药用菊花对菊花瘿蚊的抗性研究

以单株虫瘿量作为指标就我国常见的14种药用菊花对菊花瘿蚊的抗性进行鉴定,结果表明,祁菊为高感品种;怀小白菊、小亳菊为感虫品种;温茶菊、杭菊、大亳菊、贡黄菊为抗虫品种;贡白菊及3种野菊花等为高抗品种。抗性机制研究表明,菊花瘿蚊对不同菊花资源的产卵存在选择性差异。各菊花品种瘿蚊蛹重差异不大,但死亡率差异较大,存在抗生性差异。     

铜仁地区桑瘿蚊危害特点及措施

桑瘿蚊属双翅目、瘿蚊科,其主要为害桑树。通过近年来对田同大面积调查,桑瘿蚊已是铜仁地区桑园主要害虫之一,并呈严重趋势,在各地桑园为害率达100％,桑树株受害率为100％,芽被害率为80％左右,止芯率达50％左右。由于桑瘿蚊的严重为为害,造成夏、秋桑叶锐减,严重成胁铜仁地区夏、秋蚕饲养。为了有效防治桑瘿蚊,对铜仁市和松桃县桑瘿蚊的发生特点,发生规律及防治措施进行了调查,提出了防治措施。     

不同管理模式下阿拉尔枣园2种害虫发生规律调查

为了明确新疆阿拉尔市3种不同管理模式下枣园枣瘿蚊、枣叶螨的种群消长规律及危害,为其有效防治提供依据。2016年5月4日至8月31日,选取不同灌溉方式、不同结果方式和不同修剪方式3种枣园,采用五点取样法定时定点进行系统调查,确定了枣园枣瘿蚊幼虫全年发生高峰期,明确了3种管理模式枣园的枣瘿蚊和枣叶螨发生规律,为该地区制定害虫防治方案提供了参考。     

瘿蚊性信息素的研究进展

介绍了瘿蚊对农业造成的危害及其原因,讲述了瘿蚊性信息素的鉴定方法,分析了已发现的瘿蚊性信息素的化学结构,总结出瘿蚊性信息素是含有1~2个酰基的烷烃取代物,讲述了瘿蚊性信息素的田间生物学测定方法,并展望了我国瘿蚊性信息素的研究与应用前景。     

南疆小海子垦区枣瘿蚊和截形叶螨发生规律研究

采用田间定点定期调查的方法,研究了南疆小海子垦区枣棉间作田和红枣单作田枣瘿蚊与截形叶螨两种害虫田间发生规律。结果表明,小海子垦区枣瘿蚊和截形叶螨在枣棉间作田发生数量均高于红枣单作田,田间发生动态消长规律基本一致。该研究为南疆枣园害虫田间防治提供了科学依据。     

贵州梨主要病虫害调查及综合防治体系

通过调查研究,贵州省梨主要病虫害有梨黑星病、梨锈病、梨黄粉蚜、梨瘿蚊、梨木虱、梨小食心虫等。通过农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和低毒低残留化学农药综合防治试验,掌握了主要病虫害发生危害规律与防治最佳时机,筛选出有效防治梨病虫害的优质农药,在此基础上提出了无公害防治为主的贵州省梨病虫害综合防治技术体系。     

黄板不同悬挂高度诱集枣棉间作田主要害虫的效果研究

通过对不同悬挂高度的黄板在枣棉间作田主要害虫枣瘿蚊和棉蚜的诱虫数量进行调查分析。结果表明:黄板的悬挂高度不同,对枣瘿蚊成虫和棉蚜的诱集效果也不相同,随着黄板悬挂高度的升高,对枣瘿蚊、棉蚜的诱集数量总体呈下降趋势,下缘距地面20 cm黄板诱集数量最多,下缘距地面140 cm黄板诱集数量明显减少;在枣瘿蚊各代羽化盛期和棉蚜发生较多的时期,下缘距地面20 cm和140 cm的黄板诱集枣瘿蚊和棉蚜的数量均呈极显著性差异。     

飞机喷药防治枣瘿蚊效果及效益分析

通过对南疆地区4个县(市)的枣瘿蚊防治情况进行调查分析,结果表明,枣瘿蚊飞防费用低,仅为人工防治的十分之一,省时、省工、省药,可节约成本近200元/hm2。红枣枣瘿蚊飞机防治具有成本低、效率高的优势,飞机防治枣瘿蚊药剂喷施量低,喷雾均匀,具有良好的生态效益、社会效益及经济效益。     

普度大学和USDA发现小麦瘿蚊防治方法

美国农业部（USDA）和普度大学的研究者们宣布他们即将研究出小麦瘿蚊防治方法。他们通过测试其他植物受到小麦瘿蚊侵害后释放的毒性物质，模仿遗传改良植物的效果，从而无需花费大量的时间和精力来研发抗性植物。     

环境因子对高粱瘿蚊抗性表达的影响

高粱是半干旱热带地区一种重要的禾谷类作物。高粱提供了粮食、牧草和饲料；但是，由于害虫危害，农场高粱的籽粒产量一般较低。危害高粱的害虫达150余种，其中高粱瘿蚊的危害最重最广。已经鉴定出了几种抗高粱瘿蚊的基因型。然而，在近赤道的     

