DA—6对甜菊叶片糖苷含量和组分影响研究

培育丰产、优质、高糖苷含量的甜菊新品种是关系甜菊资源利用的主要课题。本研究以３种不同浓度（２０×１０－６、３０×１０－６和４０×１０－６）ＤＡ－６处理甜菊叶片,不同时间（处理后７ｄ,１４ｄ和２１ｄ）取材,应用重量法测定总糖苷含量,ＨＰＬＣ分离检测两种主要糖苷组分（ＳＳ和ＲＡ）,显示ＤＡ—６对叶片总糖苷含量及主要组分的影响均呈一定的浓度效应和时间效应,并由此而筛选出有利于生产合适的ＤＡ—６处理方法。     

荧光法测定果蔬中的叶酸

果蔬中叶酸用热沸偏磷酸提取，活性炭吸附，氨一乙醇液洗脱，达到提取分离较完全之目的。经净化后的叶酸提取液在酸性介质中，与高锰酸钾氧化后生成α－氨基－４－羟基蝶啶－６－羧酸，在浓度０－１０＾－１０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内，其荧光强度与溶液浓度成正相关，回收率在９５％以上，相对偏差小于２．５％，结果满意。     

亚麻微生物脱胶技术的研究──Ⅱ．脱胶菌株的鉴定

脱胶菌Ｋｅ３４和Ｌｅ１０能在３５℃有氧条件于普通琼脂（即营养琼脂）培养基上生长。早期菌落为不规则圆形，表面暗淡，不透明、粘稠、周边不整；后期菌落出现皱褶、干燥、乳白色。普通肉汤内产生有皱纹的菌膜，振之不碎散，菌液不浑浊，无沉淀。菌体均为革兰氏（Ｇｒａｍ＇ｓ）阳性，杆状，散在，大小：Ｋｅ３４为０·６－０·９×２·４－３·５μｍ，Ｌｅ１０为０．６－０．８×２．１－３．３μｍ；产生芽孢，中生或偏中生，不使菌体明显膨大，大小：Ｋｅ３４为０．５－０．８×１．０－１．６μｍ；Ｌｅ１０为０．５－０．ｇ×１．１－１．６μｍ；萄萄糖琼脂上的幼龄菌，美兰淡染着色均一；它们均能运动。生理生化：均在７％ＮａＣｌ中生长，石蕊牛奶不产酸、胨化，ｐＨＳ．７生长，Ｖ－Ｐ反应阳性，水解淀粉，硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐，好氧生长，不利用两酸盐等。因此对它们种的鉴定为芽孢杆菌属的枯草芽孢杆菌。     

汕优6216

汕优６２１６（珍汕９７Ａ／丽恢６２１６）是浙江省丽水地区农科所采用回交法经多代选育而得到的新恢复系丽恢６２１６与珍汕９７Ａ组配得到的晚杂新组合。１９９２年４月通过浙江省品种审定。１产量表现该组合于１９８８年参加浙江省晚条联品试验，平均亩产为４８５．９ｋｇ，比对照汕优６号增产７．５％；１９８９～１９９０年通过浙江省晚杂区试，平均亩产为３９４．４４ｋｇ，比对照汕优６号增产８．４２％，居参试组合第二位；１９９０～１９９１年通过全国籼型晚杂区试，两年亩产４４７．７ｋｇ，比对照汕优桂３３增产６．５９％，居…     

适制乌龙茶品种茶树田间光合特性

采用ｃｌ－３０１ＣＯ２气体分析仪,以福鼎大白茶为对照,对６个适制乌龙茶品种壮年茶树的单叶光合特性,进行田间不离体测定。结果表明：乌龙茶品种茶树平均净光合速率为７．６６μｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１;它与光饱和点１５５３．５μｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１、光补偿点４７．１μｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１、胞间ＣＯ２浓度１６４．３×１０－６均呈负相关。其中,三倍体良种——梅占的净光合速率最高,而光饱和点、光补偿点和胞间ＣＯ２浓度最低,可选为高光效育种的亲本。     

湘北地区中迟熟父本夏制改春制配套技术

湘北地区中迟熟父本制种夏制改春制能减小制种风险，改善种子外观品质，提高经济效益，父本通过旱育秧或划行点播６育秧能提早播期，从而提前始穗，实现“春制－晚杂－油菜”种植模式的安全运转，介绍了春制父本旱育秧和划行点播育秧的具体技术措施。     

钾素供应水平与甘蔗吸收效应研究

通过钾素供应水平与甘蔗苗期基部混合组织、＋３叶片、＋５叶鞘含钾量以及蔗茎产量之间的关系研究表明：甘蔗幼嫩组织含钾量因土壤供钾水平不同而存在明显差异，株龄３～４月时，＋３叶片全钾及＋５叶鞘汁液水溶性钾含量与土壤速效钾供应水平有显著的相关性。在正常供水条件下（叶片水分含量＞６５％，叶鞘水分含量＞８０％），当苗期基部混合组织汁液水溶性Ｋ＜１７００×１０－６，伸长期＋３叶片全钾（干基）＜１．３５％、＋５叶鞘汁液水溶性Ｋ＜６５０×１０－６时，提高钾素供应水平，蔗株组织含钾量和蔗茎产量都随之提高。这些组织含钾量能反映出钾素营养供应的丰缺状况。     

花生应用绿色植物生长调节剂效应研究初报

绿色植物生长调节剂ＡＢＴ生根粉在花生上用于浸种,效果显著。６ 号、７ 号、８号分别使用１０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １、２０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和３０ ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １均比对照增产,其中８ 号使用２０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和３０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １增产２３８５％ ～２６６８％ ,使用７ 号３０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和使用６ 号１０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １增产１７３４％ ～１９４３％ ,使用７ 号１０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和使用６ 号２０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １增产１２８２％ ～１４８５％ ,增产增收均极为显著。     

无毒化学去雄剂PCZ在小麦上的应用

采用无毒化学到雄剂ＰＣＺ的两种剂型ＰＣＺ－２和ＰＣＺ－４，于小麦主茎旗叶抽出１／２时以４个不同浓度叶面喷施。小麦自交结实率低于１０％、异交结实率高于５０％的深度和剂量：ＰＣＺ－２的浓度为０．５％，每有效穗用量为０．４、０．６和０．８ｍｌ以及浓度为０．６％。用量０．４ｍｌ；ＰＣＺ－４的浓度为０．５％，用量０．６ｍｌ。２品种３个施用时期的试验表明，两剂型的最佳施药时期皆为主茎旗叶抽出１／２时，不同品种     

保花肥对母本柱头外露及结实率的影响

Ｖ２０Ａ在幼穗发育５－６期亩施尿素５－６ｋｇ和钾肥３－５ｋｇ作保花肥，可提高母本柱头外露率１５％左右，可使异交结实率提高１０．８％－１７％。产量增加１０％以上。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.