小麦旗叶与根系衰老的研究

小麦衰老期间（开花１４天之后）叶片和根超氧化物歧化酶活性下降，过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量升高，叶片和根的变化趋势一致。衰老后期，根系活力、叶片光俣速率和叶绿素含量快速下降，叶片气孔阻力增加。     

不同粒叶比小麦品种非叶片光合器官光合特性的研究

通过测定两个不同粒叶比小麦品种Lu 22和Lu 14叶片和非叶片光合器官叶绿素含量、光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数，探讨了非叶光合器官光合特性的差异。结果表明，高粒叶比品种Lu 22各部位的叶绿素含量均高于低粒叶比品种Lu 14，特别是在衰老后期，Lu 22能维持较高的叶绿素含量；在叶片叶绿素含量及光合速率明显下降时，非叶片光合     

不同衰老类型小麦品种在衰老过程中光合特性的变化

以衰老类型不同的两个小麦品种鲁麦L14和935031为材料,研究了不同衰老类型小麦品种在衰老的过程中光合特性的变化。结果表明:自开花至成熟期,鲁麦L14小麦叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光能转化效率的下降速度均明显快于小麦品种935031,但是各相关参数降低的起始时间不同,自开花后30 d鲁麦L14的叶片已经开始干枯,而935031小麦品种到成熟时大部分叶片还保持绿色,说明小麦叶片早衰与光合能力的下降有密切关系。     

玉米持绿与早衰品种叶片衰老过程中光化学活性的变化

为了探讨不同衰老型玉米叶片在衰老过程中光化学反应及其对光合能力维持的贡献, 本研究使用持绿玉米品种“齐319”和早衰玉米品种“黄早四”, 在控制的条件下, 用乙烯利诱导离体叶片衰老, 通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP曲线)和820 nm光吸收等技术, 研究了衰老过程中叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、光系统I (PSI)、光系统II (PSII)以及光合电子传递体活性的变化。结果表明, 在衰老过程中, 齐319叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率的下降速度明显慢于黄早四, 是功能型持绿品种。玉米叶片的衰老伴随着OJIP曲线的J、I、K、L点荧光的增加, 以及远红光诱导820 nm光信号落差的下降。与齐319相比, 黄早四叶片的OJIP曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线的变化更剧烈。我们认为, 在衰老过程中PSI和PSII光化学活性的快速下降和光合电子传递功能的衰退是玉米叶片光合能力迅速下降的重要原因之一。在此基础上, 讨论了衰老过程中玉米叶片中与光合作用有关蛋白与光合能力下降的可能关系。     

不同缺素处理对贵州地方水稻品种光合生理特征影响的研究

以从江红皮糯、榕江矮糯、惠水黑糯、从江黑糯、苟央当和黎平无名禾6份贵州地方水稻以及常规品种EY 105为材料,采用营养液培养法,3叶1心期分别进行氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、硫、锌、铜等元素缺乏处理,研究不同营养元素缺乏对供试水稻品种的叶绿素含量(Chl)气孔导度(Gs)和净光合速率(Pn)的影响.结果表明,除惠水黑糯叶片叶绿素含量在缺磷处理升高外,其他缺素处理时水稻叶片叶绿素含量均下降.不同缺素处理对不同水稻品种气孔导度的影响存在差异.除缺钾、磷外其他各种缺素处理下,水稻叶片净光合速率较完全营养液处理降幅差异显著.叶片气孔导度变化与净光合速率变化表明,净光合速率降低不仅与气孔导度下降有关,还与其他非气孔因素有关.综合各指标分析,惠水黑糯、从江红皮糯、从江黑糯和榕江矮糯相对其他品种对不同缺素胁迫具有较强抵抗能力.     

