不同淹涝胁迫强度对杂交中稻头季稻及再生稻生长的影响

以杂交中稻冈优725为试验材料,通过人工模拟"洪涝",研究了在水稻孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期不同淹涝胁迫强度处理对其生育期、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)以及产量构成的影响。结果表明,孕穗期和乳熟期淹没会明显推迟水稻的成熟期3~9 d,抽穗期淹没对成熟期影响较小,但在孕穗期和乳熟期淹没都有将再生稻成熟期提前的趋势;淹没不会引起叶片SPAD值的降低;在植株被全淹情况下,只要气温高于15℃,被淹没的水稻就不会因水温而影响其生长;不同淹水时期对杂交中稻头季稻产量影响程度表现为抽穗期﹥孕穗期﹥乳熟期,淹顶﹥淹没2/3;淹水时间越长,产量损失越大,总体上看,淹没36 h以上产量明显下降;单就对再生稻的影响而言,不同淹水时期对其产量影响程度表现为乳熟期﹥抽穗期﹥孕穗期,全淹没与淹没2/3处理间差异较小,不同淹水时间对再生稻产量的影响差异也不大。     

杂交中稻头季稻花期阴雨下产量与再生稻产量的关系

为探明蓄留再生稻对水稻抽穗开花期遭遇阴雨灾害的补救作用,以20个通过审定的杂交中稻品种为材料,在头季稻抽穗开花期遇连续阴雨情况下,研究施氮和不施氮条件下头季稻产量与再生稻产量间的关系。结果表明:在施氮与不施氮条件下,不同水稻品种头季稻产量和再生稻产量均存在极显著差异;杂交中稻品种间再生稻产量与头季稻产量均呈极显著负相关;施氮后头季稻产量和再生稻产量均显著提高,而且在不施氮条件下产量高的品种,其在施氮后产量提高程度更大。再生稻产量可作为头季稻抽穗开花期受阴雨天气影响所致减产的产量补充,为水稻(中稻+再生稻)抗逆减损提供理论依据和技术支持。     

川东南再生稻稻作区水稻新品种品比试验

[目的]筛选川东南地区＂中稻—再生稻＂种植模式下的最适水稻品种。[方法]以Ⅱ优838作对照,比较25个品种在川东南地区＂中稻—再生稻＂种植模式下的头季稻和再生稻的主要农艺性状、产量及产量构成因素以及抗逆性。[结果]川优3203、川香198、冈优2009、蓉穗415、宜香1313、Ⅱ优498、Ⅱ优3213、Ⅱ优615等8个品种头季产量高,再生力强,再生稻产量高,抗逆性强;华优75、G优802、一丰8号、Ⅱ优9号、内5优5399、冈优1237等6个品种2季产量均达10 500 kg/hm2以上,再生力较强,再生稻产量也较高;宜香3551、泸优2号、川优89头季和再生季均表现与对照相比显著减产;天龙优504、冈优1237头季中稻产量较高。[结论]在川东南地区,川优3203、川香198、冈优2009、蓉穗415、宜香1313、Ⅱ优498、Ⅱ优3213、Ⅱ优615等8个品种适合作为＂中稻—再生稻＂品种推广应用。     

受淹杂交中稻蓄留再生稻的关键技术探讨

本研究对2007年7月上中旬四川东部和南部部分地区遭受特大洪涝灾害的杂交中稻的产量损失进行了广泛的生产调查，同时开展了洪灾后蓄留再生稻的割苗时间、留桩高度和发苗肥施用量同田对比试验。结果表明，杂交中稻对洪水淹没最敏感的时期是孕穗末期至齐穗期，可将破口至盛穗期洪水淹没30—40h、孕穗末期和齐穗期淹没48h作为是否割苗蓄留再生稻的重要参考指标。早割苗、低留桩、增施发苗肥是夺取再生稻高产的关键。最佳割苗时间宜安排在洪水退后3～7d，对割下的稻株上部茎叶就地还田是切实可行的。在四川中稻再生稻区，留桩高度20cm，以利用倒4芽和倒5芽为主，有利于提高低节位再生芽的成穗比重，并能保证安全抽穗扬花、灌浆和籽粒充实，实现穗大粒多，最终获得高产。增施发苗肥，有利于提高再生稻有效穗和穗实粒数，从而提高产量，其既高产又经济的枯莆肥用量县每hm^2用尿素225-300kg。     

