中国3种旧大陆猴TRIMCyp嵌合基因的存在状况及基因特性研究

本研究应用PCR方法检测了中国3种旧大陆猴(恒河猴、食蟹猴及藏酋猴)的TRIMCyp嵌合基因型个体的存在状况,并首次发现携带TRIMCyp嵌合基因中国品系恒河猴。同时本实验应用建立RT-PCR方法在mRNA水平上进一步检测了恒河猴和食蟹猴的TRIMCyp嵌合基因序列和特性。其编码的融合蛋白TRIMCyp丧失了对HIV-1复制的限制功能,推测具有该基因型旧大陆猴对HIV-1更易感,可用于建立新型的艾滋病非人灵长类动物模型。本研究结果将促进逆转录病毒跨种间传播的研究和建立HIV-1易感非人灵长类动物模型。     

非人灵长类动物慢性肾病模型研究进展

慢性肾病(Chronic kindey disease,CKD)作为高发病率、低防治率的常见疾病之一,目前尚无非人灵长类动物在CKD模型中应用的进展报告。建立CKD模型的非人灵长类动物主要是猕猴属中恒河猴、食蟹猴和豚尾猴3种。从造模方式看,主要采用的方法有诱导性模型和自发性模型两种。诱导型造模可分为药物诱导、免疫诱导、重金属化合物诱导、辐射损伤、生物诱导等不同方法。从肾脏病理改变看,有以肾小球病理改变为主,如猪尾猴疟原虫、牛丙种球蛋白等诱导者;有以肾小管病理改变为主,如氯化镉、顺铂等诱导者;有兼顾肾小球和肾小管损伤,如猴免疫缺陷病毒(SHIV)诱导者。为利用非人灵长类动物进行CKD相关研究提供了方法学汇总,具有一定参考价值。     

丰容对圈养东黑白疣猴行为的影响

笔者对红山森林动物园灵长2馆和3馆现有的1只成年雄性东黑白疣猴、4只成年雌性东黑白疣猴、3只亚成年东黑白疣猴(2015年繁殖的3只亚成年疣猴均为雌性,2016年繁殖的2只亚成年疣猴为1雌1雄未做观察)进行行为观察。为了提高动物福利,为野生动物提供优良的生活环境,最大限度地利用笼舍,笔者对疣猴的笼舍进行了丰容。本文对此次丰容进行了介绍、探讨和总结,希望对相关圈养灵长类动物的丰容提供帮助。     

恒河猴胚泡着床期的妊娠诊断

本文综合国内外相关研究进展,初步探讨了采用特异性生物分子(β-MCG、LIF)的检测技术和多普勒超声影像技术对恒河猴胚泡着床期妊娠进行无创伤性确诊的方法,为建立胚泡着床机理研究的灵长类动物模型提供参考资料。     

上海生科院实现转基因食蟹猴加速传代

<正>9月15日,Cell Research期刊在线发表了中国科学院上海生命科学研究院神经科学研究所灵长类研究平台的研究论文:Generation of macaques with sperm derived from juvenile monkey testicular xenografts。该研究通过精巢移植实现了食蟹猴精巢提早成熟,并利用移植精巢组织内生成的精子成功获得了健康的食蟹猴后代。非人灵长类动物,作为最接近于人的模式动物,在基础研究和生物医药研究领域有重要的地     

第1只转基因灵长类动物产生

美国科学家已成功得到第 1只转基因灵长类动物罗猴 ( rhesus)。这只猴被命名为 ANDi(即 inserted DNA的倒拼 ) ,是用反转录病毒载体介导的转基因方法产生的 ,所转的外源基因是作为标记基因的绿色荧光蛋白基因。在过去 ,转基因小鼠为人类的许多疾病提供了研究模型 ,但由于小鼠与人的亲缘关系较远 ,因此转基因猴的建立可望弥补转基因小鼠动物模型的一些不足 ,加快某些人类顽疾的研究进程第1只转基因灵长类动物产生@郭志儒     

人工圈养条件下亚成体黑叶猴的习性

正黑叶猴属灵长目、猴科、疣猴亚族、叶猴族,是国家一级保护珍稀灵长类动物,野生黑叶猴分布地域狭小,数量很少,仅产于广西、贵州。为了了解黑叶猴对圈养环境的适应性,2013年11月—2014年12月,在广西南宁市动物园旧疣猴馆观察记录了圈养亚成体黑叶猴在采食、饮水、休息、修饰、运动等方面的习性。该群体黑叶猴的生活环境分为运     

集约化饲养条件下实验猴寄生虫感染状况调查

<正>非人灵长类动物和人亲缘关系接近,基因同源性高达75%~98.5%,是人类疾病理想的动物模型。近年来,随着生物医药的快速发展,对高品质实验猴的需求迅猛增加,刺激实验猴养殖业蓬勃发展。目前,我国已成为实验猴资源和出口大国,人工养殖实验猴规模居世界之首。随着实验猴养殖的集约化程度提高,寄生虫感染已成为困扰行业发展的一个技术难题。多年来,国内对实验猴寄生虫感染情况已有报道[1-3],但至今尚无     

猴嗜T淋巴白血病病毒研究进展

猴嗜T淋巴白血病病毒（simian T-cell lymphotropic virus,STLV）是非特定病原体（SPF）猴必须排除的病毒之一,是非人灵长类动物的一种重要的逆转录病毒,其潜伏期较长,非人灵长类动物感染了这一病毒在很长时间内无明显临床症状。目前,STLV已经遍布全球的非人灵长类,并可分为3种类型。研究证明STLV与非人灵长类动物的T淋巴白血病和淋巴肿瘤有关,其主要传播方式是通过血液传播。作者主要介绍了STLV的病毒学特点、流行及检测方法等的研究进展。     

实验猕猴和食蟹猴规模化饲养管理

灵长类动物是现代生物医学研究中重要的实验动物,随着生物医学的不断发展,科研工作者对实验猕猴和食蟹猴的数量和质量要求不断提高。中国猕猴和食蟹猴饲养仍处于初级阶段,正在向规模化饲养发展。规模化饲赛妻求饲养场的选址、场内布局和猴舍建设合理,科学地进行饲养繁殖,详细做好个体标记和档案管理,并做好常见疾病如传染病、寄生虫病、外伤和腹泻等疾病防治工作。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein