不同土地利用方式下土壤水分动态及对降水的响应——以青海省互助县浅山旱地为例

摸清青海旱作农业区土壤水分动态变化对保障农作物产量形成和粮食生产安全具有重要意义。采用野外采样结合统计学方法,探究青海互助浅山旱地不同土地利用方式下土壤水分季节动态、垂直剖面特征及土壤水分对降水的响应。结果表明：（1）不同土地利用方式下耕作层(0~30 cm)土壤含水量季节动态存在明显的干湿周期变化,土地利用方式对土壤水分季节变化影响不显著(P>0.05),降水事件、降水量级是影响耕作层(0~30 cm)土壤含水量季节动态的主导驱动力;（2）0~30 cm土层是雨养耕作层,典型土壤含水期分为干旱期、湿润期、常态期和过渡期,土壤干旱发生一般由表层开始,随着土壤水分耗损加重土壤干旱逐渐向深层土壤延伸;（3）4种土地利用方式的土壤水分动态变化与前期累计降水量变化基本一致,亚表层(10~20 cm)和深层(20~30 cm)土壤含水量与前期累计降水量极显著相关性(P<0.01)。因此,在干旱事件频繁的青海旱作区发展“浅埋滴灌技术”是寻求土壤供水平衡的有效路径。     

偏旱年休闲期施肥覆盖对旱地小麦播前土壤水分的影响及其与产量的相关分析

为了改善旱地小麦的土壤水分状况,提高旱地小麦的产量,采用大田试验,研究了休闲期施肥覆盖对播前土壤水分含量的影响及其与产量的关系。结果表明：休闲期施有机肥提高了休闲期降雨补给率,但不显著,休闲期地膜覆盖与纸覆盖均可显著提高休闲期降雨补给率。休闲期施有机肥、覆盖均可提高播前0~100 cm、100~200 cm、0~300 cm土层土壤含水量,施肥与覆盖对播前200~300 cm土层土壤含水量的影响较小。结果还表明：地膜覆盖对播前不同土层土壤含水量的增加效果均大于纸覆盖,施肥可增大地膜覆盖对土壤水分的影响范围,在有机肥条件下地膜覆盖可增加40~160 cm各土层土壤含水量,不施肥条件下可增加40~140 cm各土层土壤含水量。休闲期施肥、覆盖均可显著增产。相关分析表明：播前0~100 cm、100~200 cm、0~300 cm土壤含水量与旱地小麦穗粒数、产量均显著正相关,在20~ 140 cm各土层土壤含水量与产量和穗粒数的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。总之,休闲期施肥与覆盖均有利于旱地小麦播前土壤水分状况的改善和产量的提高,且以有机肥条件下地膜覆盖效果最好。     

旱塬区不同地带耕地土壤水分动态变化研究

为探明土壤水分在不同地带的变化特征,于2011年10、11月和2012年2—5月采集渭南塬耕地以及渭河边附近耕地的土壤样本进行了土壤水分含量的测定分析。研究结果表明：由于降水和地下水位等因素的影响,渭河附近耕地含水量大于塬上耕地,渭河附近耕地含水量变化大于塬上耕地。2011年10、11月和2012年2月由于受冬季气候的影响,土壤含水量较高,而2012年3、4和5月受春旱的影响,土壤含水量数值偏低。     

辽西雨养玉米农田土壤水分变化特征及其模拟

土壤含水量是作物生长发育的关键影响因子之一,确定土壤含水量变化及预测土壤含水量变化趋势,对于雨养农业更加有效地保墒、提高作物水分利用效率和增强抗旱防灾能力有着重要的现实意义。利用2008-2011年锦州玉米生长季逢三逢八土壤湿度观测数据,日气温降水数据和2008年玉米生长发育期数据资料,结合CERES-MAIZE土壤水分模块,分析了雨养玉米农田土壤水分时空变化特征和模拟了土壤水分时空变化特征。结果表明：生长季降水并不能反映土壤水分条件的好坏,生长季中雨以下的降水量和降水频次与土壤水分条件的好坏较好的一致性;土壤水分随土层深度而增加,0-40cm土壤含水量平均值和最低值分别是田间持水量的69%-82%和49%-64%;玉米根系生物量与生长时间呈二次曲线关系,所建根系生物量模型解释率达89.7%;耦合根系生物量模型和叶面积指数模型的CERES-MAIZE中的土壤水分模块能够较好的模拟雨养玉米生态系统土壤水分的时空变化特征。     

yaofuwang@163.com

 采用两因素裂区试验设计，研究了水氮耦合对烟田土壤水分动态变化的影响。结果表明，在灌水量一定的条件下随氮肥用量增加，烟田土壤含水量、土壤贮水量和水分产值率增大，当氮用量达到67.5kg/hm2时开始下降；灌水与氮用量之间存在显著的互作效应，灌水量在225~450m3/hm2范围内，施氮22.5~45.0kg/hm2既可满足烤烟生长的需要又可增强其对土壤水分的利用。     

