苹果黑星病菌的早期分子检测

苹果黑星病(Venturia inaequalis)是中国苹果产区的重要病害之一,为了建立该病原菌的早期快速检测技术,筛选出了对苹果黑星病菌具有特异性的PCR引物.利用这对引物能从苹果黑星病菌基因组DNA中扩增出一条分子量为190 bp的特异性条带,准确地把苹果斑点落叶病、苹果褐斑病和苹果白粉病等常发性苹果叶斑病害区分开.采用改进的CTAB法,快速提取发病叶片组织的DNA,并结合PCR检测技术,可从苹果黑星病显症叶片以及未显症而处于潜育期的叶片组织中特异性地检测到苹果黑星病菌.结果表明,建立的苹果黑星病菌分子检测方法,可用于该病害的早期快速分子诊断.     

叶施钙、硼对苹果果实糖含量及叶片矿质元素的影响

为探究叶面喷施Ca、B后苹果果实糖含量和叶片中P、K增加的原因,分别以20年生富士/八楞和一年生的富士/SH6嫁接苗为试材,前者在座果期(盛花期后10d)叶面喷施10.00g/L的CaCl_2、果实迅速生长期(盛花后85d)叶面喷施1.05g/L的Na_2B_4O_7,之后测定叶片光合作用、叶片与果实的矿质元素及相关糖含量、叶片6-磷酸-山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)活性;后者在嫁接苗长到6月时叶面分别涂抹10.00g/L的CaCl_2和1.05g/L的Na_2B_4O_7,之后测定叶片光合作用、矿质元素。结果显示:1)喷施Ca、B后,从盛花后85d开始,叶片S6PDH活性增强、山梨醇含量增加,果实中的果糖和总糖含量在生长后期也显著增加;2)Ca、B处理后,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著加强;3)在涂抹Ca、B后,叶片中其他矿质元素Mn、Zn、Cu、K也显著增加。上述结果表明,喷施Ca、B能够提高苹果叶片光合作用,进而通过增加光合产物来提高果实的糖含量;Ca、B加强了叶片蒸腾作用,使得其他矿质元素可能随着蒸腾流运输到叶片而得到增加。     

黄土塬区不同生育期小麦光合性能及茎流速率变化规律

通过陕西长武黄土塬区的田间品种试验,就2个小麦品种拔节期和开花期的叶面积指数、光合性能和茎流速率日变化做了研究,并对蒸腾速率(Tr)和茎流速率之间的相关性做了分析。结果表明:2个品种的叶面积指数开花期大于拔节期,陕麦893大于郑农16;叶片光合速率(Pn)拔节期呈现先升高后下降再升高和下降的双峰曲线模式,开花期呈现单峰曲线;Tr日变化在不同时期基本上都呈现先升高后降低的趋势,拔节期的值大于开花期;同时拔节期和开花期的茎流速率日变化也都呈现先升高后下降的趋势;陕麦893的产量为4 093.0kg/hm2,大于郑农16(3 464.5kg/hm2)。对不同时期日茎流速率和叶片Tr变化进行时间同步性相关分析得出,茎秆茎流速率比叶片的Tr滞后。     

