河北省又取得一批农药植保类科研成果

<正>9.小麦抗叶锈病基因的分子标记研究单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省科技成果转化服务中心利用基因推导、抗病性遗传分析以及SSR分子标记技术对具有良好的综合农艺性状,但其所携带的抗叶锈基因尚不清楚的小麦品种毕麦16和Muu中的抗叶锈基因进行遗传特性研究;同时利用SRAP、c DNA-AFLP技术对小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr19和Lr41进行分子标记研究,结果如下:(1)毕麦16对叶锈菌生理小种FHTT的抗性由1对     

中国小麦LB0288中抗叶锈病基因的鉴定

明确中国小麦LB0288中所含的抗叶锈病基因,找到与其紧密连锁的DNA分子标记。将小麦LB0288和感病小麦品种Thatcher杂交,获得F1、F2代群体,用叶锈菌小FHTT分别对双亲及其杂交后代进行叶锈鉴定并进行标记分析。抗性鉴定结果表明F2代群体时呈现一对显性基因的抗感分离比例,经过亲本和抗感池间标记筛选以及F2代群体的标记检测,位于5DL的SSR标记barc144与抗病基因连锁,遗传距离为5.3 cM,同时Lr1的STS标记与之共分离,根据该基因的抗性特点和染色体位置推断为Lr1。此实验通过抗性鉴定、遗传分析和分子标记等手段确定LB0288中含有小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1。     

33个小麦品种(系)抗叶锈基因Lr19分子检测

由小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticinia)引起的小麦叶锈病在世界各地产麦区均有发生。利用抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、安全、有效的方法。小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr19是一个十分有效的抗叶锈性基因,自1966年首次将该基因从长穗偃麦草(Agropyron elongatum)转到普通小麦中,至今仍是一个应用潜力很大的抗病基因。本研究利用以PCR为基础的STS技术对以春小麦Thatcher为背景的50个近等基因系材料和TcLr19与Thatcher杂交F2小麦进行检测,并对33个小麦品种进行分子标记分析鉴定,结果如下:(1)对以春小麦Thatcher为背景的50个近等基因系材料和TcLr19×ThatcherF2代小麦进行PCR-STS检测,扩增结果表明在50个近等基因系材料中仅有TcLr19中出现一条130bp的DNA条带,STSLr19130标记在其他49个近等基因系材料中未检测到Lr19基因;F2代中表现感病的植株没有130bp的DNA片段,表现抗病的植株有130bp的DNA条带;重复两次结果相同,进一步证明了与小麦抗叶锈基因Lr19共分离的STS标记的稳定可靠。(2)利用以PCR为基础的STSLr19...     

小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr41基因的差异表达

为了研究与小麦抗叶锈病相关基因的表达情况,从分子水平阐明小麦的抗病机制.以Thatcher和Thatcher为遗传背景的小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr41为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP技术,开展了与小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr41相关的差异表达基因研究.共选用180对引物组合对Lr41差异表达的基因进行了分析,获得了61对能够在小麦近等基因系TcLr41和感病对照Thatcher之间扩增出差异条带的多态性引物.获得5对能够扩增出5条对小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr41具有特异性条带的引物,分别是P-AC/M-CAA、P-AG/M-CAT、P-AG/M-CCC、P-CC/M-CCA、P-GA/M-CAA.将重复性好的4条差异片段进行回收、克隆、测序,经序列同源性检索发现了1条与小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1编码蛋白同源性较高的序列,其他的3个序列功能未知,研究结果为探明TcLr41的抗病机制和进行该抗病基因的克隆奠定了基础.     

75份国内外小麦品种抗叶锈性鉴定及基因分析

为了挖掘小麦抗叶锈病基因,为我国小麦抗叶锈病遗传育种基因库提供更多的选择。选取了75份国内外小麦材料以及36份已知抗叶锈基因载体品种,将这些材料在苗期分别接种14个不同毒力的叶锈菌生理小种,分别鉴定这些不同毒力的生理小种在小麦材料上的发病严重程度;同时提取所有材料的新鲜叶片DNA,选取已经确定的抗叶锈病基因相关联的分子标记特异性引物对75份供试材料进行分子标记检测。结合以上2种方法,推测75份小麦材料中含有的抗叶锈病基因。结果显示,75份小麦材料中含有Lr1、Lr2a、Lr2c、Lr10、Lr11、Lr14a、Lr16、Lr18、Lr20、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37、Lr46这13种已知抗叶锈病基因,这些基因以单基因或多基因聚合的方式存在于小麦品种中。其中,Lr1基因和Lr46基因占比较大,分别高达43%,56%。这些基因单独存在于小麦材料中,并不能表现出良好的抗叶锈性;当几个或者多个基因共同存在于小麦材料中,可以表现出远远高于单一基因的抗叶锈性,与前人研究相符。通过分子标记检测到小麦材料大白春小麦S3中含有Lr1、Lr10和Lr46基因,温室苗期鉴定发现该材料对本研究的11种叶锈生...     

