody against IBD virus (IBDV) and resisted challenge with virulent IBDV at 3 weeks of age or older. Embryo vaccination did not adversely affect hatchability of chicks or survival of hatched chicks. Chicks embryonally vaccinated with TC-IBDV had transient histologic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius at hatch. Similar but milder lesions were also noted in chickens that received TC-IBDV at hatch. The level of protection following embryo vaccination with TC-IBDV and BVM-IBDV was similar to that following vaccination with the same vaccines at hatch. Vaccine viruses of moderate virulence (isolates BV-IBDV and 2512-IBDV) were not suitable as vaccines in embryos lacking maternal antibody to IBDV, because the vaccinated chicks developed acute IBD after hatch. Isolate 2512-IBDV was not pathogenic for embryos bearing maternal antibody to IBDV. Maternal antibody against IBDV interfered with efficacy of embryo vaccination with BVM-IBDV but not with 2512-IBDV. Embryo vaccination with a mixture of vaccines against IBD and Marek's disease resulted in protection of hatched chicks against challenge with virulent IBDV and Marek's disease virus.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗的安全性和免疫效力试验

用鸡法氏囊病免疫复合疫苗(IBDV-Icx)和常规IBD活疫苗分别免疫1日龄商品鸡和SPF鸡,进行疫苗的安全性及免疫效力比较.免疫后8d检测,IBDV-Icx免疫组鸡的法氏囊未见明显萎缩,而传统弱毒疫苗免疫组鸡的法氏囊萎缩明显;免疫后28d各组用IBDV标准强毒株进行攻击,IBDV-Icx免疫组鸡的攻毒保护率均为10/10,常规IBD活疫苗对照组分别为8/10及9/10.免疫后3个月,IBDV-Icx免疫组血清抗体可达AGP1∶32,攻击强毒仍为10/10保护,而常规IBD活疫苗免疫后2个月抗体AGP为0,攻毒保护率为1/10,免疫后3个月时攻毒10/10发病.     

Immunoreactivity and morphological changes of bursal follicles in chickens infected with vaccine or wild-type strains of the infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is characterized by immunosuppression due to the depletion of lymphocytes in the atrophied bursa of Fabricius (BF). We have sometimes encountered contradictory findings: chickens infected with the vaccine IBD virus (IBDV) strain have sometimes exhibited a highly atrophied BF, but not immunosuppression. In this study, chickens administered vaccine or wild-type strains of IBDV were later vaccinated with the B1 strain of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Bursal changes were examined histologically with a focus on the bursal follicle. The immunoreactivity to NDV was also evaluated with the hemagglutination inhibition test. In gross examination, we observed a few chickens with a severely atrophied BF in vaccine strain-administered groups (vaccine groups), and the level of severity was the same as that in the wild-type strain-administered group (wild-type group). However, these chickens retained humoral antibody responses to NDV and were revealed to possess a higher number of bursal follicles than those of the wild-type group. These results indicated that macroscopic evaluation dose not accurately reflect the immunoreactivity and degree of bursal damage in IBDV-administered chickens. We also found non-immunosuppressed chickens in the wild-type group. These non-immunosuppressed chickens retained a significantly higher number of normal follicles and total follicles according to our statistical analysis. Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient between the NDV-HI titer and the number of normal follicles was found in the wild-type group. These results implied that the retained number of normal follicles is important for the immunoreactivity of chickens infected with IBDV.     

缓释复方免疫增强剂对鸡传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫增强效果研究

将100只20日龄海兰褐蛋雏鸡随机分成试验组和对照组．分别肌肉注射IBDB87疫苗0．5mL／只,同时给试验组雏鸡投服缓释复方免疫增强剂l粒／只．对照组鸡不投服．在免疫前和免疫后10、20、30d,每组随机采血．测定鸡IBD抗体阳性率、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率、脾脏和法氏囊指数。结果表明．免疫后不同时期鸡IBD抗体阳性率、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率、睥脏和法氏囊指数试验组显著或极显著高于对照组．说明缓释复方免疫增强剂可以提高鸡体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能．促进免疫器官生长发育．     