水氮配合对春小麦产量和品质的影响

在盆栽条件下，研究不同土壤水分和施氮量对春小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明，当土壤相对含水量低于45％时，增施氮肥加重土壤水分胁迫，使籽粒产量、蛋白质产量以及籽粒粗蛋白含量均降低，而籽粒淀粉含量增加；当土壤相对含水量介于45％～75％时，增施氮肥能够缓解土壤干旱的不利影响，从而增加籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和籽粒粗蛋白含量，但降低籽粒淀粉含量，随着土壤水分状况的改善肥效提高；当土壤相时含水量高于75％时，增施氮肥虽然能提高籽粒粗蛋白含量，但以适量施用氮肥的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量最高。     

冀西北高原不同植被的土壤水分动态变化研究

冀西北高原为高寒半干旱地区,降水是此地区土壤水分的唯一给源,研究土壤水分的动态变化对高效利用降雨有至关重要的作用。研究采用定点观测的方法,对不同植被土壤含水量的动态变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,3种植被生长期内不同土层土壤水分变化存在差异。生长前期,3种植被0￣30cm土层土壤含水量,农田耕翻地最高,水分条件最好,人工草地与退耕还林地互有高低,30￣60cm土层退耕还林地最高,人工草地最少。生长前期,农田耕翻地表层土壤水分较好,能满足春季作物生长要求。生长中期,0￣30cm土层农田耕翻地最低,人工草地与退耕还林地互有高低。30￣60cm土层农田耕翻地最高,人工草地最低。生长后期,0￣60cm土层农田耕翻地土壤含水量最高;人工草地土壤含水量与退耕还林地相比较,0￣40cm土层差异不大,40￣60cm土层退耕还林地高于人工草地。     

青海贵德旱作区春秋季土壤水分变化特征

运用青海省贵德县气象局观测的2002—2014年旱地土壤水分资料,分析了该地区0~30 cm土壤水分变化特征,结果显示：2002—2014年,春季贵德旱地0~30 cm土壤含水量呈显著降低趋势,秋季土壤含水量则呈不显著增多趋势,年际变化很明显。各层土壤水分变化趋势与整体一致,秋季各层土壤含水量的变幅较春季大。0~10、10~20 cm土壤含水量一年中的最高、最低值分别出现在9月下旬和3月上旬,而20~30 cm土壤含水量的最高、最低值分别出现在10月上旬和4月中旬。自2000年以来,贵德旱作地区春季气温显著升温,但降水却无明显变化,而秋季平均气温升温趋势不明显,降水量却呈显著增多,这种气候趋势与春季土壤含水量逐年减少、秋季土壤含水量逐年增加的结论相一致。     

黄土高原南部水平梯田的土壤水分特征分析

以淳化试区的水平梯田为系统研究对象,休闲坡地为对照,对其剖面土壤水分变化进行动态监测。发现由于作物对梯田土壤水分的吸收利用,以及蒸发散的原因,导致水平梯田的土壤贮水量比休闲坡地小。梯田土壤水分季节变化分为蓄墒期、快速失墒期、补充期和缓慢消耗失墒期4个时期,其剖面分为剧变、活跃、相对稳定4个层次。降水、地形地貌部位、土地利用方式以及梯田宽度与种植年限均对土壤含水量有着不同程度的影响。观测期间,除在梯田表层土壤含水量出现低于有效水的现象外,其它层次都在有效水范围内,无论在丰水、枯水年,梯田土壤中的有效水或中效、易效水都可以满足作物的生长和非生长耗水的需求。     