苹果褐斑病在山东半岛中部的周年流行动态

【目的】褐斑病是中国苹果叶部的重要病害,主要导致苹果树早期大量落叶。研究旨在明确褐斑病的周年发生动态,确定病害的关键防治时期,为病害的流行预测和防控提供参考。【方法】2009和2010年3-7月份,每隔15 d自山东莱阳和青岛两地的苹果园内定期采集落地病叶,随机挑取病叶正面的子实体,镜检已形成拟分生孢子和子囊孢子的子实体,依据拟分生孢子盘和子囊盘在子实体中所占百分率,分析越冬病菌的发育动态。2008-2010年6-10月份,在山东莱阳和青岛的果园内,每隔15 d定树定枝系统调查同一批枝条上所有叶片的发病率和落叶率,将系统调查数据拟合逻辑斯蒂模型,获得能描述褐斑病发病动态的模型参数。2010和2012年9-11月份,每隔10 d从苹果树上随机摘取具有典型症状的苹果褐斑病叶,切取分生孢子盘,镜检分生孢子盘上小型孢子和分生孢子各占的比率,根据小型孢子在分生孢子盘上所占的相对比率的变化,分析褐斑病菌的发育动态。【结果】苹果褐斑病菌在越冬病叶上能产生拟分生孢子和子囊孢子两种类型的孢子。拟分生孢子于3月初至6月底形成,高峰期出现在5月中旬。自苹果树萌芽期开始,拟分生孢子就可以随雨水溅散传播,侵染树体下部叶片。拟分生孢子侵染的叶片,大部分于6月底之前脱落,对褐斑病后期流行作用不大。子囊孢子于5月中旬至6月底成熟,可以随气流传播侵染树体上部叶片,是导致苹果褐斑病后期流行的主要初侵染菌源。子囊孢子侵染的叶片自7月上中旬开始发病,初侵染形成的病叶率低于2%。7月份,初侵染病斑大量产孢,并进行再侵染,病原菌不断积累,7月底病叶率可增长至5%左右。8月份,初侵染病斑和再侵染病斑大量发病,并产孢侵染,导致病叶率迅速增加。8月下旬褐斑病发病达高峰期,12 d后形成落叶高峰。6-9月份苹果褐斑病的累积病叶率和累积落叶率随时间的变化动态可用逻辑斯蒂模型描述。进入9月份,褐斑病菌开始产生小型孢子（性孢子）,小型孢子在分生孢子盘上所占比率呈直线增长。10月份褐斑病菌逐渐停止产生分生孢子,进入越冬预备期。【结论】苹果褐斑病在山东半岛中部的周年流行动态可划分为4个阶段：自苹果萌芽至6月底为褐斑病菌的初侵染期。其中5月下旬到6月底是子囊孢子的初侵染期,也是全年防治褐斑病的第1个关键时期。7月份为褐斑病的指数增长期,也是全年防治褐斑病的第2个关键时期。8-9月份是褐斑病的逻辑斯蒂增长期,也是褐斑病的盛发期。10月份褐斑病菌进入越冬预备期。     

山定子抗褐斑病菌侵染的细胞学研究

为揭示山定子抗褐斑菌机制,运用透射电子显微技术,观察苹果褐斑菌(Diplocarpon mali)侵染不同抗性材料的细胞超微结构变化特点。结果表明,接种3d和5d,山定子细胞核逐渐凝集,叶绿体和线粒体等细胞器逐渐降解,而接种相同时间的‘富士’细胞超微结构变化程度较山定子严重。接种5d,‘富士’病健交界以及距病健交界2cm、4cm的细胞核凝集和细胞器结构畸形程度均比山定子严重,且距发病部位越近则‘富士’和山定子叶片细胞核凝集及线粒体降解程度越严重。表明,接种部位山定子细胞超微结构变化较‘富士’推迟,与发病部位相邻的未发病部位细胞死亡程度较‘富士’轻,推测山定子的抗性可能与细胞超微结构变化的推迟和减弱相关。     

条锈菌侵染后田间小麦植株蒸腾作用的变化

以条中29号小种（CY-29）诱发接种小麦感病品种辉县红，采用LI-6200型光合系统仪对小麦发病旗叶蒸腾作用的日变化进行监测。结果表明，不同严重度小麦病叶蒸腾作用的日变化明显不同。轻度病叶（严重度为5%）蒸腾作用的日变化趋势与健叶接近，蒸腾速率（Tp)表现出以上午10：00-12：00时为最大值的单峰曲线，午后剧烈降低；气孔导度（Gs)在上午10：00时达全天最大值，之后迅速降至低水平；叶片扩散阻力（LDR）在午前稳定在较低水平，午后迅速升高，16：00时达全天最大值；与健叶相比，轻度病叶相对含水量（RWC）未发生明显的变化，仍可有效控制水分的蒸腾散失。中度病叶（严重度为40%）和重度病叶（严重度为80%）蒸腾作用的日变化与健叶明显不同，病叶蒸腾速率在午前大幅升高，至12：00时达全天最大值，午后一直维持很高的蒸腾水平；病叶在全天保持很高的气孔导度，组织相对含水量在千后大幅降低，完全失去了控制水分散失的能力，水分平衡受到了严重的破坏。     

棉黄萎病对棉叶脯氨酸含量及光合蒸腾作用的影响

抗病品种陕1155、陕2059与感病品种泗棉2号、冀棉11号之间,经统计分析表明,病情指数差异显著(p<0.05).用磺基水扬酸法测定不同抗性棉花叶片游离脯氨酸含量,接种后感病品种泗棉2号,冀棉11号含量显著高于抗病品种陕1155和陕2059(P<0.05).2个抗病品种之间和2个感病品种之间差异不显著.测定不同发病程度棉苗的光合与蒸腾作用表明,接菌后的棉苗即使不表现症状,净光合率也显著下降(P<0.01),病棉苗比健棉苗净光合率下降90%～96%.病棉苗的气孔传导使蒸腾速率显著下降(P<0.01),但发病程度与气孔传导和蒸腾速率之间无显著相关.叶片气孔阻力随棉苗的病情发展呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05).     