杂交中稻对洪涝的响应时机及洪水再生稻的高产调控技术研究

以川谷优642、蓉优1015和川谷优7329为材料,于2014年进行模拟洪水淹没试验,研究"洪水"淹没时期、留桩高度、促芽肥用量及植物生长调节剂对受淹后头季稻及再生稻产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明:(1)开花时淹没48 h,头季稻结实率和千粒重显著下降,分别降低23.6%和6.5%;开花后2 h和4 h受淹对头季稻结实率和千粒重影响不显著。(2)促芽肥施用量对再生稻产量影响显著,施氮量为105 kg/hm2的处理比施氮量为35 kg/hm2和70 kg/hm2的处理分别增产33.5%和8.3%,较高的有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率是其增产的主要原因;留桩高度及其与促芽肥施用量互作对产量影响不显著。(3)受淹后叶面喷施"喷长精"和"美洲星"有利于提高有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率,与喷清水相比,其再生稻产量分别提高15.2%和17.4%;叶面喷施多效唑可显著提高最高分蘖和结实率,但其每穗粒数居劣势,增产效果不明显。     

前氮后移对杂交中稻及其再生稻产量的影响

以20个杂交中稻组合为材料,在前氮后移与重底早追两种施氮方式下,研究了前氮后移对头季稻及再生稻产量的影响。结果表明,前氮后移有助于提高杂交中稻组合头季稻及再生稻产量,且高于重底早追施氮方式,但各杂交组合间表现各异。其中,内5优306、蓉18优447、德香4103、内5优317和川谷优7329这5个组合前氮后移处理头季稻比重底早追处理显著或极显著增产,乐优198、宜香优800、蓉优1808、冈比优99、冈优725、德香4103、炳优900、F优498、内5优317这9个组合的再生稻产量前氮后移处理比重底早追处理高。综合考虑头季稻产量和再生力,两季总产较高的组合为宜香优800、内5优317和蓉18优447。     

杂交中稻不同割苗时期及留桩高度对再生特性及产量的影响

以杂交中稻川香优9838为材料,研究了头季稻不同时期割苗及不同留桩高度对再生稻生长特性及产量构成的影响。结果表明,再生稻的总叶片数随着留桩高度的降低而增加;生育期随着头季稻割苗期的推迟而延长,产量也随之逐渐下降,在遭受特大高温干旱情况下,仍可达到头季稻产量的15.9%~75.2%。     

促芽肥施用时期对不同源库类型杂交中稻再生力的影响

以25个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过促芽肥施用时期与剪穗、剪叶处理,研究了促芽肥施用时期对不同源库类型杂交中稻再生力的影响。结果表明,杂交中稻组合间的再生力存在显著差异;施促芽肥无论早施还是迟施都会显著提高再生稻产量,而且早施比迟施的增产效果好,每穗着粒数越高的组合增产效果越好。其原因在于,头季稻杂交组合间每穗着粒数与齐穗期的叶粒比和茎粒比均呈极显著负相关,以致头季稻每穗着粒数越多,其满足头季稻高产后剩余的光合产物量越少,头季稻齐穗后15d再生芽的死亡也越多,施促芽肥补充营养的时期就应更早。每穗着粒数超过163粒的中、大穗型组合,促芽肥以头季稻齐穗期施用为佳;每穗着粒数少于163粒的小穗型组合,头季稻齐穗期至齐穗后15d均可以施促芽肥。     

杂交水稻蓄留再生经济性状及其相关性研究

考察了9个杂交水稻头季稻与再生稻的经济性状和产量,分析了它们之间的相关性.结果表明,除头季稻有效穗组合间差异不显著外,其它经济性状包括头季稻每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重,再生稻有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重组合间差异显著;头季稻产量、再生稻产量组合间差异显著;头季稻产量与头季稻结实率、千粒重呈正相关,再生稻产量与再生稻每穗总粒数、结实率呈正相关;再生稻千粒重与头季稻结实率呈显著正相关;再生稻每穗总粒数、千粒重分别与头季稻每穗总粒数、千粒重呈正相关.     

