甜瓜PGIP基因的克隆及表达初步分析

以甜瓜叶片基因组DNA为模板,PGIP基因保守序列设计引物,PCR扩增到1条全长978 bp的目的片段。该基因包含有1个完整的开放阅读框,没有内含子,编码326个氨基酸,其编码的氨基酸序列中含有一段典型的亮氨酸重复序列。序列比对表明:该基因编码的氨基酸序列与GenBank中的PGIP基因氨基酸序列(AAP41199)同源性为100%;RT-PCR表达分析表明,该基因在甜瓜叶、茎、根、果实中表达,在花中不表达。为植物分子抗病育种提供了1条基因资源。     

香蕉MuMA DS2的克隆、序列分析和表达分析

根据抑制缩减文库获得的一个MADS-box基因片段,从香蕉果实cDNA文库中,采用RT-PCR技术分离获得一个全长cDNA,经序列测定和同源性分析表明,该cDNA含705bp的完整的开放阅读框,编码234个氨基酸残基的MADS-box蛋白,将其命名为MuMADS2。MuMADS2具有植物MADS-box基因家族中特有的M、I、K和C四个结构域,与芦笋、风信子、蝴蝶兰和百合的MADS-box基因的氨基酸序列存在很高的一致性（82%、78%、77%和75%）。将MuMADS2与其它植物来源的MADS-box基因进行序列比较发现,MuMADS2属于MADS-box基因的AGAMOUS亚族的D世系。RT-PCR分析表明,MuMADS2仅在生殖器官（花和果）中表达,在营养器官（根、茎和叶）中不表达。进一步分析发现MuMADS2仅在雄花和雌花的子房、由雌花发育而成的果实中表达,而在雄花和和雌花的柱头和花柱都不表达。推测MuMADS2可能在果实的发育和成熟过程中起作用。     

甜荞FaesFUL4基因的克隆与表达分析

本研究采用同源克隆的方法,从甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)品种‘北早生’中分离出调控果实发育的FaesFUL4基因,该基因的cDNA序列全长795 bp,包含一个长为714 bp完整的开放阅读框,共编码237个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。分子系统发生分析和同源蛋白比对结果显示:FaesFUL4蛋白属于A类MADS-box基因家族AP1/SQUA亚家族的euFUL进化系,含有MADS、I、K和C末端四个明显的结构域,且C末端转录激活区含有2个保守的模体(Motif):FUL motif和paleoAP1 motif。基因表达的组织特异性分析表明:FaesFUL4基因主要在甜荞叶片、花序和果实中表达,在根和茎中有微量表达,其在花序中的相对表达量最高。进一步分析基因在果实不同发育时期的表达量发现,其在果实迅速膨大期表达量最高。因此推测该基因不但参与调控花器官的发育过程,且对于维持果实的正常发育具有重要作用。     

甜瓜CmDWF1基因的克隆及表达分析

油菜素内酯是调节植物生理活动的重要植物激素,DWF1是油菜素内酯合成途径中重要的合成酶之一。为了研究油菜素内酯合成酶基因DWF1在甜瓜果实发育过程中的功能,从甜瓜中克隆得到CmDWF1基因,并对该基因及其编码蛋白进行了生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析了该基因在甜瓜不同组织器官中的表达。结果表明:CmDWF1基因的开放阅读框片段长为1 701 bp,编码566个氨基酸,预测其编码蛋白的分子质量为66.115 11 ku,理论等电点为6.96,不稳定指数为48.18,总平均亲水性为-0.402,属于亲水性蛋白。CmDWF1蛋白含有FAD-binding-4结构域,推测其具有FAD氧化还原酶特性。该蛋白信号肽序列,在细胞质中的定位系数为9,推测其主要在细胞质中分布。二级结构预测显示,CmDWF1蛋白中α-螺旋的含量相对较高,为37.81%。系统进化分析表明,CmDWF1蛋白与黄瓜的亲缘关系较近;实时定量PCR结果表明,该基因在甜瓜的根、茎及叶中均有表达,但在根中表达量最高,并且在甜瓜果实授粉后25 d内表达量有明显的上升,35～45 d内表达量呈下降趋势。由以上结果可知,CmDWF1基因可能参与甜瓜油菜素内酯的合成,并进一步调节甜瓜的生长发育。     

甜瓜乙烯受体基因Cm-ETR2的克隆及其在果实发育成熟过程中表达特性的分析

为研究Cm-ETR2基因在甜瓜果实发育成熟过程中的作用机理,根据已报道的甜瓜(Cucumis melo)品种Cantalupensis的Cm-ETR2基因序列,设计特异性引物,通过RT-PCR技术从甜瓜品种河套蜜瓜(Cucumis melo L.cvHetao)成熟果实中克隆得到了乙烯受体基因Cm-ETR2 cDNA,序列分析显示,序列长度为2 304 bp,编码767个氨基酸。利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对其在河套蜜瓜果实发育成熟过程中的表达特性进行了分析,Cm-ETR2基因在15DAP至30DAP表达基本没有变化,35DAP表达量开始上升,上升趋势一直持续至45DAP,且45DAP表达量为15DAP的9倍。     

