Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

Molecular Screening and Resistance Evaluation of American Wheat Cultivars to Chinese Stripe Rust Races

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the major diseases of wheat in China. In order to asses the resistance levels and existing Yr genes among 59 wheat cultivars （lines） from the Pacific Northwest （PNW） of the United States, to provide resistance resources for genetic improvement of wheat stripe rust resistance in China, 59 wheat cultivars （lines） from PNW of the United States were infected by 3 mixed races of predominant Chinese stripe rust races CRY31, CRY32, and CRY33 to evaluate their resistance at seedling and adult plant stages, and screened with molecular markers tightly linked to currently effective all-stage resistance genes YrlO, Yrl5 and adult plant resistance genes Yrl8, Yr39. Of 59 American cultivars （lines）, five cultivars （lines）, Expresso, 02W50076, ACS52610, WA008012, and WA00801833, had all-stage resistance, showing resistance to mixed races of CRY31, CRY32, and CRY33 at both seedling and adult plant stages. 33 cultivars （lines） had adult plant resistance, only showing resistance to stripe rust at adult stage. Based on the molecular screening, none of the 59 PNW cultivars （lines） had the polymorphic bands of linked markers to YrlO. There were 12, 33 and 29 cultivars （lines） which bad polymorphic bands of linked markers to Yr15, Yr18 and Yr39, accounting for 20, 55 and 49% of the 59 PNW cultivars （lines）, respectively. All these results suggested that Yr15, Yr18 and Yr39 were widespread among PNW cultivars （cultivars） and could be utilized in Chinese wheat stripe rust resistance breeding.     

Study of the Adult-Plant Resistance at Different Growth Stages to Stripe Rust in Wheat

Components of resistance were investigated for five adult-plant resistant (APR) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars at six growth stages and two temperatures in the greenhouse, and disease progress in a field trial. Chinese cultivar Chuanyu 12 displayed high to intermediate infection type (IT) in the greenhouse but was highly resistant in the field. Weebill showed an intermediate IT in the greenhouse and also in the field. Chpaio, Tukuru and Saar, known to carry combinations of Yr18 and 2-3 additional minor genes, were highly resistant in both experiments. Greenhouse experiments indicated that the lower IT of APR cultivars initiated at tillering stage. Latent periods (LP) for APR cultivars were generally longer as the growth stage progressed. We conclude that APR to stripe rust can be best characterized in field trials although significant correlations are seen between field severity and IT and LP measured in the greenhouse.     

小麦条锈病气象等级预测方法研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to establish the model for forecasting wheat stripe rust occurrence condition using meteorological factors. [Method] Based on the data of wheat stripe rust occurrence degrees in its past prevalent years and the meteorological data at corresponding periods, the methods of grey correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics were employed to establish the forecast model for four pathogenesis indices according to the time sequence before winter, Early March, Early April and Middle May. Thus, the criterion for forecasting the occurrence degree of wheat stripe rust was obtained based on the distribution method of arithmetic progression. [Result] The model corresponding to meteorological conditions for forecasting wheat stripe rust was successfully established. According to the verification, the forecasting results before winter and in Early Mar. were more severer than the real occurrence condition, while the forecasting results in Early Apr. and Middle May were basically consistent with real values. [Conclusion] The results of the present study may avail the control of wheat stripe rust in Henan Province.     

Postulation of Seedling Resistance Genes in 20 Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust （ Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticl）