Detection of target spot and bacterial spot diseases in tomato using UAV-based and benchtop-based hyperspectral imaging techniques

Early and accurate diagnosis is a critical first step in mitigating losses caused by plant diseases. An incorrect diagnosis can lead to improper management decisions, such as selection of the wrong chemical application that could potentially result in further reduced crop health and yield. In tomato, initial disease symptoms may be similar even if caused by different pathogens, for example early lesions of target spot (TS) caused by the fungus Corynespora cassicola and bacterial spot (BS) caused by Xanthomonas perforans. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (380–1020 nm) was utilized in laboratory and field (collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle; UAV) settings to detect both diseases. Tomato leaves were classified into four categories: healthy, asymptomatic, early and late disease development stages. Thirty-five spectral vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated to select an optimum set of indices for disease detection and identification. Two classification methods were utilized: (i) multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP), and (ii) stepwise discriminant analysis (STDA). Best wavebands selection was considered in blue (408–420 nm), red (630–650 nm) and red edge (730–750 nm). The most significant VIs that could distinguish between healthy leaves and diseased leaves were the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) for both diseases, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI850) for BS in all stages, and the triangular vegetation index (TVI), NDVI850 and chlorophyll index green (Chl green) for TS asymptomatic, TS early and TS late disease stage respectively. The MLP classification method had an accuracy of 99%, for both BS and TS, under field (UAV-based) and laboratory conditions.

     

苹果褐斑病潜育动态

【目的】褐斑病是导致苹果早期落叶的主要病害。研究旨在通过调查褐斑病的流行规律,为制定综合防治方案提供理论依据。【方法】2011和2012年,将褐斑病菌（Diplocarpon mali）分生孢子悬浮液分4-6次喷雾接种于富士苹果各龄期的叶片,接种后观测记录每个接种叶片第1个病斑出现的时间,每3 d观测一次,依此计算褐斑病在富士叶片上的平均潜育期、最短潜育期和显症历期。接种期间用全自动气象站,每30 min记录接种苹果树附近的气温、降雨量和相对湿度。【结果】苹果褐斑病在富士苹果叶片上的平均潜育期23.8 d;最短潜育期为8-20 d,平均为13.6 d;显症历期为12-54 d,平均为31.3 d。在显症历期内,不同的时期显症病斑数不同。6、7月份接种叶片比8月份接种叶片的最短潜育期和显症历期长。防雨棚内培育叶片的最短潜育期和显症历期长于自然条件下培育的叶片的最短潜育期和显症历期。苹果褐斑病在基部老龄叶片上潜育期短,在代谢旺盛的梢部叶片上潜育期长。苹果生长前期（6、7月份）接种叶片的潜育期显著的长于生长后期（8、9月份）接种叶片的潜育期。【结论】苹果褐斑病的显症是一个动态的过程,其潜育时间和显症历期都相对较长。除取决于病原与寄主的组合外,苹果褐斑病潜育时间和显症历期的长短主要受叶片龄期、衰老程度和生理状态,即叶片抗病性的影响。6-9月份是苹果褐斑病的主要发病期,在此期间气温对褐斑病潜育期的影响不大,而降雨和高湿能促进病斑显症。在褐斑病菌侵染后的15 d,甚至20 d内,使用内吸治疗性杀菌剂能抑制绝大部分潜育期病斑发病。     

基于图像处理的葡萄霜霉病单叶严重度自动分级方法

为了实现植物病害严重度的精确测定和自动分级,克服目前病害严重度肉眼观测存在主观随意的缺陷,以葡萄霜霉病发病叶片为研究对象,提出一种基于图像处理技术的病害单叶严重度自动分级方法。经对完整的叶部病害正投影图像进行处理,利用K_means聚类算法自动准确地将叶片区域和发病区域分别分割出来,通过像素统计的方法提取叶片和发病区域的面积特征,从而精确地计算出发病区域所占叶片总面积的百分比,并根据分级标准给出病害严重度级别。利用该方法对葡萄霜霉病样本进行测试结果表明,该方法能够精确地估计病害严重度,对葡萄霜霉病发病叶片严重度判断的准确率为93.33%。     

