天山北坡中段雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

分析树木径向生长对气候变化的响应,有利于准确预测未来森林的动态变化。天山北坡中山带广泛分布着以雪岭云杉（Picea schrenkiana）为单优树种的温带针叶林,本研究采集该处高海拔雪岭云杉树芯样本,用树木年轮学方法探究雪岭云杉径向生长对气候因子及干旱事件的响应特征。结果表明：（1）1960—2020年,雪岭云杉树轮宽度指数呈极显著上升趋势,未出现生长衰退现象,表明近期雪岭云杉生长状况良好。（2）雪岭云杉树轮宽度主要与当年6—8月气温,4月降水及除当年7月外的各月scPDSI显著正相关;滑动相关显示,雪岭云杉树轮宽度与气候因子的关系不稳定,1991年后,云杉对气候因子的正响应进一步加强。（3）雪岭云杉径向生长变化百分率在1879—1880年低于-25%,表明其在1879—1885年发生了生长衰退;随干旱频率和强度的增加,雪岭云杉应对干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力下降,当云杉长时间处于水分较充足的环境而遭受突发干旱事件时,会导致其抵抗力严重下降,易发生生长衰退。综上所述,在气候变化背景下,升温在近期仍有利于该区域高海拔雪岭云杉径向生长,但升温过程中伴随着干旱频率和强度的增加,将使雪岭云杉的抵...     

天山不同海拔雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

为研究不同海拔雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)径向生长对气候要素的响应关系,分别在新疆伊犁尼勒克喀什河流域森林低、中、高海拔采集雪岭云杉树芯样本,建立不同海拔雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表.树轮年表与气象资料相关分析结果显示:影响3个采样点树木径向生长的气候因子主要是平均气温和相对湿度,对降水响应微弱.高、低海拔树...     

哈萨克斯坦阿尔泰山树木径向生长及其对气候要素的响应

针对哈萨克斯坦阿尔泰山南坡西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）和西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）开展树轮研究,建立树轮年表,计算年平均树轮宽度值和年平均断面积生长量（BAI）,并分析在1988年发生升温突变前后,这2个树种树轮宽度指数变化趋势,及其树木径向生长对气候因子的响应。结果表明：在升温突变前后,2个树种树轮宽度指数变化趋势一致。但是,在升温突变后,其变化趋势均由不显著增加转为显著下降。即树木径向生长减缓;升温突变后,2个树种树木径向生长对降水的响应有所减弱,而对气温的响应有所增强,并且发生了树轮指数和气候因子间相关性“正负转换”的情况。     

石羊河上游地区树轮年表与NDVI关系分析

在石羊河上游地区选择4个样点,采集160余根青海云杉样芯,经过固定、打磨、交叉定年和测量等工作,建立研究区的树轮宽度年表。利用美国NASA戈达德航天中心的GIMMS/NDVI数据,建立研究区1982-2006年逐月标准化植被指数（NDVI）序列。发现研究区NDVI年内变化为单峰型,5-8月为生长季,年际间变化则有波动减少的趋势。经过相关性分析后发现,树轮年表与非生长季（上一年9月到当年4月）降水呈显著正相关,非生长季[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]与非生长季的降水呈较明显负相关。分析NDVI与年表关系后发现,生长季[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]与树轮年表相关性较差,而非生长季NDVI与年表相关性较好且为负相关（r=-0.667,p<0.01）。     

天山中段雪岭云杉林区辐射特征分析

利用天山中段雪岭云杉林区全年辐射观测资料,分析了云杉林区辐射平衡各分量的年、季节和日变化特征。结果表明：林区辐射平衡各分量呈现出明显的年变化和日变化特征。6-8月的向下短波辐射高于其他月份,12月份出现最小值。向下、向上长波辐射和净辐射通量的变化趋势与之相同,10月开始逐渐减小,最小值出现在12月,3月开始缓慢增加,至...     