The gene postulation, cluster analysis and pedigree analysis of 20 wheat cultivars to 28 physiological races of yellow rust （Puccinia striiformis） were conducted under greenhouse conditions, The spectrum of their resistance were compared each other. None of the 20 cultivars were resistant to all the test pathogens. The cultivars containing resistance genes Yr5 and Yr24 were not find and genes Yr8, Yrl9 and Yr27 could not be postulated from cultivars tested due to the susceptibility to all isolates used. A total of 6 probale seedling yellow rust resistance genes or gene combinations （Yrl, Yr2, Yr2 ＋ YrHVII, Yr3 ＋ unknown, Yr3 ＋ Yr4, YrAlba） were postulated in the wheat cultivars （Atou, Flanders, Maris Huntsman, Bouquet, Holdfast, Elite Lepeuple, and Vilmorin 27）. The gene combination Yr2＋YrHVII with the highest frequency （35%） was present in 7 cultivars. The Yr genes present in some wheat cultivars could not be postulated because of non-matching virulence combinations with any of known genes. Cluster result showed that Yr2 and Yr3 are the most important genes in the cultivars. The 13 cultivars are believed to have the pedigree of Noe, which was selected from South Russian wheat. These results will be useful for wheat breeding and provide information about genetic control of wheat yellow rust.     

Genetics and Molecular Mapping of a High-Temperature Resistance Gene to Stripe Rust in Seeding-Stage in Winter Wheat Cultivar Lantian 1

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a severe foliar disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the world. Resistance is the best approach to control the disease. The winter wheat cultivar Lantian 1 has high-temperature resistance to stripe rust. To determing the gene(s) for the stripe rust resistance, Lantian 1 was crossed with Mingxian 169 (M169). Seedlings of the parents, and F 1 , F 2 and F 2-3 progenies were tested with races CYR32 of Pst under controlled greenhouse conditions. Lantian 1 has a single partially dominant gene conferred resistance to race CYR32, designated as YrLT1. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to YrLT1. A linkage group of five SSR markers was constructed for YrLT1 using 166 F 2 plants. Based on the SSR marker consensus map and the position on wheat chromosome, the resistance gene was assigned on chromosome 2DL. Amplification of a set of nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines with SSR marker Xwmc797 confirmed that the resistance gene was located on the long arm of chromosome 2D. Because of its chromosomal location and the high-temperature resistance, this gene is different from previously described genes. The molecular map spanned 29.9 cM, and the genetic distance of two close markers Xbarc228 and Xcfd16 to resistance gene locus was 4.0 and 5.7 cM, respectively. The polymorphism rates of the flanking markers in 46 wheat lines were 2.1 and 2.1%, respectively; and the two markers in combination could distinguish the alleles at the resistance locus in 97.9% of tested genotypes. This new gene and flanking markers should be useful in developing wheat cultivars with high level and possible durable resistance to stripe rust.     

Inheritance and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr88375 in Chinese Wheat Line Zhongliang 88375

Stripe rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Inheritance of stripe rust resistance and mapping of resistance gene with simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to stripe rust. Zhongliang 88375, a common wheat line, is highly resistant to all three rusts of wheat in China. The gene conferring rust disease was deduced originating from Elytrigia intermedium. Genetic analysis of Zhongliang 88375 indicated that the resistance to PST race CYR31 was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as Yr88375. To molecular map Yr88375, a F2 segregating population consisting of 163 individuals was constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhongliang 88375 and a susceptible wheat line Mingxian 169; 320 SSR primer pairs were used for analyzing the genetic linkage relation. Six SSR markers, Xgwm335, Xwmc289, Xwmc810, Xgdmll6, Xbarc59, and Xwmc783, are linked to Yr88375 as they were all located on chromosome 5BL Yr88375 was also located on that chromosome arm, closely linked to Xgdmll6 and Xwmc810 with genetic distances of 3.1 and 3.9 cM, respectively. The furthest marker Xwmc783 was 13.5 cM to Yr88375. Hence, pedigree analysis of Zhongliang 88375 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene Yr88375 derived from Elytrigia intermedium is a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. It could play an important role in wheat breeding programs for stripe rust resistance.     