Breakdown of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett) is an important pest of grain sorghum worldwide. Several sources of resistance to sorghum midge have been identified in the world sorghum germplasm collection, of which some lines show a susceptible reaction in Kenya. Therefore, we studied the insect density damage relationships for a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible sorghum genotypes, and variation in association of glume and grain characteristics with expression of resistance to sorghum midge. AF 28 and IS 8891 showed resistance to sorghum midge both in India and Kenya; DJ 6514 and ICSV 197, which are highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, showed a susceptible reaction at Alupe, Kenya. Sorghum midge damage in general was greater in Kenya than that observed in India at the same level of midge density suggesting that the breakdown of resistance in Kenya is due to factors other than insect density. Glume length, glume breadth, and glume area were positively associated with susceptibility to sorghum midge at both locations. However, under natural infestation, the correlation coefficients were stronger in India than in Kenya. Grain mass at 3 and 6 days after anthesis was positively associated with susceptibility to midge in India, but did not show any association with midge damage in Kenya. Grain growth rate between 3 and 6 days after anthesis was more strongly correlated with susceptibility to midge in Kenya than in India. Variation in the reaction of sorghum genotypes across locations may be partly due to the influence of environment on association between glume and grain characteristics with susceptibility to sorghum midge, in addition to the possible differences in midge populations in different geographical regions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola in Sorghum bicolor

Sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) is the most important pest of grain sorghum worldwide, and plant resistance is an important component for the control of this pest. To identify sorghum genotypes with diverse mechanisms of resistance to sorghum midge, we studied oviposition, larval survival, and midge damage in 27 sorghum midge-resistant genotypes, and a susceptible check under greenhouse conditions. Observations were also recorded on floral characteristics and compensation in grain mass. Of the 28 sorghum genotypes tested, 19 showed high levels of antixenosis to oviposition as a component of resistance, and had <20% spikelets with eggs when infested with 10 or 25 sorghum midge females per panicle under no-choice conditions in the headcage. Genotypes IS 8887, IS 10712, IS 21873, IS 21881, ICSV745, and QL 39 showed antibiosis as one of the components of resistance. Lines IS 7005, IS 10712, IS 18563, IS 21873, IS 21881, PM 15936-2,ICSV 197, and ICSV 745 showed <20% spikelets with eggs, larvae,or, midge damaged chaffy spikelets across infestation levels, compared with >80% midge damaged spikelets in QL 12 - the susceptible check. Genotypes showing resistance to sorghum midge have smaller glumes than the susceptible check, QL 12. However, IS 7005, IS 18653, and ICSV745 have relatively large sized glumes, but suffered <20% midge damage suggesting that factors other than glume size also contribute to midge resistance in sorghum. Fourteen genotypes showed >20% compensation in grain mass when the panicles were reduced to 250 spikelets and infested with 10 or 25 midges per panicle. There is considerable diversity in sorghum genotypes showing resistance to sorghum midge. Genotypes with diverse combination of characteristics associated with resistance to sorghum midge can be used in breeding programs to broaden the genetic base and increase the levels of resistance to this insect. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

菊花精油化学成分及其抗菌保鲜活性的研究进展

菊花为药食同源植物,其精油含量丰富。菊花精油化学成分主要有萜类、酚类、酯类、醛类、酮类和醇类化合物,其中一些成分对抗菌发挥着重要的作用,在食品保鲜领域具有潜在应用价值。文中综述了菊花不同部位精油化学成分组成、菊花精油的抗菌机理和保鲜作用,以期为菊花精油在抗菌和保鲜领域的研究和应用提供科学参考。     

Variation in inheritance of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola across locations in India and Kenya

Sorghum midge [Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett)] is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host plant resistance is one of the important components for the management of this pest. We studied the inheritance of resistance to this insect involving a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genotypes in India and Kenya. Testers IS 15107, TAM 2566, and DJ 6514, which were highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, showed a greater susceptibility to this insect in Kenya. The maintainer lines ICSB 88019 and ICSB 88020 were highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, but showed a susceptible reaction in Kenya; while ICSB 42 was susceptible at both the locations. General combining ability (GCA) effects for susceptibility to sorghum midge for ICSA 88019 and ICSA 88020 were significant and negative in India, but such effects were non-significant in Kenya. The GCA effects of ICSB 42 for susceptibility to sorghum midge were significant and positive at both the locations. The GCA effects were significant and positive for Swarna, and such effects for IS 15107 and TAM 2566 were negative at both the locations. GCA effect of DJ 6514 were significant and negative in India, but non-significant and positive in Kenya; while those of AF 28 were significant and positive during the 1994 season in India, but significant and negative in Kenya. Inheritance of resistance to sorghum midge is largely governed by additive type of gene action. Testers showing resistance to sorghum midge in India and/or Kenya did not combine with ICSA 88019 and ICSA 88020 to produce midge-resistant hybrids in Kenya. Therefore, it is essential to transfer location specific resistance into both parents to produce midge-resistant hybrids.     

Effect of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sorghum on host plant interaction with sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola

Summary Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum worldwide. We studied the reaction of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genic-cytoplasmic male-sterile (A-lines) and their maintainers (B-lines), and the effect of resistant and susceptible restorers on sorghum midge. Midge damage and adult emergence were significantly lower on the B-lines of midge-resistant genotypes (PM 7061 and PM 7068) than their corresponding A-lines, while the reverse was true for the midge-susceptible genotypes (296A and ICSA 42). Differences in midge damage and the number of midges emerged were not significant between the midge-resistant and midge-susceptible A-lines when infested without pollination (except midge emergence on PM 7061A). Pollination with a midge-resistant restorer (DJ6541) reduced midge emergence significantly in one of two seasons. Source of pollen did not influence midge emergence on the highly-resistant A-line, PM 7061A. The implications of these observations in the development of midge-resistant hybrids were discussed.     

Cytoplasmic male-sterility and source of pollen influence the expression of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis (Contarinia) sorghicola (Coquillett), is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host plant resistance is an important aspect of control of this pest. This research investigated how cytoplasmic male-sterility and source of pollen influence the expression of resistance to sorghum midge. Sorghum midge emergence was significantly lower in panicles of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible cytoplasmic male-sterile lines when pollinated with AF 28 - a midge-resistant restorer line, than those pollinated with Swarna - a midge susceptible restorer line, indicating the presence of xenia effects. Maintainer lines (B-lines) of midge-resistant parents had significantly lower numbers of eggs and larvae than the B-lines of midge-susceptible parents. Male-sterile lines of the both midge-resistant and midge-susceptible lines were equally susceptible, indicating that resistance to sorghum midge is influenced by factors in the cytoplasm of the B-line. These findings will have an important bearing on the production of hybrids with resistance to insects. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海南菊花种质资源初步调查及其在海南发展前景的分析

采用实地调查和查阅文献资料相结合的方法,对海南部分市县的菊花种质资源的种类和分布情况进行调查研究。结果表明,1、以海口市的菊花品种较为丰富;其他市县的菊花品种较单一,但分布较集中;2、海南菊花的花色以黄色为主,占46.81%,其他花色数量较少,部分可作为名优品种资源予以保存。最后分析认为菊花在海南具有广阔的发展前景。     

地被菊花粉生活力测定及影响因素研究

花粉生活力的高低直接影响地被菊杂交育种效率的高低或成败.快速准确测定不同地被菊品种的花粉生活力,可为正确选择杂交组合和授粉时间等提供参考依据,也是保证杂交育种顺利进行的关键.采用ME3液体培养基为基本培养基,探讨了地被菊花粉离体萌发的培养时间、适宜培养基和影响花粉生活力的主要因素,结果表明:花粉离体培养后90 min,...     

日中性菊花及其分子育种前景

日中性菊花是指在适合菊花生长的正常温度范围内,在长日照或短日照条件下均能顺利进行花芽分化和花芽发育的菊花品种。本文在日中性菊花概念界定的基础上,对其品种选育、开花生理因素及遗传特性等方面的研究进行综述,阐明了植物日中性的形成机理是与光周期相关基因的异位表达导致下游成花基因FT表达量在不受日长影响下均能达到成花所需的阈值有关,并就日中性菊花的培育和分子育种研究的方向进行展望,为日中性菊花新品种培育和生产应用提供借鉴。     

Genetic analysis and pyramiding of two gall midge resistance genes (Gm-2 and Gm-6t) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) is a major pest across much of south and southeast Asia. This pest is genetically diverse and many gall midge biotypes are known to exist in each country. During the last three decades, host plant resistance has proved to be the most effective mechanism of controlling the Asian rice gall midge. Seven genes conditioning resistance to gall midge larvae have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa) and are being used in cultivar improvement programs. However, some of these genes are rendered ineffective by new gall midge biotypes. Increased understanding of genetics, inheritance, allelic relationships and linkage is necessary to maximise the durability of major gene resistance by the pyramiding of these genes. The two genes, Gm-2 and Gm-6(t), are known to confer resistance against a number of biotypes in India and China, respectively. An F₃ population derived from a cross between Duokang #1 (donor of Gm-6(t)) and Phalguna (donor of Gm-2) was screened against Chinese gall midge biotype 4 at Guangdong, China, and Indian gall midge biotype 1 at Raipur, India. At each location, separately,a single gene governed resistance. The parallel segregation of 417 F₃progenies for both biotypes at two locations revealed that recombination had occurred between the two genes, establishing that the two genes are not allelic. However, the two genes Gm-2 and Gm-6(t), were found to be linked with a distance of ∼16.3 cM. A number of lines homozygous at one locus and segregating for the other locus were identified and selected. These lines were selfed to obtain lines homozygous for the favourable alleles at both loci (two locus pyramids). This is the first report on use of conventional host-pest interaction method for pyramiding two closely located Gm-resistance loci of dissimilar effects. The implications of deployment of these pyramids within and across country borders, with reference to the prevailing gall midge populations are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.