杂交水稻叶片叶龄判断方法示意图

杂交水稻叶片叶龄判断方法示意图分为３个阶段，在秧田期，可根据秧苗种谷方向来判断秧苗叶龄；分蘖期叶龄，可根据第１双零叶、第１类葫芦叶和植伤叶３种特征综合判断；幼穗分化期最后３片叶，可根据第２双零叶、第２类葫芦叶和伸长叶枕距进行判断。根据示意图指导杂交水稻叶片叶龄的判断，准确可靠，简明易行。     

杂交水稻叶龄叶片判断方法的研究与应用

１９８２－１９９４年对３７个杂交水稻组合和杂交制种亲本品种进行了观察结果表明：杂交水稻植株外观形态特征－双零叶、葫芦叶、植伤叶和伸长叶枕距是判断杂交水稻叶片叶龄的依据。     

杂交水稻幼穗分化时期的判断

提出了３种杂交水稻幼穗分化时期判断的新方法。杂交水稻幼穗分化前后出现的双零叶、葫芦叶和伸长叶枕距可作为判断幼穗分化８个时期的植株形态特征标志     

基因型和氮肥对冬小麦叶片形态建成和分蘖的影响

于１９９８～１９９９年在浙江大学华家池校区实验农场进行了田间试验，研究基因型和环境对小麦叶片形态建成和分蘖的影响。试验由３个基因型（浙麦１号，ＺＡＵ９７－２，扬麦５号）和３种氮肥水平（０，１２０，２４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）的９种组合处理组成。主茎各叶片长度，除第１、９和１０外，基因型之间差异显著，叶片宽度随叶位高度而增加，各叶片面积的变化与叶长基本一致，第１至５叶集资增加，第６叶明显减小，第７叶又逐渐     

基因型和氮肥对冬小麦叶片形态建成和分蘖的影响

于１９９８～１９９９ 年在浙江大学华家池校区实验农场进行了田间试验,研究基因型和环境对小麦叶片形态建成和分蘖的影响。试验由３ 个基因型（浙麦１ 号,ＺＡＵ９７－２,扬麦５ 号）和３ 种氮肥水平（０,１２０,２４０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２）的９ 种组合处理组成。主茎各叶片长度,除第１、９ 和１０ 外,基因型之间差异显著,叶片宽度随叶位高度而增加,各叶片面积的变化与叶长基本一致,第１ 至５ 叶依次增加,第６ 叶明显减小,第７ 叶又逐渐递增;单株分蘖数和分蘖消长动态因基因型而异。氮对叶片形态有明显影响,但除旗叶外,Ｎ１２０ 和Ｎ２４０ 两种氮水平之间叶长无显著差异。氮对分蘖的发生影响较小,但能显著促进其后的生长。基因型和氮肥对叶片形态和分蘖的影响存在着一定的互作效应。     

水稻葫芦叶特征在大田生产上应用

水稻分蘖期出现的第一类葫芦叶与幼穗分化期出现的第二类葫芦叶,可作为判断水稻大田叶龄和水稻生育进程的诊断指标,能判断杂交制种父母本幼穗分化8期进行花期预测和调节,并能作为水稻科学施肥和田间管理的依据。     

棉花叶面积快速测定法

棉花叶面积测定有直接和间接两种办法。直接测法有:求积仪法、方格法、长宽系数法、直接描叶(或晒图)法,以及光电测叶面积仪等。其中求积仪、光电测叶面积仪、直接描叶法,需要采摘叶片。方格法和长宽系数法可在田间测量活体。但都需要将棉     

高粱单叶对籽粒产量贡献率的研究

采用去叶法用贡献率指标确定出高粱最大功能叶为上数第５叶,这个最大功能叶具有明显的位置效应。各叶位在对籽粒产量共同起作用地,每一叶位都存在不同程度的补偿效应,这种补偿效应的大小因叶片功能强弱而异,叶片功能强所得到的补偿效应低。抽穗前贮存在茎鞘中的光合产物的输出率也因叶片功能强弱而异,叶片功能强,输出则少。     

旱季咖啡不同品种叶龄和叶位的气孔阻力

在旱季大田条件下对３个咖啡品种（系）叶片气孔阻力进行了研究，结果表明：气孔阻力的日变化，除小粒种Ｓ＿（２８８）的向阳叶气孔在睛天的中午有关闭现象外，各品种（系）的荫蔽叶和向阳叶基本上呈“Ｕ”字型。种间气孔阻力的大小顺序荫蔽叶和向阳叶均为Ｓ＿（２８８）＞２４－１１＞２１。回归分析结果表明，影响叶片气孔阻力的主要环境因子是太阳辐射。叶龄和叶位对气孔阻力有影响，叶序上气孔阻力的大小顺序为中粒种３叶＜１、２叶＜４、５、６叶，小粒种３叶＜２、４叶＜５、１、６叶。     

测定棉叶光合强度改良半叶法的再改良

改良半叶法测定棉叶光合强度是在经典半叶法基础上改进而成的。该法比经典半叶法简单、误差相对较小。然而,改良半叶法仍存在不少问题。一是棉花叶柄木质化程度低,叶柄易折断,常规的热烫、剥割等处理     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.