聊城地区光温因素与棉花单株铃数的通径分析

通径分析表明，聊城地区８月份日照时数对棉花单株铃数的直接影响最大（ｄｙ．ｘ４＝０５２６５）；７月份降水对棉花单株铃数的直接影响也很大（ｄｙ．ｘ３＝０４０５５）；８月份降水（ｄｙ．ｘ５＝０２８１１），７月份平均气温（ｄｙ．ｘ２＝０１４２８）对棉花单株铃数产生的直接影响，８月份日照时数通过８月份降水（ｄｙ．ｘ４ｘ５＝０２７１７），７月份平均气温通过８月份日照时数（ｄｙ．ｘ２ｘ４＝０１９７３），６月份平均气温通过８月份降水（ｄｙ．ｘ４ｘ５＝０１４９３）对棉花单株铃数的间接影响都较大。     

甜荞叶龄模式,叶片生长速度与叶形指数

甜荞叶片生长规律；第１￣１０层叶龄生育模式的回归方程为ｙ＝４．３３＋３．１４ｘ。叶片长宽与面积从下至上逐叶增大，第４叶最大，第４叶往上逐渐减少，顶部叶最小。叶形指数的变化民叶大小的变化趋势相反，以顶部叶片最大小的第３叶最小。     

泾阳棉区棉花产量与光温因素的通径分析

分析表明，泾阳棉区皮棉单产与６月份的平均气温呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７４＊）；与６月份日照时数呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７８＊）；与８月份的平均气温呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８４＊＊）；５～９月份的降雨对泾阳棉区棉花高产属不利因素。通径分析结果，８月份的平均气温对皮棉产量的直接影响最大（ｄｙ·ｘ２＝０．３４３９４２）；６月份的平均气温通过８月份的平均气温对皮棉产量产生的间接影响（ｄｙ·ｘ１ｘ２＝０．１４９３１４）和６月份的平均气温通过６月份的日照时数对皮棉产量产生的间接影响（ｄｙ·ｘ２ｘ３＝０．１４８０６５）相似，且都较大。     

鄂棉18产量构成因子分析及高产栽培方向探讨

根据１９９０～１９９１年湖北省棉花品种区域试验及本所棉花高产栽培试验资料，应用偏相关及多元回归分析了鄂棉１８的产量与产量构成因子的关系，并用通径分析法计算了影响产量的三个主导因子（密度、单株铃数及铃重）对产量的各自作用。结果表明，鄂棉１８产量构成四因子与产量间，有着极显著的正负相关关系，可用多元回归方程表示为：ｙ＝－４７８１．６４２７＋２９．０３８１ｘ１＋５７．６１３３ｘ２＋４４３．２７３４ｘ３＋３７．１４５７ｘ４（Ｒ＝０．８５６９＊＊），最优回归方程为：ｙ＝－３４２１．４０９４＋３０．７０２５ｘ１＋５７．４２ｘ２＋４６９．８０７１ｘ３（Ｒ＝０．８３４０＊＊）；影响棉花产量三个主导因子对产量的直接作用为：棉铃数（０．７２２６）＞密度（０．５９０３）＞铃重（０．５１５４）。因此，鄂棉１８的高产栽培应在合理密植的基础上，以力争单株铃数兼顾铃重为主攻方向     

棉花体细胞愈伤组织诱导和增殖期间某些代谢产物的动态变化

对诱导起始到胚分化整个过程中的愈伤组织的代谢物质进行生理生化分析，得到如下结果：可溶性糖和淀粉含量随着培养天数增加逐渐下降，下降趋势分别符合方程ｙ＝１．０５２７－０．００５９ｘ，ｙ＝２．３４２－０．０１１４ｘ；蛋白质和核酸含量随着培养天数增加逐渐上升，上升趋势分别符合方程：ｙ＝０．２６１＋０．００５４ｘ，ｙ＝０．３２９＋０．００２３ｘ。     