70份国外小麦品种(系)的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病鉴定

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种是最经济、有效和环保的方法。本研究用19个不同毒力的叶锈菌小种苗期接种70份国外引进小麦品种(系)及36个已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品种进行抗性鉴定,同时在2016—2017年度分别于河北保定和河南周口对70份国外引进品种进行田间抗叶锈性鉴定。为进一步检测材料中所携带的苗期和成株抗叶锈病基因,利用12个与已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行检测,综合基因推导、系谱分析和分子标记检测的结果,在33份材料中鉴定出15个抗叶锈病基因,包括Lr1、Lr2a、Lr26、Lr3ka、Lr11、Lr17、Lr30、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr2b、Lr13、Lr15、Lr21、Lr44和Lr45,田间鉴定筛选出39份品种表现慢锈性。苗期和田间表现表明,国外品种中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗叶锈病抗源在抗病育种中加以利用。     

NBS profiling技术在小麦抗叶锈病研究中的应用初探

为了研究NBS profiling技术在小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗叶锈病基因中应用的可行性,本研究选用15个小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系和感病亲本Thatcher为材料,建立NBS profiling体系,并进行多态性分析;同时选取含有成株抗叶锈病基因Lr35的近等基因系TcLr35和Thatcher为材料,进行cDNA NBSprofiling,从转录水平上寻找与目的基因Lr35相关的RGA片段.研究结果表明:基因组NBS profiling中所选的16对酶/引物组合中Mse Ⅰ/NBS2、Mse Ⅰ/NBS5和Mse Ⅰ/NBS7均得到了较好扩增结果,多态性高,多态性检出率分别为26.4％、26.4％和23.5％; cDNA NBS profiling中共筛选了52对酶/引物组合进行差异片段的扩增,有多对组合能成功揭示抗感间差异.NBS profiling技术可应用于小麦叶锈病抗病基因的研究中,为该技术在小麦抗叶锈病基因筛选及分子标记研究中的应用奠定了基础.     

河北省又取得一批植保农药类科研成果

<正>(接上期)10.利用同源序列克隆法发掘小麦抗病相关基因单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省科技成果转化服务中心课题以优良的小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr19为研究对象,以TcLr19、Thatcher及含有其它小麦抗叶锈病基因的近等基因系为材料,利用RT-PCR方法结合RACE技术,获得Lr19抗病相关基因cDNA全长,并对其进行基因结构和功能分析。研究结果:(1)获得了2个通读的NBS-LRR类小麦抗病同源基因S11A11和CIN14。BLASTp比较分析表明,S11A11和CIN14基因均含有NB-ARC保守结构域和多个LRR结构     

小麦抗病品系5R625抗叶锈病基因的分子鉴定

小麦品系5R625苗期和田间均对小麦叶锈病有良好抗性,但其所携带的抗病基因还不清楚。利用36个携带已知抗叶锈病基因的对照品系和15个中国小麦叶锈菌小种对5R625携带的抗病基因进行了苗期人工接种鉴定和基因推导,结果 5R625对这15个叶锈菌生理小种的侵染型与Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr28、Lr39、Lr47、Lr51、Lr53相同。利用5R625和感病品种郑州5389的杂交后代F1、F2和F2:3群体对5R625的抗病性进行了遗传分析,苗期和成株期的分析结果均表明5R625对小麦叶锈菌的抗性由1个显性基因控制。进一步利用F2:3家系和分子标记方法将该基因定位在3DL染色体上。与5R625携带的抗病基因连锁的5个分子标记中,STS标记24-16和SCAR标记OP-J09此前已经被证明与已知抗叶锈病基因Lr24共分离,因此,推测5R625携带的抗病基因与Lr24可能为同一基因。     

土耳其8个小麦品种农艺性状及抗叶锈性分析

为确定8个来自土耳其的普通小麦品种在我国的应用前景,对其进行全生育期农艺性状观察,并利用44个以Thatcher为背景的近等基因系(单基因系)作为已知基因的鉴别寄主,接种8个小麦叶锈菌致病型进行苗期抗叶锈基因推导,结合成株期抗病鉴定,初步明确了这些品种(系)的抗性和可能携带的抗病基因。利用20个与Lr基因紧密连锁或共分离的分子标记,对8个土耳其小麦品种进行抗叶锈病基因的进一步鉴定。推测YJ000900中可能含有Lr1、Lr3、Lr17、Lr20;YJ000906中可能含有Lr1、Lr17、Lr20;YJ000901、YJ000902、YJ000904、YJ000905、YJ000907中可能含有Lr1;8个材料中均不含Lr9、Lr19、Lr20、Lr21、Lr24、Lr26、Lr28、Lr29、Lr34、Lr35、Lr37、Lr38和Lr47基因。结果表明,来自土耳其的8个小麦材料具有较差的抗叶锈性、抗寒和抗倒伏能力,而且产量低,不适宜于大规模推广种植,也不能作为我国小麦抗叶锈的抗源使用。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio