后喷涂液体添加剂配制注意事项

随着饲料原料品种的增加、动物营养研究的不断深入以及对饲料产品质量要求的不断提高,加工工艺也相应的需要提高和完善,以减少饲料成本,提高饲料报酬,并符合绿色环保的要求。 后喷涂,即将热敏性营养物质(如维生素、氨基酸、酶、微生物及药物等)添加设置在热加工工序的后面,避免热敏性损失,同时也可有效地减少交叉污染。本文就后喷涂液体添加剂的原料及配制技术提出一些看法。     

饲料液体后喷涂技术研究进展

<正>随着饲料工业的发展,人们对饲料品质的要求越来越高,越来越多的动物营养专家认识到饲料中添加液体添加剂的优越性,开始广泛使用液体添加剂。但许多重要的热敏性营养成分,如维生素、酶制剂等,在高强度的调质、膨化和制粒等加工中受到很大程度的破坏,这些热敏性成分以液体形式和其它液体原料一起在饲料产品外部进行喷涂或称为后添加,以避免在"湿热"加工中的损失,目前液体喷涂是当今饲料加工技术重要发展潮流之一。     

影响饲料后喷涂工艺效果的几项因素

随着饲料厂越来越多地采用高温短时加工设备，如制粒机、膨化机，深度调质器以及通用熟化制粒机等，饲料中大部分的维生素、酶制剂和微生态制剂等热敏性组分受到严重破坏，造成饲料配方变动。同时，采用前置添加，容易导致饲料厂药物类添加剂的交叉污染。为了减少有效成分的损失，降低药物的交叉污染，保证饲料的品质，人们开始采用制粒后颗粒表面液体喷涂工艺。     

硬颗粒饲料真空喷涂工艺研究

饲料的加工过程中在真空喷涂技术主要是用于饲料组成成分(如油脂或糖蜜)的添加,特别是膨化颗粒饲料的液体组成成分添加。当下对于此类工艺的研究报道较多,但是对于颗粒饲料表面热敏性添加剂真空喷涂技术的研究不多,特别是将维生素和酶制剂二者相结合做成乳化剂后再喷涂到硬颗粒饲料上的研究未见报道。文章对硬颗粒饲料真空喷涂工艺进行了研究,旨在为饲料行业提供经验参考。     

硬颗粒饲料真空喷涂工艺研究

真空喷涂技术在饲料的加工过程中主要是用于饲料组成成分(如油脂或糖蜜)的添加,特别是对于膨化颗粒饲料的液体组成成分添加。当下对于此类工艺的研究报道较多,但是真正对于颗粒饲料表面热敏性添加剂真空喷涂技术的研究不多,特别是将维生素和酶制剂二者相结合做成乳化剂后再喷涂到硬颗粒饲料上的研究未见报道。文章对硬颗粒饲料真空喷涂工艺进行了研究,旨在为饲料行业提供经验参考。     

硬颗粒饲料真空喷涂工艺研究

真空喷涂技术在饲料的加工过程中主要是用于饲料组成成分(如油脂或糖蜜)的添加,特别是对于膨化颗粒饲料的液体组成成分添加。当下对于此类工艺的研究报道较多,但是真正对于颗粒饲料表面热敏性添加剂真空喷涂技术的研究不多,特别是将维生素和酶制剂二者相结合做成乳化剂后再喷涂到硬颗粒饲料上的研究未见报道。文章对硬颗粒饲料真空喷涂工艺进行了研究,旨在为饲料行业提供经验参考。     

液体饲料补充料真空后喷涂技术的研究

随着动物营养研究的不断深入,一些饲料中油脂添加量不断提高,而一般液体表面后喷涂技术无法满足生产某些更高能量饲料的要求。为了解决这一问题,国外开始采用液体真空后喷涂工艺。这种工艺可以大幅度提高液体(主要为油脂)喷涂比例,并能确保液体均匀喷涂,为生产高能量饲料提供了一种经济有效的工艺手段。本文就液体真空后喷涂系统的原理及优越性、影响液体真空后喷涂质量的因素、液体真空后喷涂系统及其设备等有关问题作一简述。     

酶制剂的后置添加技术

饲料安全是关系到食品安全和群众利益的一件大事，是全社会关注的热点。酶制剂作为一种新型“绿色”环保饲料添加剂，正在逐步替代抗生素等药物添加剂。但饲料在制粒、膨化过程中由于温度、压力和水分的作用，使酶制剂的活性遭到严重的破坏。液体酶制剂后置添加技术作为一种新型饲料加工工艺可以很好地解决由于热加工而带来的酶制剂等热敏性微量组分的损失问题。阐述了酶制剂活性在制粒、膨化过程中活性所受到的破坏，并介绍了酶制剂后置添加技术及其相关问题。     

液体菌种喷涂设备在饲料生产中的应用

文章综述了液体菌种喷涂设备的技术方案、工作原理以及在饲料生产工艺流程中的布置,旨在为设计设备和为饲料加工设备选用和安装提供参考。     

颗粒饲料的滚筒式液体添加与喷涂技术的创新和应用

在饲料中添加适量的液体原料,可以保护饲料中的有效活性成分,提高饲料能量,改善饲料适口性,提高动物的采食量等,但在成粒前添加量一般不能超过4%,否则会导致后续制粒效果差,而成粒后在滚筒式液体喷涂机中添加液体饲料的比例可达到8%,较适用于有高油脂含量需求的饲料。对于滚筒式液体喷涂机而言,不仅需要有较高比例的液体添加量,还需要有较大的添加范围。常规的滚筒式液体喷涂机的喷涂比例一般在1%~8%,而成粒后的颗粒饲料可能需要进行微量元素的喷涂,喷涂比例1%,但需要较高的喷涂均匀度。实现系统的全自动控制以及颗粒饲料的计量准确性尤为重要。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.