播期对早熟品种杂交籼稻广8优粤禾丝苗中稻——再生稻产量和干物质积累的影响

试验设置4个播期,分别为3月1日(B1)、3月10日(B2)、3月20日(B3)和3月30日(B4),研究长江上游再生稻区播期对早熟品种杂交籼稻广8优粤禾丝苗头季稻和再生稻干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,随播期推迟,头季稻和再生稻产量均先增加后降低,两季均以B3处理产量最高,显著高于B1和B4处理,B2处理的再生稻因最高的穗粒数,与B3处理产量差异不显著。随播期推迟,头季稻的叶面积指数先增加后降低,再生稻的叶面积指数和再生力呈先降低后增加、再降低的趋势。此外,随播期推迟,头季稻成熟期干物质积累量差异较小,但再生稻成熟期干物质积累呈先增加后降低的趋势,以B3处理最高,其次为B2处理。长江上游早熟品种杂交籼稻广8优粤禾丝苗在中稻—再生稻种植模式下,适宜的播期为3月10—20日,有利于中稻—再生稻群体光合产物积累和产量增加。     

杂交稻与常规稻对涝渍环境适应能力的比较研究

利用形态和产量性状指标,比较分析了杂交稻和常规稻在分蘖期和孕穗期对淹涝胁迫环境适应能力的差异性。在深水涝渍条件下,杂交稻生长发育普遍快于常规稻,单蔸苗数显著高于常规稻,有效穗相对受害率低于常规稻,因而单蔸产量显著高于常规稻。分蘖期遭受淹涝胁迫杂交稻的忍耐力优于常规稻,淹涝后的活苗率显著高于常规稻;而且,受淹涝后的杂交稻比常规稻能更快地恢复生长,成熟时主要农艺性状表现是成穗率极显著高于常规稻,每穗实粒数和结实率的相对受害率极显著低于常规稻,单蔸产量的受害程度低于常规稻。孕穗期淹涝胁迫后,杂交稻和常规稻之间产量及相关经济性状的差异均未达到显著水平。     

不同淹涝胁迫强度对杂交稻和常规稻农艺性状和生化特性的影响

在分蘖期对目前湖南省普遍栽培的16个杂交稻和常规稻品种进行不同淹涝强度处理,测定了淹涝胁迫处理对杂交稻和常规稻的农艺性状、相对电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明： 1）叶片相对受害率的高低表明杂交稻的耐淹涝能力明显强于常规稻。2）随着淹涝天数的增加,杂交稻和常规稻的株高都呈现出低 高 低变化规律,杂交稻出现最高株高的天数在处理4 d后,常规稻在处理2 d后。 3）随着淹涝天数的增加,杂交稻和常规稻的始穗期推迟的天数都增加,杂交稻始穗期推迟的天数幅度小于常规稻。 4）随着淹涝天数的增加,有效穗、实粒数、千粒重、单株产量都降低,杂交稻下降的幅度小于常规稻。 5）随着淹涝天数的增加,杂交稻相对电导率上升的幅度小于常规稻;在杂交稻中,丙二醛含量逐步上升,常规稻表现为先升高后急剧降低的变化趋势;杂交稻脯氨酸含量上升的趋势大于常规稻。 杂交稻耐淹涝胁迫的能力强于常规稻。     

Effects of Soil Copper Concentration on Growth, Development and Yield Formation of Rice （Oryza sativa）

Pot experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the effects of soil copper（Cu） concentration on growth, development and yield formation of rice by using the japonica cultivar Wuxiangjing 14 and hybrid rice combination Shanyou 63. The plant height, leaf number, elongated internode number and heading date of rice plants were not affected at soil Cu levels below 200 mg/kg, but affected significantly at above 400 mg/kg. The inhibitory effects on rice growth and development were increased with the increment of soil Cu levels. The grain yields decreased significantly with raising soil Cu levels. The main reasons for the grain yield reductions under lower soil Cu levels （100, 200 mg/kg） were mainly due to the decrease of number of spikelets per panicle, however, under higher soil Cu levels （more than 400 mg/kg）, both panicle number and number of spikelets per panicle contributed to the yield loss. The decreases of panicle number by Cu stress were mainly attributed to slow recovery from transplanting, delayed tillering and reduced maximum tiller numbers. The reduction of number of spikelets per panicle under soil Cu stress resulted from the decreases of both shoot dry weight （SDW） at the heading date and the ratio of spikelets to SDW. Total biomass at maturity decreased significantly with the increase of soil Cu levels, while economic coefficient showed non-significant decrease except under soil Cu levels above 800 mg/kg.     

水稻-再生稻体系干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用

【目的】 阐明水稻-再生稻体系的干物质积累及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用规律,为其科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】 通过2年的田间试验,以深两优5814为材料,在养分供应充足的条件下,于水稻关键生育期(分蘖期、幼穗分化期、孕穗期、齐穗期、灌浆期、完熟期)进行取样,测定各器官的干物质量及氮、磷、钾养分含量,计算养分积累量,研究头季稻和再生稻干物质积累和氮、磷、钾养分吸收积累动态及分配、转运规律。【结果】 头季稻总干物质积累量在整个生育期表现为“慢-快-慢”的增长趋势,茎、叶干物质快速积累期分别在分蘖-齐穗期和孕穗前,增长量分别占其最大积累量的81.1%和43.8%,且茎、叶的干物质积累量在灌浆-完熟期之间没有明显降低;从齐穗期至灌浆中期是穗的干物质快速积累期,在此期间增加的干物质积累量占总量的58.8%。再生稻的总干物质积累呈“S”形曲线,茎、叶的干物质积累量分别在灌浆期和齐穗期达到最大;头季稻桩的干物质积累量从头季收割后呈下降趋势。养分吸收结果显示,头季稻氮的总积累量以及茎、穗两个器官的氮素积累量的变化规律与其干物质积累量相似,磷和钾的总积累量在灌浆后期降低;茎和叶的各养分积累量分别在齐穗期和灌浆期达到最大。头季收获后,头季稻桩的氮、磷和钾养分积累量表现为下降的趋势,茎和叶的养分积累量先增加后减少,穗的养分积累量则表现为不断增加。从齐穗期到完熟期,各器官的氮转运量表现为叶>茎>头季稻桩,磷转运量表现为茎>头季稻桩>叶,钾转运量表现为头季稻桩>叶>茎。【结论】 头季稻孕穗期至灌浆中期是其干物质和养分的快速积累期,从头季收获至再生季齐穗期间是再生稻干物质及养分积累的关键时期,头季稻桩中的养分会在头季收获后转移至再生器官中。满足头季稻抽穗灌浆期间的养分需求,及时补充再生芽萌发生长期间的养分供应是水稻-再生稻体系高产的基础和保障。     

优质丰产杂交籼稻品种机直播产量构成及其群体质量研究

【目的】本研究旨在明确适宜平原(崇州)与丘陵(三台)稻区机直播优质杂交籼稻高产品种群体质量的共性特征,构建规范化的机直播优质杂交籼稻高产品种的鉴选方法和评价标准,以及为杂交籼稻机械化直播配套技术的融合提供理论及实践依据。【方法】两生态区以29个品种为试材,采用人工模拟精量穴直播(以下简称机直播),研究机直播对平原与丘陵稻区不同产量水平的优质杂交籼稻群体质量特征及产量的影响,并探讨机直播优质杂交籼稻群体质量特征与产量间的关系。【结果】依据两生态区各品种的平均籽粒产量聚类分析,将两生态区供试品种分为高产、中产、低产3种类型。其中,三台高产类型品种占17.24%,中产、低产类型品种占82.76%;崇州高产类型品种占10.34%,中产、低产类型品种占89.66%。与中产、低产类型品种相比,两生态区高产类型品种的共性特征为分蘖能力强、有效穗数多、结实率高,拔节期后叶面积指数(LAI)大,干物质累积量高;结实期顶3叶叶长、叶位、叶张角、株高及其顶部截获光能优势明显。相关分析表明,机直播条件下,除群体透光率、顶3叶叶张角、分蘖盛期LAI及干物质累积量外,各群体质量指标与籽粒产量均呈显著或极显著正相关(r =0.37^*~0.90^**),尤其是齐穗期高效LAI率、成熟期干物质累积量及其收获指数与产量的相关性。【结论】机直播条件下,高产类型品种能够获得较高的有效穗数和每穗实粒数,并协同提高结实率,实现生育后期群体干物质的高增长,从而获得较高产量。     

Differences in Grain Yield and Quality in Main and Ratoon Rice in Southern Henan Province