岷江上游干旱河谷区林-农-草地土壤水分特征与数值模拟

岷江上游干旱河谷土壤水分是农业生产和生态修复的关键因子。以干旱河谷典型区生态林、经果林、农地和荒草地4类土壤含水量为研究对象,通过对4类土壤含水量的变化分析和数值模拟,揭示土壤水分与土层深度的关系。结果表明:(1)土壤平均含水量依次为:农地(18.62%)生态林(17.47%)经果林(16.53%)荒草地(11.25%);(2)从干旱河谷(1500 m)到天然林下线(2500 m)的山地垂直方向上,林地土壤含水量呈浅U型分布;海拔2100~2500 m土壤含水量均值为19.77%,海拔1900~2100 m为13.72%,海拔1500~1900 m为16.00%;(3)土壤水分随土层深度的增加而减少,生态林土壤水分垂直变化最为显著,农地土壤水分垂直变化则相对稳定;(4)土壤水分多水平贝叶斯模型能够较好地说明4种土地利用类型下土壤含水量的变化和剖面分布特征;(5)林地与荒草地土壤含水量差异表明,土壤平均含水量14%是界定林-草地的分界值。研究结果可为岷江上游干旱河谷生态修复提供数据支撑。     

Water Quality Change of Untreated Water During Its Storage

In this paper, the untreated water from Yangtze River was stored. The turbidity of the water was reduced from 60 NTU to 1 NTU in the first 10 days, but the TOC value reduced only by 0.291 mg/L in 60 days. The organic molecular weight distribution and the organic polarity of storage water was analyzed using UF and XAD resin respectively. It was found that the organic matter, whose molecular weight is less than 4000 dalton, was decomposed and the hydrophilic organic matter was converted into hydrophobic organic matter.     

River Water Quality Comprehensive Evaluation for Water Source Heat Pump

River water quality is one of the important conditions must be considered when river water source heat pump is used. It is also the key factor of efficiency of river water source heat pump. Based on analysis of the water quality factors which influence the river water source heat pump heat exchanger fouling, the main quality indicators and value are conformed. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the actual monitoring data, quality classification of river water which is the source of water source heat pump is analyzed. For the difficulty of multiple indicators which need to detect and meet the related national standard in practical engineering application, the definition of scaling potential value is put forward. As the water quality comprehensive evaluation index of water source heat pump, the scaling potential value not only can consider the influence of the main water quality parameters on water source heat pump heat exchanger fouling, but also can conveniently and quickly provide direct basis for water quality judgment and system selection in the engineering application.     

水分胁迫下2种云杉属植物的水分生理特征

为研究沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)和青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)在干旱荒漠区适应性特征,筛选出适宜于干旱荒漠区理想的造林树种,以2种云杉属植物为试验材料,测定正常供水条件、中度土壤水分胁迫、重度土壤水分胁迫条件下2个树种的水分参数。在土壤水分胁迫条件下,2种云杉属植物自由水含量、组织含水量、叶片水势、相对含水量降低,而水分饱和亏、束缚水/自由水、束缚水增大,叶片持水力降低。随着季节的变化,2种云杉属植物各项水分参数受外界环境的影响呈规律性变化,组织含水率在7—9月变化差异不显著,束缚水/自由水、束缚水含量在7—9月呈增加后又下降的趋势;相对含水量呈递增趋势;水分饱和亏呈下降趋势;自由水含量呈下降后又增加的趋势。在水分胁迫初期,2种云杉各处理苗木持水力差异不显著,随着胁迫时间的延长,持水力差异增大,而且青海云杉持水力低于沙地云杉的。从2种云杉属植物各项水分参数分析,表明沙地云杉具有较强的抗逆水分生理特征。     

Irrigation Water Management for Efficient Water Use in Mulched Onion

Caused by the necessarily imperfect seed placement accuracy of sowing machines and, additionally, caused by many other biotic and abiotic factors, the resulting plant stands exhibit nonregular spatial distributions of its plants. Based on several simplifying assumptions, a stochastic approach is developed which allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables are attached to each plant: single plant yield E and individual space A . The latter is estimated by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area, calculated by the expectation of the ratio E/A , can be approximately expressed dependent on the means ( Ē and Ā ) and coefficients of variation ( v _E and v _A ) of E and A and their correlation ( r _EA ). In relation to the commonly used estimate Ē/Ā for yield per area, one obtains yield decreases if v _A / v _E  <  r _EA . This inequality, however, will be usually valid in the field of applications. The theoretical approaches and results were applied to three experimental data sets for drilled seeds of winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) (plant density: 60 plants m⁻², row distance: 10 cm). These data sets are characterized by different accuracies of longitudinal distributions within rows (58 %, 101 %, 150 %): yield depression increases with an increasing variability of plant distances within rows.     

Discussion on Water Supply Installation with One Household One Water Meter

Along with the development of commodity economy, the charge way as to record water meters in turns is no more received by the people. It is an important reform in tap water charge system to introduce "one household one water meter" supported by the people. In this paper, several methods of "one household one water meter" installation and water meter level position installation form in details are introduced.A detailed analysis on its development trends and direction is carried out and it is pointed out that the "one household one water meter" installation will develop toward exposed wall and water meter room type level position installation. Finally, the charge way of IC card (TM Card) type and tele-metering water meter computer metering will be applied. This paper analyzes the hydraulic computation of "one household one water meter" and provides the hydraulic condition of "one household one water meter" installation.     