冬小麦不同品种叶片光合速率与气孔导度等性状之间关系的研究

对４５个冬小麦品种不同生育期的叶片净光俣速率（Ｐｎ）、气孔导度（Ｇｓ）、胞间ＣＯ２浓度（Ｃｉ）、气孔阻力（ｒｓ）等４个性状的研究表明：４个性状在品种间均存在较大的差异；大部分品种的净光合速率（Ｐｎ）后期显著低于盛花期以前，几乎所有品种气孔阻力（Ｒｓ）盛花后期显著地低于盛花前期，气孔导度（Ｇｓ）和胞间ＣＯ２浓度则恰好相反；净光合速率（ｐｎ）在盛花前期主要受气孔因素限制，盛花后期主要受非气孔因素限制。     

小麦脱植基相关基因在春性小麦叶片叶绿素降解过程中的作用分析

小麦叶片的衰老会导致产量的损失,而叶绿素降解是小麦叶片衰老的明显特征,分析小麦叶绿素降解过程中脱植基反应的相关基因叶绿素酶（TaCLH）和脱镁叶绿素水解酶（TaPPH）在春性小麦叶片衰老过程中的作用,为解析小麦叶绿素降解的分子机制提供参考。以10个春性小麦品种为参试材料,对衰老过程中TaCLH和TaPPH的相对表达量进行测定,结合不同品种在开花后不同时期的相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、功能绿叶面积（GLAD）和叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律,研究叶片衰老过程中TaCLH和TaPPH与SPAD、GLAD和叶绿素荧光参数的相关关系。结果表明,TaPPH的相对表达量与GLAD、SPAD及叶绿素荧光参数[ETR、F_v/F_m、Y(Ⅱ)]等生理指标之间存在极显著负相关关系,与TaCLH相对表达量存在极显著正相关关系,表明TaPPH在春小麦叶绿素降解过程的脱植基反应中起主要作用。     

不同基因型绿豆叶片光合性能研究

以夏播区高产绿豆品种(系)冀绿2号、安9910和低产品种(系)赤峰绿豆、泰来绿豆为材料,对其衰老过程中开花节功能叶片的光合参数变化进行了研究。结果表明,绿豆开花后,随着叶片的衰老,各功能叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐下降,叶质重表现出降低—增大—降低的变化趋势,同一时期不同开花节叶片的光合性能自上而下逐渐降低。不同品种间存在显著差异,冀绿2号和安9910叶片功能期长,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质降解较慢,生育后期仍具有相对较高的光合性能,这为其积累较多的光合产物提供了生理基础。进一步分析表明,绿豆产量与花后开花节叶片的平均净光合速率呈极显著正相关,叶片净光合速率又与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关。综合分析表明,在绿豆开花结荚期间,保持较高的叶绿素含量和功能叶片的光合生产能力,延缓叶片衰老,对籽粒产量形成具有重要作用。     

叶面喷施KH2PO4对密植幼龄骏枣光合特性日变化的影响

以新疆密植枣园幼龄骏枣为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,开展了在开花坐果期叶面喷施不同浓度KH2PO4对叶片叶绿素含量及光合特性的影响研究。结果表明：叶面喷施钾肥能够显著提高骏枣叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),但不同的供钾水平并不改变骏枣各项光合气体交换参数的日变化规律。骏枣开花坐果期叶片Pn日变化曲线呈单峰型,无明显的“午休”现象,骏枣叶片净光合速率下降的主要原因在一天中表现不同,上午14:00之前主要是气孔因素,中午14:00以后主要是非气孔因素,而叶面喷施钾肥能够提高骏枣叶片的非气孔因素的作用,而降低气孔限制作用。Gs和Tr日变化均呈“M”型,两者的日变化趋势表现较好的协同性,适宜浓度的钾肥有助于提高骏枣叶片气孔导度Gs应对变化剧烈的气象条件的缓冲能力。同时,叶面施钾也促进了骏枣叶片Pn与气孔限制值(Ls)的相关性以及Pn与（潜在水分利用率）WUEi的相关性,降低了Pn与WUE（瞬时水分利用率）的相关性。本试验范围内,适宜KH2PO4叶面肥浓度为0.6%。     

不同类型玉米生理特征与产量的关系

通过对不同类型玉米的产量及光合生理指标的测定表明，在合理密度下，玉米的产量主要由叶片光合能力所决定，特别是生殖生长期中上部叶片的净光合速率。同时表明登海6号在吐丝期下部叶片的净光合速率、叶绿素含量、光合有效辐射、气孔导度均高于其他品种（组合）且差异显著，在乳熟期登海6号中上部叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、气孔导度均高于其他品种（组合）且差异显著，并总结了高山生态条件下，玉米高产的生理特征：吐丝期前下部叶片净光合速率高，于粒灌浆期中上部叶片净光合速率高且持续时间长，茎叶物质输出率高。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.