【Objective】 The combination of mid-season rice+ratoon rice is a new pattern of rice planting in southern Henan Province. However, the changes in grain yield and quality between the main and ratoon seasons remain unclear. Clarifying the changing law of grain yield and rice quality can lay a theoretical and practical basis for the screening of ratoon rice varieties with higher grain yield and better rice quality in southern Henan Province. 【Method】 In this study, 12 hybrid indica rice combinations suitable for single-cropping rice were used as materials under local high-yield cultivation conditions. The tested combinations were divided into four types according to their yields in main and ratoon seasons: BH, both high grain yields in main and ratoon season; HL, high grain yield in main season and low grain yield in ratoon season; LH, low grain yield in main season and high yield in ratoon season; BL, both low grain yields in main and ratoon seasons. The difference in rice quality was also analyzed. 【Result】 1) The processing quality and appearance quality in ratoon season were significantly improved, however, the protein contents decreased, and the eating quality of rice was improved to different extents as compared with those in main season; 2) Except for BL type (only one combination, Shenliangyou 11), the processing quality of BH and HL was better, and HL has better appearance quality and cooking and eating quality. There was no significant difference in protein contents among different yield types in main season, while in ratoon season, the protein contents in BH were 10.7 % higher than those in HL, and 1.75% lower than those in LH. 3) The effect of daily average temperature after full heading on grain quality was far greater than the sunshine hours, and the relatively low average daily temperature after full heading in ratoon season was the main reason for its better grain quality. 【Conclusion】 Based on higher grain yield and better rice quality, Liangyou 6326, Tianliangyou 616, Guangliangyou 476 and Fengliangyouxiang 1 were suitable varieties for ratoon cultivation in southern Henan Province.     

Multi-Temporal Detection of Rice Phenological Stages Using Canopy Spectrum

Information on rice phenology is essential for yield estimation and crop management. To test the ability of remote sensing in detecting multiple phenological stages, paddy rice canopy spectrum was measured by a hand-held radiometer. Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was calculated from spectrum, and the slope of NDVI was obtained as its difference. We evaluated the response of NDVI and its slope to rice growth with a comparison of two late-season rice cultivars. The results showed that NDVI and its slope curves had distinct variation corresponding to rice development and they could be used as cultivar-independent phenological indicators. The dates of flooding and transplanting, tillering, panicle development, heading and flowering, maturity, harvest stages, and even field management practices, could be deduced from these indicators. ‘NDVI ≤ 0' could be used as a single threshold for the detection of flooding and transplanting. The largest spike in the curve of the NDVI slope indicated the duration of tillering stage. The next spike corresponded to panicle development. The heading and flowering stage was characterized by the maximum NDVI and the change of NDVI slope from positive to negative. At the maturity stage, NDVI decreased continuously, and its slope fluctuated just below zero. When rice grains were completely mature and ready for harvest, NDVI decline was accelerated. At harvest, NDVI slope reached its minimum value. The distinction between heading and maturity stages was obscure, most likely due to NDVI saturation at high biomass. The study might provide references for paddy rice phenology determination through remote sensing images.     

超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性研究

选用4个籼型超级杂交稻组合Ⅱ优602、准两优527、协优9308和国稻1号为试验材料,以汕优63为对照,对超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性进行了研究。结果表明:超级杂交稻具有最高分蘖数低、分蘖成穗率高、有效库容量和齐穗后干物质积累量大、收获指数高等特点;在成都平原生态区,增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数是实现超级杂交稻高产的重要途径;在水稻生长前期积累合理的总生物量,提高生育后期群体质量,增强生育后期光合生产能力和提高茎鞘物质向穗部的运转效率是实现超级杂交稻高产的关键。     

稻蟹共作田不同生育期水稻根际土壤细菌群落结构和功能分析

为了研究稻蟹共作田不同生育期水稻根际土壤细菌的群落结构组成及功能,利用Illumina 平台Miseq 高通量测序技术对水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的根际土壤细菌进行高通量测序及分析。结果表明,测序共获得的6 637个OTUs,可分为54个门,171个纲,381个目,600个科,1 028个属,2 162个种。4个生育期共有的细菌OTU数目为3 122个,4个生育期中抽穗期的Chao1指数最高,4个生育期间Shannon指数无显著差异。PCA分析显示,拔节期和抽穗期的细菌群落具有一定相似性,但与分蘗期及成熟期有一定差异性。4个生育期的稻田根际土壤细菌优势菌门（相对丰度>10%）有绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）,优势菌属（相对丰度>1%）有31个。PICRUSt分析表明,抽穗期在269条代谢通路的丰度值最高。研究结果说明,根际土壤的细菌群落结构和功能会随着水稻生育期发生相应的变化,其中抽穗期的细菌物种数目最多且代谢功能最强。