冻融作用对黑土重金属Zn形态转化的影响

通过对重金属Zn污染的黑土进行冻融频次和不同含水量的实验研究得到,随着冻融次数的增加,重金属Zn交换态含量,铁锰氧化物结合态含量和有机结合态含量均呈不同程度的降低趋势,残渣态含量明显增加,表明冻融作用可使土壤重金属Zn生物有效态含量降低。重金属Zn各赋存形态含量与土壤所经历的冻融次数之间呈二次多项式的函数关系,相关系数在0.948和0.988之间。随着土壤含水量的增加,冻融作用对重金属Zn交换态含量影响不大,铁锰氧化物结合态含量降低,有机结合态含量增加,而残渣态含量明显增加。     

有机质对冻融黑土重金属Zn赋存形态的影响

冻融作用对不同有机质含量的土壤重金属Zn赋存形态转化产生显著影响,以24h为1个冻融周期,对150mg(Zn)·kg-1的黑土冻融8次,结果表明,随着有机质含量的增加,未经冻融土壤的交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn含量逐渐降低,有机结合态Zn含量逐渐增加,残渣态Zn含量变化不显著。冻融作用可促进交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn含量降低,促进有机结合态和残渣态Zn含量增加。随着土壤有机质含量的增加,冻融作用使重金属Zn生物有效态含量降低。通过有机质含量与各形态Zn含量拟合,在未冻融和冻融条件下,各形态Zn含量与有机质含量之间呈二次多项式的函数关系,相关系数r2在0.664和0.995之间。     

油菜连作及施用堆肥对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室土培盆栽试验,研究了重金属镉污染土壤上连作油菜及施用堆肥对土壤中镉赋存形态及生物有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）在油菜连作体系下,施用堆肥显著降低油菜地上部镉含量。施用堆肥改变了土壤镉赋存形态,显著降低土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量而增加土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量,从而降低土壤镉的生物有效性。（2）在相同堆肥处理下,种植两茬油菜后的土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量与不种植油菜的处理相比显著降低;而土壤硫化物及有机结合态镉含量较对照有所上升,种植油菜对土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉和残渣态含量影响不显著,但是不同积累镉能力油菜朱苍花籽和川油Ⅱ-93之间对土壤镉形态的影响差异不显著。     

秸秆炭化后还田对不同镉污染农田土壤中镉生物有效性和赋存形态的影响

通过土壤培养试验和生物盆栽试验,研究不同镉污染土壤上作物秸秆炭化后还田对不同镉污染土壤中镉的赋存形态和生物有效性影响,结果表明：在碱性的镉污染土壤上,秸秆炭化后还田降低了玉米地上部生物量,但对玉米地上部镉含量和镉吸收量无显著影响;在酸性的模拟镉污染土壤上秸秆炭化后还田对玉米生长无影响,但还田含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭显著增加了玉米地上部镉含量和镉吸收量;还田不含镉的玉米秸秆黑炭对镉污染土壤中DTPA提取态镉含量没有明显影响,但还田含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭显著增加了镉污染土壤中DTPA提取态镉含量;施用含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭增加了镉污染土壤中水溶和交换态镉含量;施用玉米和油菜秸秆黑炭均显著降低了模拟镉污染土壤中水溶和交换态镉含量;增加了松有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态和紧有机结合态镉含量;模拟镉污染土壤施用玉米和油菜秸秆黑炭6个月后土壤中水溶和交换态镉仍然是土壤镉的主要赋存形态,水溶和交换态镉占土壤全镉的70%以上。综合以上结果可知,秸秆黑炭不能降低污染土壤中镉的生物有效性和植物对土壤镉的吸收量。     

有机物料对土壤中外源镉形态与生物有效性的影响研究

盆栽试验研究稻草与紫云英对土壤中外源Cd形态及其生物有效性的影响结果表明 ,添加稻草与紫云英可降低水稻分蘖期潮土和红壤交换态镉含量 ,且二者在不同土壤的影响不同。 2种有机物料在水稻分蘖期固定作用并不稳定 ,随时间的推移 ,氧化锰结合态和紧有机质结合态吸附的镉将随紧有机质的分解和活性锰的还原被释放出来 ,并向交换态镉转化 ,提高Cd的生物有效性。水稻对外源Cd吸收与Cd在土壤中形态密切相关 ,水稻分蘖期稻草与紫云英均可抑制水稻根和茎叶对外源Cd的吸收 ,至成熟期水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量迅速增加 ,其根本原因是由于土壤中交换态镉含量提高和紧有机质结合态镉含量降低所致     