祁门红茶化学评审的定量分析

用方差、逐步多元回归及通径分析等数理统计方法，探讨了祁门红茶感官品质与化学成分间的相互关系。结果表明：祁红感官品质（ｙ）和各化学成分（ｘｉ）间的最优多元线性方程为ｙ＝－１３３．４２０５＋１１．６９４２ｘ２（氨基酸，％）＋４０．６１７３ｘ３（全氮量，％）－３．４３５７ｘ４（茶多酚，％）。其中，对祁红感官品质影响最大的化学成分是全氮量，其次为氨基酸，第三为茶多酚。用此方程可对祁红品质作近似评价     

红麻田杂草防除临界期及生态经济阈值的研究

本文通过对红麻播种后不同时期人工除草的保产效果及不同杂草密度所致麻皮产量损失率进行了田间试验，结果表明，杂草密度（ｘ）与红麻麻皮产量损失率（ｙ）为指数函数曲线，定量关系为ｙ＝９０．１８６８ｅ－２５．００８／ｘ（ｒ＝－０．９９４５＊），杂草的生态经济阈值为ｘ＝２５．００８ｌｎ（Ｃ＋ＦＥ）／ｌｎ９０．１８６８ＮＶＥ（株／０．１１米２），红麻与杂草的竞争临界期为红麻播后２５—３４天，红麻田杂草防除临界期和生态经济阈值模型的确立为生产上经济除草，保持生态平衡提供了科学依据。     

四倍体马铃薯（S．Tuberosum）核型分析

东农３０３（Ｓ．Ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ）核型为：２＝４ｘ＝４８＝５×（４）＋５×（４）ＳＭ＋１×（４）ＳＴ＋１×［（２）ＳＴ＋（２）］，组型为：２ｎ＝４ｘ＝１１Ⅳ＋＋（１Ⅱ＋１Ⅱ）＝５Ｍ（Ｂ、Ｅ、Ｇ、Ｋ、Ｌ）＋５ＳＭ（Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｈ、Ｊ）＋１ＳＴ（Ⅰ）＋１［（Ｔ＋ＳＴ）（Ｆ）］。Ｓ４－５－３－６－５－１－５０－（１０）（Ｓ．Ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ）核型为：２ｎ＝４ｘ＝４８＝４×（４）Ｍ＋６×（４）ＳＭ＋１×（４）ＳＴ＋１×［（２）ＳＴ＋（２）Ｔ］，组型为：２ｎ＝４ｘ＝１１Ⅳ＋（１Ⅱ＋１Ⅱ）＝４Ｍ（Ｅ、Ｇ、Ｋ、Ｌ）＋６ＳＭ（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ，Ｄ、Ｈ、Ｊ）＋１ＳＴ（Ⅰ）＋１［（Ｔ＋ＳＴ）（Ｆ）］。Ａ组与Ｆ组带有髓体，两份供试材料的对应组中染色体略有分化，但基本一致。     

黄果西番莲的染色体核型分析

用正红花油预处理、无解离涂片和Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色的方法对黄果西番莲的染色体核型进行观察和分析，其核型为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１８＝１２ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ；按Ｓｔｅｂｂｉｎｓ核型分类标准，属于２Ａ型。     

棉花苗期桃蚜为害损失及防治指标研究初报

桃蚜（ＭｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅＳｕｌｚｅｒ）是甘肃棉区棉花苗期的优势种群。自５月中旬迁入杯田，６月中旬为发生高峰期，此后数量锐减。桃蚜为害棉花后主要导致荷铃脱落率增加，总铃数下降而减产，对棉花品质无显著影响。苗期单株蚜量ｘ与产量损失率ｙ的关系式为：ｙ＝７．４４８８＋０．０４７４９ｘ（ｒ＝０．９８１￣）。提出甘肃河西地区苗期桃蚜的防治指标为百株蚜量４０００头。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).