Identification of QTL for adult plant resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat line C33

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a serious disease in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Identification and use of adult plant resistance(APR) resources are important for stripe rust resistance breeding. Bread wheat line C33 is an exotic germplasm that has shown stable APR to stripe rust for more than 10 years in Sichuan Province of China. Here, 183 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from the cross between C33 and a susceptible line X440 were genotyped with diversity arrays technology(DArT) markers to identify resistance quantitative trait locus(QTL). Field trials were conducted in five years at Chengdu and Xindu of Sichuan Province, using maximum disease severity(MDS) as stripe rust reaction phenotypes. A total of four quantitative trait loci(QTLs) were detected, respectively designed as QYr.saas-3 AS, QYr.saas-5 AL, QYr.saas-5 BL, and QYr.saas-7 DS, explaining 4.14–15.21% of the phenotypic variances. QYr.saas-5 BL and QYr.saas-7 DS were contributed by C33. However, the level for stripe rust resistance contributed by them was not strong as C33, suggesting the presence of other unidentified QTLs in C33. QYr.saas-7 DS corresponded to Yr18 and QYr.saas-5 BL remains to be formally named. The RIL lines carrying combinations QYr.saas-5 AL, QYr.saas-5 BL, and QYr.saas-7 DS showed comparability resistance with C33. The present study provides resources to pyramid diverse genes into locally adapted elite germplasm to improve the stripe rust resistance of bread wheat.     

Ultrastructure of Slow-Rusting Expression of Wheat to Stripe Rust

The ultrastructure of wheat cultivars with slow-rusting resistance studied through TEM. The results show that slow-rusting has theinfection type resistance, but the mesophyll cell necrotized less inexpression to the stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis, wassame hypersensitive response characters with the low number, thereby only partially inhibiting the extension of rust fungus, and the fungus being inhibited and necrosed slighter in degree. Apart from the occurrence of hypersensitiveness, the response of the host cells in slow-rusting wheat cultivars to the infection of fungus also produces structural materials associated with defense reaction, but distinctly less than that in resistant cultivar. Thus, it is suggested that the slow-rusting resistance might have a similar mechanism with the low infection type resistance of race specificity,but with lower intensity.     

不同耕作方法条件下玉米抗御低温冷害的研究(英文)

[Objective] Aiming at chilling damage of maize in lowland of western Liaoning, the powerful evidences of resisting chilling damage of maize were provided from tillage method perspective.[Method] The depths of plough layers, sunshine effects in seedling stage, resistances to frost damage, microclimatic effects such as soil moisture, root system in filling stage, growth periods and grain weights of maize planted on ridge and in furrow were comparatively observed. The random arrangement was adopted in comparative observation with 4 replications.[Result] The daily mean ground temperature and effective accumulated temperature of plough layer of maize planted on ridge were relatively high. In addition, the seedling stage and mature stage of maize planted on ridge were in advance, the soil moisture, root growth and seed plumpness of maize planted on ridge were good. [Conclusion] The ridge planting in lowland of western Liaoning could improve in 0-20 cm plough layer where root grew, besides that this method could also improve maize growth and development.     

黄淮麦区小麦资源中高温抗条锈性品种的筛选

[目的]从黄淮麦区小麦资源中筛选高温抗锈性品种。[方法]对产自黄淮麦区的165份小麦品种进行苗期高温抗条锈性鉴定,并对苗期呈现抗性的品种进行大田抗性鉴定。[结果]筛选出13个苗期高温抗条锈性品种,明确了各自高温诱导的表达阶段。对这13个品种接种混合条锈菌生理小种进行大田抗性鉴定,结果表明被测品种全部抗病,且抗病性呈现非小种专化性。[结论]我国黄淮麦区的小麦品种中存在着丰富的高温抗条锈种质资源,合理利用这些资源将有助于培育持久抗条锈性品种。     

关中主要小麦品种抗条锈病鉴定及抗病品种遗传多样性分析

采用条锈病优势小种条中33（CYR33）对陕西关中地区小麦主要品种进行苗期抗病性鉴定,并采用SSR分子标记对抗病品种进行遗传多样性分析,以期了解陕西抗条锈品种的遗传多样性,为深入发掘优异的抗性基因资源及利用这些抗性基因,培育优良抗条锈新品种奠定基础。结果表明,在94个小麦品种中,对目前条锈病优势小种CYR33具有抗性的品种有24个,占25.5%。24个抗条锈小麦品种材料的遗传相似系数(GS)平均值为0.590,其变辐为0.338～0.824。这些结果说明,陕西关中地区的小麦抗条锈病品种具有较丰富的遗传多样性。     

219个小麦品种成株期慢锈性品种的筛选

[目的]从几大小麦产区主栽品种中筛选出慢锈品种。[方法]用当前条锈菌优势小种接种孕穗期的小麦,计算各品种的潜育期、病情指数及千粒重损失率,从而推算出各品种的慢锈类型。[结果]219个参试品种中筛选出5个免疫品种、67个高度慢锈品种、66个中度慢锈品种、11个耐锈品种和70个感病品种。[结论]在主栽品种中感病类型占有相当的比例,在今后的育种工作中,应多纳入持久抗病种质,逐步淘汰感病种质。     

中国40个小麦农家品种和甘肃南部40个生产品种抗条锈病基因推导

【目的】明确中国小麦农家品种与甘肃南部生产品种抗条锈性类型及可能含有的抗性基因和遗传多样性,为抗源的选择与利用提供参考。【方法】苗期于自控温室内使用中国当前小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）流行小种CYR32,成株期于大田病圃使用当前主要流行小种和重要致病类型共12个菌系组成的混合菌种对80个供试材料进行抗病性鉴定与评价。基因推导在温室用25个毒性谱不同的小麦条锈菌系于苗期接种30个已知抗条锈病基因载体品系及对照铭贤169、17个国际鉴别寄主和供试品种,根据供试品种和标准品系对不同菌系的侵染型,对农家品种和生产品种进行抗性谱比对分析和系谱分析,解析其可能含有的抗条锈病基因或基因组合及抗性谱,并通过NTSYSpc-2.2软件计算遗传相似系数,以UPGMA法进行聚类分析,将其抗性归类。【结果】供试品种大多具有良好的成株期抗性,除清农1号、清农2号、红壳小麦(2)在成株期表现感病,兰天3号、兰天4号、兰天6号等20个品种在成株期表现慢锈性外,其他品种均表现中抗至免疫的抗性水平。品种抗性多由全生育期抗性、部分由成株抗性提供。甘肃生产品种中抗病基因以Yr9、Yr24、Yr26为主,有的还含有其他未知抗条锈病基因。其中,兰天1号、兰天14号、兰天17号、兰天21号、清农4号等含Yr9;兰天24号、中梁04335、天选51号可能含Yr24;兰天17号、兰天23号、兰天25号、中梁17号、中梁04260、天选43号、天选48号可能含Yr26。农家品种中有19份材料含有未知抗条锈病基因,其余21份材料不能确认含已知抗病基因Yr1、Yr2、Yr4、Yr6、Yr7、Yr8、Yr40,可能含有未知基因。聚类分析发现,甘肃生产品种大都抗性谱较宽,遗传相似性较高;40份材料的抗条锈性相似系数范围在0.30-1.00,在抗性相似系数为0.70水平上可分为3大类,其中兰天15号单独聚为1类,清农1号和清农2号聚为1类,其余37份材料聚为1大类。农家品种抗性谱宽窄不一,显示出遗传多样性水平较高;40份材料的抗条锈性相似系数范围在0.38-1.00,在抗性相似系数为0.70水平上可分9大类。【结论】供试品种均有良好的抗条锈性,相对于甘肃南部生产品种,供试的农家品种更具丰富的遗传多样性和有效抗条锈病基因,可作为抗源在育种中加以利用。     

442份小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定

为了解442份小麦材料苗期的抗病性，利用当前条锈菌优势流行生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对其进行苗期抗性鉴定，并利用基因芯片检测了其中241份春小麦所携带的抗条锈基因。结合苗期抗条锈病鉴定和基因芯片检测结果，共筛选出151个抗性品种，其中四川材料和CIMMYT材料中的抗条锈病基因较为丰富，且分布频率高。研究结果为筛选国内抗病性小麦种质资源以及国外优异种质的引进提供了参考，也为挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因及后续小麦抗条锈病分子育种研究奠定基础。     

高温抗条锈性小麦品种的筛选和鉴定

高温抗条锈性是在相对高温下表达的一种低反应型抗病性.首次在中国西北地区东部小麦品种资源中发现了28个具有高温抗条锈性的冬小麦品种.其中16个为农家品种,12个为改良品种.这些品种分属全生育期高温抗锈、苗期高温抗锈和成株高温抗锈3种类型.讨论了高温抗条锈品种的特点和应用潜力.     