天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征和空间分布格局

从径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和个体空间分布格局等方面研究新疆天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律。研究结果表明:1)种群年龄结构中幼苗幼树(Ⅰ级)比例最大(82.11%),中树(Ⅲ-Ⅵ级)和大树(Ⅶ-Ⅹ级)比例次之,小树(Ⅱ级)比例最小(0.26%)的规律;2)种群死亡率在Ⅰ径级最高(99.70%),随着径级的增加,死亡率呈现"高-低-高"模式,种群生命期望呈现"低-高-低"的模式;3)天山云杉种群的存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅢ型,即Ⅰ径级存活指数最高(6.91),Ⅱ径级(1.16)急剧下降,Ⅱ-Ⅴ径级逐渐上升,随后逐渐下降;4)种群格局随取样尺度由25-400m2增加,聚集强度逐渐降低,其中,在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;5)随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱。幼苗幼树在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;中树在50m2和150m2尺度上较大;而小树和大树聚集强度不受取样面积影响。因此,天山北坡的天山云杉天然林应适当间伐以促进更新,种群更新的最适林隙面积为25m2。     

沙枣树采胶的创口数对出胶量和树木生长的影响

本文对沙枣树(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)的创口数对出胶量和树木生长的影响试验进行了阐述,结论是成熟林或是过熟林林带沙枣树的出胶量随创口数的增加呈指数增加,并且成熟林的出胶量大于过熟林;单株10×20cm2的创口,不会影响树木生长。     

树木年轮记录的新疆新源350a来温度变化

利用位于天山西部伊犁河谷巩乃斯河源区的雪岭云杉树轮宽度资料,分析了树木径向生长与相邻气象站点气象资料的关系,发现树轮指数与新源气象站7-8月的降水正相关,与7-8月最高气温显著负相关,且存在明显的滞后效应,表明这一区域树木生长主要受水份条件限制。生长季期间的高温导致蒸发量增加,不利于树木当年和次年的生长。利用树轮宽度年...     

基于无人机影像的天山云杉林冠幅提取及蓄积量反演

以无人机影像为源数据,天山云杉(Picea Schrenkiana var tianshanica)为研究对象,根据样方实测数据,提取冠幅信息与胸径树高参数进行拟合并反演蓄积量,为天然林保护工程实施后天山云杉生态恢复与科学管理提供技术手段。基于新疆农业大学实习林场的无人机影像数据和60个样方的每木检尺数据,通过多尺度分割技术对天山云杉林冠幅进行分割提取,根据实测数据建立冠幅-胸径模型和冠幅-胸径-树高模型,反演天山云杉林蓄积量。结果表明:无人机影像分割效果较好,根据多尺度分割技术得到的最合优尺度参数为60,形状因子为0.5,紧密度因子为0.5。通过构建天山云杉冠幅-胸径模型,得幂函数模型拟合度最高,R²为0.718,而冠幅-胸径-树高二元一次模型R²为0.817。将提取参数代入模型反演蓄积量与样方蓄积量对比后完成T检验,检验结果sig=0.051,说明模型拟合度较好。研究得出采用面向对象方法对天山云杉林冠幅信息的提取效果较好,基于模拟数据和实测数据构建模型得到胸径参数进而反演林分蓄积量的方法可降低人力调查成本并满足天山云杉林经营管理的需要。     

不同基因型小麦NDVI值与产量的关系

在旱地保护性耕作条件下,以11个不同基因型小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)品种为材料,研究了植被归一化指数(NDVI,Normalized difference vegetation index)与产量构成和抗旱性的关系。结果表明,不同基因型小麦各生育期的归一化植被指数(NDVI)存在显著性差异;小麦抽穗期NDVI值与其干旱产量指数呈正相关,抽穗期NDVI值较高的小麦品种其干旱产量指数也较高;本试验条件下,石麦15、石家庄8号和烟Blu6439三个小麦品种的干旱产量指数较高。     

Human induced dryland degradation in Ordos Plateau,China, revealed by multilevel statistical modeling of normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall time-series

Land degradation causes serious environmental problems in many regions of the world,and although it can be effectively assessed and monitored using a time series of rainfall and a normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)from remotely-sensed imagery,dividing human-induced land degradation from vegetation dynamics due to climate change is not a trivial task.This paper presented a multilevel statistical modeling of the NDVI-rainfall relationship to detect human-induced land degradation at local and landscape scales in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China,and recognized that anthropogenic activities result in either positive(land restoration and re-vegetation)or negative(degradation)trends.Linear regressions were used to assess the accuracy of the multilevel statistical model.The results show that:(1)land restoration was the dominant process in the Ordos Plateau between 1998 and 2012;(2)the effect of the statistical removal of precipitation revealed areas of human-induced land degradation and improvement,the latter reflecting successful restoration projects and changes in land management in many parts of the Ordos;(3)compared to a simple linear regression,multilevel statistical modeling could be used to analyze the relationship between the NDVI and rainfall and improve the accuracy of detecting the effect of human activities.Additional factors should be included when analyzing the NDVI-rainfall relationship and detecting human-induced loss of vegetation cover in drylands to improve the accuracy of the approach and eliminate some observed non-significant residual trends.     