Estimation of tea leaf blight severity in natural scene images

Tea leaf blight (TLB) is a common tea disease seriously affecting the quality and yield of tea. An accurate estimation of TLB severity can be used to guide tea farmers to reasonably spray pesticides. This study proposes an estimation method for TLB severity in natural scene images and consists of four main steps: segmentation of the diseased leaves, area fitting of the diseased leaves, segmentation of the disease spots, and estimation of disease severity. Target leaves with TLB in the tea images are segmented by combining the U-Net network and fully connected conditional random field to reduce the influence of complex background. An ellipse restoration method is proposed to generate an elliptic mask to fit the full size of the occluded or damaged TLB leaves. The disease spot regions are segmented from the TLB leaves by a support vector machine classifier to calculate the Initial Disease Severity (IDS) index. The IDS index, color features, and texture features of the TLB leaves are inputted into the metric learning model to finally estimated disease severity. Experimental results show that the proposed method has higher estimation accuracy and stronger robustness against occluded and damaged TLB leaves compared with conventional convolution neural network methods and classical machine learning techniques.

     

秦冠、富士苹果杂交后代抗早期落叶病的遗传分析

采用秦冠、富士杂交F1代,对苹果早期落叶病的抗性遗传倾向进行研究。结果表明,杂交F1代斑点病的遗传倾向在不同年份表现一致,病情指数由小到大依次为秦冠×富士<富士×秦冠,而褐斑病的遗传倾向在不同组合不同年份表现不一致。秦冠、富士杂交F1代的斑点病病情指数均值略高于或低于亲中值,表明秦冠、富士杂交后代抗斑点病的遗传中加性效应较大,在后代中选择抗病单株潜力大。褐斑病病情指数均高于亲中值,表明褐斑病遗传中非加性效应占有较大比重。     

花生品种对疮痂病抗性及其机制的研究

【目的】研究花生栽培品种对疮痂病的抗性差异，为品种抗性鉴定和利用提供科学依据。【方法】用病菌孢子悬液对32份品种作田间接种鉴定，对不同叶位病情做调查；用不同病级叶片作酶活性和丙二醛含量测定。对8份品种作表皮组织显微计测和病程观察。【结果】粤油5号等11份表现感病；濮花16等10份为中感；淮花8号等8份和徐花8号等3份则为中抗和抗病。抗病型品种（MR-R）顶端嫩叶发病率0～23.8%，Ⅴ、Ⅵ级病叶比率0；感病型品种（MS-S）则分别为84%～100%和10.7%～37.1%。随着叶片病害逐级加重，POD活性和MDA含量相应上升；CAT和SOD活性则呈下降趋势。不同品种皮层结构差异决定对疮痂病抗性，抗病品种具较厚的角质层，叶片气孔较少；且病菌潜育期长，产生病斑少，果荚带菌率低。【结论】主栽泉花10号等感病品种表皮角质层薄，嫩叶气孔多，病菌潜育期短，产生病斑数多，释放孢子量大，这是导致该病流行的首要因素。     

盐胁迫下赤霉素对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究外源GA3对盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,添加不同质量浓度GA3的各处理,其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均显著高于NaCl胁迫处理,其中以100mg/L GA3处理的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数最高,幼苗的叶面积、根长、根冠比也最大,同时叶片中叶绿素含量最高,幼苗叶片的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)及蒸腾速率(Tr)等均达到最大;而当赤霉素的质量浓度为50mg/L时,叶片中的POD活性为2 005U/(g·min),达最大值。     

钾肥对直播密植枣园幼龄骏枣光合特性的影响

以新疆阿拉尔垦区典型的直播密植栽培模式下的骏枣为试材,研究钾肥施用量、施用时期以及施肥方式等对骏枣叶片叶绿素含量及光合特性的影响。结果表明,增施钾肥整体上提高骏枣叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率（P_n）和瞬时水分利用率(WUE),且以果实膨大期追施30 kg/667m和叶面肥喷施w=0.6%的钾肥处理效果较好。坐果期施钾肥显著提高WUE,但降低叶片蒸腾速率（T_r）,其他参数指标差异不显著。说明施肥时期对骏枣叶片的光合特性影响较小。同时,骏枣叶片的叶绿素含量与其光合能力存在显著正相关。     