绵阳11系统品种抗条锈性研究

绵阳11系统品种在生产上推广应用已11年,种植面积超过3000万亩,是我国当前种植面积最大的品种。通过调查与试验,查明该系统品种尚未发现有抗性丧失现象,并具有一定程度的苗期慢锈性和较强的成株期抗性,同时在高温下可以增强。因此,建议可继续推广应用,但应避免在高海拔山区种植,以利其苗期慢锈性和成株期抗性的充分发挥。     

小麦新种质P13的抗条锈性鉴定及抗病机制研究

【目的】探索小麦新种质P13对条锈病的抗病性及其抗性机制,为P13种质的进一步推广利用提供理论依据。【方法】以铭贤169为感病对照,用6个条锈菌生理小种(CYR23、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33和Hybrid46-8)对P13进行苗期抗条锈性鉴定;采用自然诱发法鉴定P13的田间抗条锈性;以P13和铭贤169为材料,采用常规的夏孢子悬浮液涂抹法接种条锈菌CYR29,以不接种为对照,然后测定多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶等抗病相关酶活性。【结果】苗期P13对CYR32表现为免疫,对CYR29、CYR33和Hybrid46-8表现为近免疫,对CYR23表现为高抗,对CYR31表现为感病。P13在拔节期、孕穗期和乳熟期均表现为免疫或近免疫。 P13接种条锈病菌CYR29后,其叶片内POD、PAL、PPO、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的活性均高于未接种植株和感病对照铭贤169。【结论】P13对贵州小麦条锈菌生理小种表现出较强的抗病性,其在贵州小麦生产及抗病育种方面具有极高的应用价值。     

黄淮南片近年国审小麦品种抗病性分析

[目的]为小麦抗病材料的筛选及抗病品种的推广提供参考。[方法]以黄淮南片45个国审小麦品种为材料,研究其对白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病、叶锈病、条锈病、秆锈病的抗性。[结果]对白粉病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有2、2、21、20个,对赤霉病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有0、1、4、4JD个,对纹枯病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有0、4、25、16个,对叶锈病免疫、高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有1、1、1、2、25个。对条锈病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有6、8、8、5个,对秆锈病高抗、中抗、中感、高感的品种分别有10、7、12、3个。[结论]供试品种对白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病的抗性较差,而对3种锈病的抗性相对较好。     

美国西北部59个小麦品种（系）抗条锈病基因分子检测及对中国条锈菌系抗性鉴定#br#

 【目的】了解59份美国西北部小麦品种（系）对中国当前条锈菌流行小种的抗性水平,分析其抗病基因的存在情况,为培育中国抗条锈病新品种提供资源和依据。【方法】选用中国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中31号、条中32号和条中33号对大部分具有高温成株抗性的美国59份小麦品种（系）苗期及成株期进行抗性接种鉴定,利用与当前有效的全生育期抗性基因Yr10、Yr15、成株抗性基因Yr18、高温成株抗性基因Yr39紧密连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行分子检测。【结果】抗性鉴定表明,Expresso、02W50076、ACS52610、WA008012、WA008018等5份材料苗期与成株期对条中31号、条中32号和条中33号混合菌均表现为抗病,属于全生育期抗病品种。 33份材料苗期表现感病而成株期表现抗病,属于成株期抗病品种。分子检测发现59份材料均不含有Yr10;含有Yr15、Yr18和Yr39的材料分别为12、33和29份,占20%、56%和49%。【结论】Yr18、Yr39在美国西北部小麦品（系）中的分布较普遍,并且大部分可以抵抗中国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种,可应用这些抗性材料配制中国小麦抗条锈病新品种。