天山北坡气候因子对植被影响的空间分异性研究

天山北坡经济带作物品种多且品种间差异大,气候变化对区域作物结构布局的影响研究对新疆农牧业生产具有积极的指导作用。文中利用2002～2007年天山北坡生长季逐月MODIS归一化植被指数（ND-VI）数字影像,计算了NDVI动态变化与气温、降水变化的相关关系,分析了NDVI变化的区域分异规律,探讨了气温、降水对植被NDVI...     

Altitudinal changes of surface pollen and vegetation on the north slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains,China

To provide information on vegetation patterns and altitudinal distributions of pollen assemblage in surface soil layers,their complicated relationships in a dryland mountain-basin system in northwestern China and a realistic basis for paleovegetational reconstruction,we investigated 86 vegetation quadrats and analyzed 80 soil samples from the surface soil layers along an altitudinal transect on the north slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains from alpine cushion vegetation at 3,510 m near glacier to desert vegetation at 460 m in the Gurbantunggut Desert.According to surface pollen assemblages and the results of the detrended correspondence analysis,the transect can be divided into six major altitudinal pollen zones as alpine cushion vegetation,alpine and subalpine meadows,montane Picea forest,forest-steppe ecotone,Artemisia desert and typical desert,which basically reflect the characteristics of the mountainous vegetation patterns on the north slope of the Middle Tianshan Mountains.However,Picea pollen also exists outside the spruce forest,Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia pollen appeared above the elevation of 1,300 m,indicating that most of them might be introduced from lower elevations by upslope winds.Airborne pollen researches from three regions at different elevations further suggest that a high-frequency northwest anabatic wind has a remarkable influence on the transportation and dispersion of surface pollen in the area.     

西天山小流域动态融雪过程及其与气温的关系

利用西天山阿热都拜小流域积雪、融雪和气象观测场2017-2018年每30 min的同步降雪、融雪和气温观测数据,对全年积雪期较短时间尺度上的融雪动态过程及其与气温的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:山区降雪表现为"先升后降"的总体特征。稳定积雪期集中在2017年12月27日至2018年3月8日,最大降雪速率高达9. 6mm·h^-1(雪水当量值,转化成新鲜雪深值为96. 5 mm·h^-1)。山区融雪过程的变化规律与降雪变化正好相反,呈现出"先降后升"的变化特征。融雪变化分为3个阶段,第一阶段:随着气温的下降,融雪速率下降,融雪速率由3. 24 mm·h^-1逐渐下降至0 mm·h^-1;第二阶段:当气温低于融雪的临界温度(-13. 5-12. 0℃)时,不产生融雪;第三阶段:随着气温的回升,融雪速率从0 mm·h^-1逐渐上升至3. 87 mm·h^-1。在全年融雪与气温的大数据关系中,融雪量与气温的相关性系数不是很显著,其相关性系数为0. 708;在无降水干扰下,7 d平均同步融雪量与气温的相关性系数处于显著水平,Pearson相关性系数为0. 907,R^2=0. 823;当进一步考虑滞后效应后,融雪量与气温的相关性系数提升至极显著的线性关系,相关性系数高达0. 943,R^2=0. 889,均通过了0. 01显著性水平的双尾检验。在西天山阿热都拜小流域融雪量的变化过程与气温的变化过程有着密切的相关性。这种融雪量对气温变化的响应关系及其分析方法,对于提高应对未来气候变化的能力和预防洪灾及水资源管理具有一定的参考价值。     

西天山雪岭云杉林分密度对森林生物量分配格局和异速生长的影响

雪岭云杉林是新疆天山北坡山地森林中广泛分布的优势种,探讨林分密度对天山雪岭云杉林器官生物量分配格局和树高-胸径异速生长的影响,对于阐明雪岭云杉林生物量在不同环境中的适应具有重要意义.通过分析在不同林分密度(≤300株·hm-2、300～450株·hm-2、450～600株·hm-2、>600株·hm-2)下雪岭云杉林(...     