Random cDNA probes to infectious bursal disease virus

Viruses from three commercially available modified-live infectious bursal disease virus vaccines were propagated in tissue culture. Following this, a series of 32P-labeled probes was generated using the entire RNA genome as template for formation of randomly primed cDNAs. These probes were tested against dot blots of the three vaccine strains, as well as the USDA standard challenge strain and one field-origin strain. Dot blots were made of both crude tissue extract and LiCl-precipitated RNA genome. All three probes detected the standard challenge and field strains. Although differences in probe binding could be quantified among the strains, cross-hybridization indicated considerable homology within genomic regions preferentially transcribed under the experimental conditions.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒抗原表位分析--单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

将传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)分离毒株ZB和TA3的细胞培养物采用不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法浓缩纯化病毒,免疫BALB/c小鼠,运用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术将免疫鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,建立了6株分泌抗IBDV单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞系1C1、1E6、2B2、2G8、3A2、3E2。间接ELISA测定,杂交瘤细胞培养上清液的抗体效价为102,诱生腹水的抗体效价为106～107。相加ELISA分析,这6株单克隆抗体对应不同的病毒抗原表位。中和试验结果表明,2G8对病毒有较强的中和能力,腹水的中和效价为105。用2B1和3E2配对建立的夹心ELISA可特异地检测IB DV。     

鸡传染性鼻炎双价灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫效力试验

鸡传染性鼻炎(Infection Coryza,IC)是由副鸡嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus paragallinarum,Hpg)引起鸡的一种快速传播的上呼吸道疾病,育成鸡和产蛋鸡均可发病,可造成育成鸡生长停止,淘汰率增加,产蛋鸡产蛋量减少,从而给养鸡业带来重大经济损失.笔者先后从青岛地区及山东、江苏、河北等省市送检的发病鸡中分离到副鸡嗜血杆菌数十株,所有菌株都经过鉴定,部分菌株进行过定型,多数为A型,少数为C型.为了控制本病的流行和减少养鸡户的经济损失,应用当地分离株研制了鸡传染性鼻炎氢氧化铝胶佐剂双价(A、C型)灭活疫苗和油乳剂灭活疫苗,两种疫苗都获得了满意的免疫效果.     

Duration of immunosuppression caused by a vaccine strain of infectious bursal disease virus

The depression of response of Brucella abortus strain 19 caused by an infectious bursal disease vaccine virus given to chicks at one day old was shown to persist for four weeks. Histological examination of the bursa of Fabricius showed a gradual repopulation by bursal lymphocytes, after initial damage, concomitant with the development of a humoral response.     

Unexpected pattern of antibody response of hens following infectious bursal disease virus vaccine

The antibody titers to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) of a group of hens were determined every 2 weeks during the laying period using a kinetic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When the titers of the flock were regressed against time, the flock titer decayed with statistically significant linearity. However, when the antibody titers of individual hens were measured, their titers regressed on time in a significant quartic curvilinear fashion. Since these hens were not reimmunized, this suggests that a anamnestic response was stimulated from an unknown external source.     

Antigenic relationship of non-serotype 1 turkey infectious bursal disease viruses from the United States and United Kingdom

Cross-neutralization tests showed that non-serotype 1 infectious bursal disease viruses originating from turkeys in the United States and the United Kingdom belong to the same serotype. It is proposed that this serotype be designated serotype 2.     

左旋咪唑对鸡传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫效果影响的观察

为观察左旋咪唑对鸡传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫效果的影响，进行2个实验：试验1，饮水给予10mg／kg．d左旋咪唑，连用3d，然后进行鸡传染性法氏囊病疫苗初次免疫，免疫后14－21d，鸡血清抗IBDV抗体滴度明显降低；试验2，鸡在初次免疫后35d进行第2次免疫，且在2次免疫前先应用10mg／kg．d左旋咪唑，连用3d，免疫后鸡血清抗IBDV抗体滴度无明显变化。