粒用高粱需水量及耗水特性的研究

影响高粱高产的因素很多,包括品种、水肥、土质及气候等因素,为探究高粱的高产性能,寻找影响高粱高产的突破口,本研究运用单因素随机区组设计的方法对粒用高粱拔节期和灌浆期的最大需水量及其一生的耗水特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着灌水量的增加,耗水量增加,穗长和枝梗数显著性地增加,但灌水量120~140mm的穗长和枝梗数差异不显著;籽粒千粒重和产量显著性地增加,灌水量100~140mm的千粒重和产量差异不显著。高粱拔节期最大需水量为120mm;开花灌浆期最大需水量为100mm;高粱拔节前耗水48.74mm,占总耗水量的10%~15%;拔节~抽穗耗水140.51~177.12mm,占总耗水的35%~43%,抽穗-成熟耗水137.65~272.27mm,占总耗水的42%~55%;水分生产效率随耗水量的增大,呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆期灌水100mm处理的水分生产效率为最高,最高可达29.49kg/(hm²·mm)。     

水分胁迫下土壤水蒸散模型研究

对水分胁迫下农田土壤水分蒸散模型进行了研究，在水分胁迫下实际蒸散量与潜在蒸散量之间关系为：ＥＴ＝ＫＷ·ＥＴＭ，ＫＷ与根层土壤有效水分含量具有直线相关性。模型中考虑根系分布的影响，能明显提高模型精度。     

渗透胁迫下不同玉米品种叶片水分关系的研究

通过盆栽及水培试验,结果表明:参试三个品种的气孔导度与光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈直线相关,但气孔导度对蒸腾速率的相关系数﹥气孔导度对光合速率的相关系数;品种间气孔调节能力为农大60号>中单2号>陕单911;陕单911的渗透调节能力>中单2号>农大60号,陕单911能通过较低的渗透势和细胞内溶质含量的增加维持细胞吸水,从而维持叶片较高的相对含水量和叶水势,并具有较高的膨压,维持细胞的延伸生长。三个品种的耐脱水干化能力不同,失水速度为陕单911>农大60号>中单2号。     

Multi-objective Optimization of Water Quality Performance Considering THM in Water Distribution Systems

As for optimizing performance of chlorine and trihalomethane (THM) in water distribution systems, an expression measuring THM performance and a derivation of THM-I/O model were proposed. And a multi-objective optimization model considering maximizing level of chlorine performance, maximum level of THM performance and minimizing cost of chlorination was also established. Four factors, including bulk chlorine decay coefficient, coefficient of proportionality between THM and chlorine consumption, initial THM concentration in treated water and number of boosters, were evaluated to study their effects on Pareto front of the multi-objective optimization model. Chlorine decay and THM generation were simulated using EPANET_MSX. An improved non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-Ⅱwith integer code was proposed to optimize the model, and Pareto fronts could be obtained under different conditions. Results show that with the decrease of bulk chlorine decay coefficient, cost of chlorination can be reduced and level of THM performance will be improved. Diminishing coefficient of proportionality between THM and chlorine consumption and initial THM concentration out of reservoir can both improve the level of THM performance, but can not affect the cost of chlorination. Increasing number of boosters can reduce dosage of chlorine, but booster station construction will increase total cost of chlorination. There-fore, reducing the bulk chlorine decay coefficient is the most economical and effective method.     

Energy Efficiency of Water Transportation System for Surface Water Source Heat Pump

The forms of water transportation, arrangement and operation of pumps contribute to the water transportation energy consumption, which influences the energy-saving effect of surface water source heat pump. The relation between the pumping height and energy consumption of pumps is found by analyzing the model of pump energy consumption. The concept and calculation of critical pumping height is presented considering the limited rate of system energy efficiency. Based on the principle that the pump power changes with water flow rate, the determination of pumps arrangement of one or two stage pumps is described with a concrete example. The influence of water flow rate on heat pumps and water pumps is analyzed, and the energy efficiency of constant and variable water volume are compared. The operation way of this example is concluded for the optimal system energy efficiency. It is found that there is a critical pumping height for the energy-saving effect of surface water source heat pump compared with the traditional system. Moreover, the operation strategies should be determined by the system optimal model since the energy consumptions proportions of heat pumps and water pumps are variable.