The transport of chemical components in homogeneous snowpacks on Urumqi Glacier No.1, eastern Tianshan Mountains,Central Asia

Chemical records from alpine ice cores provide an invaluable source of paleoclimatic and environmental information. Not only the atmospheric chemical composition but also depositional and post-depositional processes are recorded within snow/firn strata. To interpret the environmental and climatic significance of ice core records, we studied the variability of glacier snowpack chemistry by investigating homogeneous snowpacks from October 2003 to September 2006 on Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in eastern Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Principle Component Analysis of ionic species in dry and wet seasons revealed the impact of meltwater in redistributing ions in the snowpacks. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd principle components for dry seasons differ significantly, reflecting complex associations between depositional or/and post-depositional processes. The variability trend of ionic concentrations during the wet seasons was found to fit a Gauss Function with significant parameters. The elution factor revealed that more than half of ions are leached out during the wet seasons. Differences with respect to ion snowpack mobility were found. Of the ions studied SO42– was the most mobile and Mg2+ the least mobile. A threshold relationship between air temperatures and the elution process was investigated over the study period. The results indicate that the strong melt /ablation processes and iconic redistribution occur at a threshold air temperature of 0°C. The study found that surface melt on the snowpacks is the main factor causing the alteration of the snowpack chemistry. Rainfall also has an impact on the chemistry but plays a less significant role than the surface melt.     

Modern pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang, China

The reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate requires an understanding of the relationships between surface pollen assemblages and modern vegetation and climate. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages across different vegetation zones in the Tianshan Mountains. Using surface pollen analysis and vegetation sample surveys at 75 sites on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, we determined the correlation between the percentage of dominant pollen types...     

东祁连山河谷高寒草地植被群落特征及其与土壤性状的关系

为探究东祁连山河谷高寒草地植被群落特征与土壤性状的关系,根据研究区河谷地形地貌及河谷高寒草地分布特征,选取了分布在河谷山地阳坡上部和下部、河谷山地阴坡上部和下部及河谷水平阶地的5类不同植被类型的高寒草地为研究对象。研究草地植被群落和土壤性状特征及相关关系。结果表明:河谷中不同坡向、坡位高寒草地植被群落优势种不同,河谷阳坡高寒草地以嵩草属植物为主,阴坡以蓼属植物为主;阴坡植被总盖度高,阳坡低;河谷阴坡下部草层高度最高,而水平阶地最小;植被群落总科数、总属数和总种数均表现为坡下部高于上部,阴坡高于阳坡;地上生物量依次为:阴坡下部>阳坡上部>阴坡上部>阳坡下部>水平阶地;0~60 cm土层地下生物量依次为:阴坡下部>阳坡下部>阴坡上部>水平阶地>阳坡上部。不同高寒草地土壤性状之间有显著差异(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,土壤含水量、容重、孔隙度和全氮等指标与植被总盖度、地上生物量、总科数、草地平均高度有显著的相关关系。可见,研究区河谷高寒草地植被与土壤之间的影响主要表现为土壤含水量、容重、孔隙度和全氮与植被总盖度、地上生物量、总科数、草地平均高度间的相互作用。     

近300 a来天山中西部降水与太阳活动的小波分析

基于小波变换方法,分析1700年以来重建的天山中西部降水(干湿)和太阳黑子相对数变化序列.结果显示:降水(干湿)变化存在80 ～100 a、50～ 60 a、准30 a、准10 a及低于10 a的周期变化,前3个主周期为准50 a、30 a和10 a;太阳黑子存在90 ～ 100 a、准50 a和准10 a的周期变化,前3个主周期为准10a、100 a和50 a;这些周期的强度随着时间变化而不同.交叉小波显示,两者在准10 a尺度上关联性显著;小波相干谱显示,两者在2～10a尺度上联系密切,但时段分散;全部时段的准10a、50 a主周期上,两者呈显著正相关,但期间存在负相关阶段,说明太阳活动对天山中西部降水(干湿)变化影响复杂.