Ultrasonic Acoustic Emissions from Leaf Xylem of Potted Wheat Subject to a Soil Drought and Rewatering Cycle

Ultrasonic acoustic emissions （AEs） from leaf xylem of both water stressed and well watered potted winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） plants during drought and rewatering cycle were investigated with a ‘PCI-2 Based AE System＇ （Physical Acoustics Corp. New Jersey, USA） for estimation of leaf xylem cavitation and embolism. Very few AEs occurred in xylem of wheat leaves in well-watered plant, and also in plant subject to mild and moderate soil water stress conditions over the first 4 d of the drought cycle. Great amounts of AEs have occurred since d 5 of the drought cycle as plant showed obvious leaf curling, indicating significant cavitation in leaf xylem on plant exposed to severe soil water deficit. At this point, relative soil water content （RSWC） and leaf xylem pressure （ψ1） dropped to 24.0-26.5% and -1.92 MPa, respectively, with reductions in leaf stomatal conductance （gs）, leaf transpiration （Tr） and leaf CO2 assimilation rate （A） of as much as 69.8, 60.7 and 46.5%, respectively. The effect of soil water deficit was in the order gs 〉 Tr 〉 A 〉 AE. Waveform physical property parameters such as amplitude, counts, rise time, duration, absolute energy and signal strength were analyzed. These parameters varied within very broad ranges, with frequency distribution of most parameters being well fitted by the exponential function y = yo- A exp （-x/t）. The proportion of stronger AE signals rose as soil dehydrated. While AEs occurrence in water stressed plant remained higher than in well-watered control at the following day after rewatering, waveform signal strength and related physical property parameters dropped immediately to that of control. Difference in AEs occurrence characterization between field-grown and potted wheat leaves was discussed.     

Analysis of spectral difference between the foreside and backside of leaves in yellow rust disease detection for winter wheat

Disease detection by means of hyperspectral reflectance is inevitably influenced by the spectral difference between foreside (adaxial surface) and backside (abaxial surface) of a leaf. Taking yellow rust disease in winter wheat as an example, the spectral differences between the foreside and backside of healthy and diseased wheat leaves at both jointing stage and grain filling stage were investigated based on spectral measurements with a large sample size. The spectral difference between leaf orientations was found to be confused with disease signals to some extent. Firstly, the original bands and spectral features (SFs) that were sensitive to the disease were identified through a correlation analysis. Then, to eliminate the influence of leaf orientation, a pairwise t test was used to screen for the orientation insensitive bands and SFs. By conducting an overlapping procedure, the bands/SFs that were sensitive to the disease yet insensitive to the leaf orientations were selected and tested for disease detection. The results suggested that the Ref_{525–745 nm}, Ref_{1060–1068 nm}, DEP920–1120, DEP1070–1320, AREA1070–1320, SR and NDVI at the jointing stage, and the Ref_{606–697 nm}, Ref_{740–752 nm}, WID550–770, SR, NDVI, GNDVI, RDVI, GI and MCARI at the grain filling stage were capable of eliminating the influence of leaf orientation, and were retained for disease detection. Given these features, models based on the partial least square regression analysis showed a better performance at the grain filling stage, with the R ² of 0.854 and RMSE of 0.104. This result indicated that reliable estimation of disease severity can be made until the grain filling stage. In the future, more attention should be given to leaf orientation when detecting disease at the canopy level.     

运用投影寻踪法建立苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型

[目的]运用投影寻踪回归分析法建立苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型,为更方便更好地预测苹果树蒸腾量提供指导。[方法]根据2009年5～9月气象站观测数据,对气温、相对湿度、风速、太阳辐射、大气压、土壤温度、叶温和水面蒸发量进行分析,并应用投影寻踪回归分析法建立了各气象因子与苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型。[结果]气象数据分析表明,大气水势随着气温增高呈减小的趋势,但随着气温降低和湿度增加而增加。气温、净辐射与作物叶水势均呈抛物线关系。随着净辐射的增大,作物消耗的水量增大,叶水势降低。由叶水势与土壤含水率关系可知,当土壤含水率减少时,苹果根系难以吸收到足够的水分,不能满足叶片蒸腾耗水的需求,导致叶片含水量偏低,叶水势也随着下降。苹果叶水势随着土壤含水率的降低而降低。[结论]运用投影寻踪回归分析法建立了气象因子对苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型,且预测精度较高。     