两个陆地棉过氧化物酶cDNA的克隆和鉴定

从陆地棉优质材料7235不同发育时期的棉纤维混合cDNA文库中分离出2个与过氧化物酶相关的cDNA克隆GhPOD1和GhPOD2。GhPOD1是利用5’RACE技术得到的长度为1 489 bp的完整cDNA序列,开放读码框长度为816 bp,编码271个氨基酸,BLAST结果表明,该基因和拟南芥中已报道的过氧化物酶基因同源性最高。GhPOD2是通过对cDNA克隆直接测序获得,其插入片段长度为1 355 bp,开放读码框长度为999 bp,编码332个氨基酸,BLAST结果表明,该cDNA序列与已报道的1个陆地棉纤维过氧化物酶基因（pod8, L08199）氨基酸相似性达99％。RT－PCR分析表明GhPOD1是一个组成性表达的基因,而GhPOD2在根中不表达,而在茎、叶、胚珠和纤维细胞中表达,并从开花后14 d起,在纤维细胞中表达量逐渐减弱。进化树分析显示GhPOD1与已知的11个过氧化物酶基因距离都较远,是1个新的陆地棉过氧化物酶基因;GhPOD2与相似性高的pod8在同一分支,但与其余的第3类过氧化物酶也有较大的差异。Southern杂交结果表明这两个基因在陆地棉基因组中都存在2个拷贝,推测A、D亚组中各有1个拷贝。GhPOD1和GhPOD2的棉花转基因功能验证正在进行。     

苎麻ACC合酶基因(BnACS1)的克隆和表达分析

根据苎麻转录组测序中的ACS基因片段, 利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术从湘苎3号中克隆了该基因的全长cDNA序列, 命名为BnACS1, 在GenBank中的登录号为JQ970520。该基因的cDNA序列全长为1 674 bp, 其开放阅读框长1 470 bp, 编码489个氨基酸多肽, 预测其分子量和等电点分别为54.55 kD和6.37, 与苹果(AB034993)、枇杷(GQ370520)、苦瓜(AF248734)、牡丹(DQ337250)、烟草(AY426755)和胡杨(AB033502) ACS基因核苷酸序列的相似性分别为74%、74%、72%、71%、70%和70%, 氨基酸序列的相似性分别为75%、74%、71%、71%、70%和74%。半定量RT-PCR分析表明, BnACS1基因在根、茎、茎尖、叶片、雌花和雄花中均有表达, 其中在根和雄花中表达较高, 在茎中表达最低。荧光定量PCR分析表明, BnACS1受ABA和干旱的诱导表达上调, 不受高盐诱导表达。     

柠檬F-box基因的克隆及表达分析

本研究以香水柠檬幼嫩叶片为材料,在前期通过De Novo技术获得的F-box基因片段基础上设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术成功克隆出长度为585 bp的F-box基因,命名为LFB1,该基因编码194个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列在N端具有F-box结构域,生物信息学分析表明:该蛋白分子量为48.94 k D,等电点:5.2。进化分析发现其与克里曼丁桔(Citrus clementina)聚在一起。q RT-PCR分析表明:该基因在植株的根、茎、嫩叶、老叶、花蕾、花苞、幼果、成熟果中均有表达,LFB1基因在组织中的表达量是:茎老叶根花蕾成熟果嫩叶幼果;在花的不同器官的表达分析,发现该基因在雄蕊中的表达量最高,其它组织则相对较低,在雄蕊中基因的表达量是其它组织的10倍左右;在逆境胁迫下,该基因的表达量发生明显变化,表明该基因与植株的生长发育、花粉的发育以及环境胁迫可能有着一定的关系。     

紫苏苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因片段克隆及序列分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶（Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）是迷迭香酸合成途径中苯丙氨酸支路的关键酶,它催化苯丙氨酸生成肉桂酸,完成该支路第一步反应。本实验利用同源克隆方法成功克隆了紫苏PAL基因cDNA片段,命名为PerPAL-1（GenBank登录号：HQ388347.1）,该片段长399 bp,编码133个氨基酸。通过氨基酸序列比对分析,发现其氨基酸序列与丹参和藿香PAL该片段的同源性分别高达96%和95%。PAL系统进化树表明PerPAL-1与唇形科植物的PAL亲缘关系最近。PerPAL-1基因在叶中表达最强,根中次之,而在茎中表达最弱。     

甘蓝KAPP编码基因的克隆与序列分析

采用PCR、RT-PCR及其他分子生物学方法,以甘蓝基因组DNA、花蕾RNA和叶片RNA为模板,分别对甘蓝KAPP gDNA和KAPP cDNA进行扩增,分别获得3247bp的KAPP gDNA片段、1699bp的KAPP cDNA片段、1578bp的花蕾KAPP2 cDNA片段和1581bp的叶片KAPP2cDNA片段。对克隆的甘蓝KAPP gDNA和cDNA(结合报道的KAPPcDNA)进行比对表明,甘蓝KAPP基因包含11个内含子,均符合"GU-AG"剪接规则,并且克隆得到的KAPP cDNA序列与报道的KAPP cDNA序列有6处单个碱基的差异,但两者的氨基酸序列完全一致。然而花蕾KAPP2 cDNA、叶片KAPP2 cDNA片段与报道的KAPP cDNA序列相似性分别为85.2%和85.0%。这两个序列分别在590bp和593bp处较早出现一个无义突变引起的终止密码子。Blast分析表明,两基因编码的氨基酸序列与拟南芥KAPP氨基酸序列相似性最高,其次为甘蓝KAPP氨基酸序列。以已报道的8种植物KAPP的CDS及本实验所克隆的两个KAPP2序列构建分子进化树,获得序列与甘蓝KAPP序列聚为一支。结合比较作图及分子进化树,推测KAPP基因在甘蓝基因组上有两个拷贝,而笔者克隆到的KAPP2 cDNA序列是其中一个拷贝,是KAPP进化过程中突变失活的拟基因。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.