矮化砧及对应中间砧苹果叶片光合对光照和CO2响应的模型模拟与评价

为了阐明矮化砧木调控苹果叶片光合作用对光照度和CO₂响应的机制,筛选适宜的苹果叶片光合模型,以8 a生''长富2号''苹果为试材,设置4 种砧木处理：M9、M26、M9/八棱海棠和M26/八棱海棠。结果表明：各个模型均可用于模拟不同砧木苹果叶片光合-光响应（P_n-PAR）和光合-二氧化碳（P_n-CO₂）响应过程,决定系数（R）均大于0.99。非直角双曲线模型（NRH）对M9/八棱海棠和M26/八棱海棠叶片的P_n-PAR曲线模拟的R最大,均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对误差（MAE）最小,直角双曲线修正模型（MRH）对M9和M26叶片的P_n-PAR曲线模拟的R最大,RMSE和MAE最小,且MRH模型对各处理的P_n-CO₂曲线模拟精度最高。与实测值相比,基于MRH模型的光合参数估计值相对误差最小,且获得的参数信息最全面,NRH模型次之。M26和M26/八棱海棠的初始量子效率、最大净光合速率、光饱和点、羧化效率、光呼吸速率高于M9和M9/八棱海棠,而光补偿点、CO₂补偿点、暗呼吸速率低于M9和M9/八棱海棠,说明M26对弱光和低CO₂浓度的利用效率高,耐弱光能力强,呼吸消耗少。结论：基于叶片尺度光合模型的砧木光合能力评价可优先考虑使用NRH和MRH模型。M26在作为基砧及中间砧的叶片光合能力优于M9。     

苹果MdcyMDH过量表达对光合、激素和生长的影响

【目的】获得过量表达苹果细胞质苹果酸脱氢酶基因（MdcyMDH）的苹果植株,评价其过量表达对转基因株系生长的影响,并通过光合特性和和激素水平来探讨其调控生长的机理,为进一步揭示该基因调控生长发育的机制奠定基础。【方法】从苹果叶片中克隆MdcyMDH编码区,连接植物表达载体pBI121,转化农杆菌LBA4404;利用农杆菌侵染‘嘎啦’苹果叶片,通过叶片再生的方法获得MdcyMDH过表达的转基因苹果株系。以分化的苹果组培苗叶片为材料,提取基因组DNA,利用来自35S启动子和转化基因序列的引物,通过PCR初步筛选转基因株系;然后,提取初筛的转基因苹果组培苗叶片RNA,分别采用半定量和荧光定量PCR的方法检测MdcyMDH表达量,来确定MdcyMDH过表达株系。以继代培养40和60 d的野生型和转基因苹果组培苗为材料,进行生根处理,30 d后测定MdcyMDH过表达对组培苗表型以及株高、叶片数量、根重等生长参数的影响。以驯化的、在大田生长一年的野生型和转基因苹果苗为材料,测定叶片光合参数和叶绿素含量的变化;以组培苗为材料,利用液质联用仪测定叶片内源激素含量的变化。【结果】以苹果叶片基因组DNA为材料,PCR初步筛选获得了3个转基因株系,即Line 2、Line 3和Line 4;半定量和荧光定量PCR检测发现Line 2和Line 4中MdcyMDH表达量分别比野生型提高了12倍和5倍,因此确定以上两个株系为MdcyMDH过表达株系。此外,MdcyMDH过量表达也提高了叶绿体苹果酸脱氢酶基因（MdchMDH）表达量。组培苗生根培养30 d后,MdcyMDH过表达对转基因株系的株高、叶数目、茎粗度、地上部重量未造成显著性影响,但小幅提高了转基因株系的株高和地上部总重量;与野生型相比,MdcyMDH过量表达显著提高了根系的重量和总鲜重。MdcyMDH过表达显著提高了转基因株系的光合速率,Line 2和4光合速率分别提高了13.2%和15.1%;转基因株系的蒸腾速率和气孔导度总体上都有显著性提高,但其胞间CO₂浓度显著降低;MdcyMDH过量表达显著提高了叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量,与对照相比,Line 2和4株系叶绿素总含量分别提高了20.4%和15.9%。叶片激素含量测定表明,MdcyMDH过量表达显著抑制了ABA水平,其含量约为对照的1/2。【结论】MdcyMDH过量表达通过提高光合能力和降低ABA水平促进了转基因苹果组培苗的生长,尤其是促进了生根。