施用生物炭和零价铁粉对土壤中镉形态变化的影响

通过施用生物碳和还原性铁粉,研究其对土壤镉形态变化的影响.结果表明:生物碳或还原性铁粉单施及二者配施均极显著改变土壤镉形态.其中生物炭、还原性铁粉二者配施效果优于单施;单施生物炭主要对交换态镉的降低效果显著,同时对碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉及残渣态镉的形成起显著作用;而单施还原性铁粉对铁锰氧化结合态镉的形成起显著作用.另外,镉的活性指数从4.36降到0.97,不同形态镉含量的最大变化为,交换态镉比例从81.04％降到49.16％;碳酸盐结合态镉从9.44％升到17.93％;铁锰氧化结合态镉从2.95％升到10.88％;有机结合态镉从2.66％升到11.33％;残渣态镉从3.91％升到14.42％.在16个处理中,I3B2(铁粉0.045 g/kg土和生物炭3.0 g/kg土)处理为最佳组合.     

冻融作用对猪粪模拟施肥条件下东北黑土中重金属铜锌活性的影响

随着规模化养殖场的发展和饲料添加剂中Cu和Zn的添加,畜禽粪便中重金属Cu和Zn含量较高,通过畜禽粪便施肥可能造成土壤重金属污染。畜禽粪便施肥和冻融作用均可能影响土壤中重金属的活性,进而改变土壤重金属的环境效应。本文针对东北气候特点,通过实验室模拟,研究了猪粪施肥和冻融作用对黑土中重金属Cu和Zn活性(可交换态和碳酸盐结合态)的影响。结果表明:同未施肥的对照比,猪粪施肥初期,Cu和Zn的可交换态含量均明显增加,而Cu和Zn的碳酸盐结合态含量则略有下降;同低施肥量比,高施肥量下,Cu和Zn的可交换态含量略有增加,而Cu和Zn的碳酸盐结合态含量下降;同施肥初期比(1周),随施肥时间延长(1个月)土壤中可交换态Cu和Zn含量下降,而碳酸盐结合态Cu和Zn含量增加;高低不同施肥量相比,高施肥量下可交换态Cu和Zn含量均高于低施肥量,而碳酸盐结合态Cu和Zn含量则低于低施肥量;随冻融温度下降,土壤中可交换态Cu和Zn含量、碳酸盐结合态Cu和Zn含量均显著增加,且在高施肥量下的含量均大于低施肥量。由此可见,猪粪施肥和冻融作用对黑土中Cu和Zn活性均有不同程度的影响,总的看是随施肥量的增加和施肥时间的延长,黑土中Cu和Zn活性不同程度地下降,但冻融作用可以使猪粪施肥的黑土中Cu和Zn的活性增加,且随冻融温度下降Cu和Zn活性增加的幅度增大。     

基于路径分析的土壤性质与硒形态的关系

选择我国15种不同类型土壤,采用连续浸提法测定了土壤中硒的形态,并以Amos18.0路径分析法研究了土壤理化性质对土壤硒形态的影响。结果表明,除江西红壤(水田和旱田)和黑龙江黑土中硒主要是以残渣态存在外,其余土壤中硒主要以有机结合态为主,可溶态硒仅占土壤硒总量的0.4%～14.6%。土壤可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态硒含量间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),而可溶态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量与其他形态硒含量间无显著相关。路径分析表明,土壤有机质含量对铁锰氧化物结合态硒有负影响作用,而对其他四形态硒均为正影响作用。无定形铁含量对可溶态硒含量无影响作用,但对其他四形态硒的正影响作用大于有机质含量的。除可溶态硒外,土壤有机质和无定形铁含量分别对有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒的影响最大。pH和黏粒分别通过对土壤有机质和无定形铁的负和正作用而影响硒形态。有机质和无定形铁对硒在土壤中的分配起直接决定作用,而pH和黏粒也是不可忽略的影响因素。     

石灰与生物炭配施对不同浓度镉污染土壤修复

通过室内培养试验,研究生物炭与石灰不同用量配施对镉污染土壤pH和镉赋存形态的影响。结果表明,生物炭与石灰配施能够明显提高污染土壤pH,且随着施入量的增加pH提升效果显著。随着石灰和生物炭配施用量的增加,土壤交换态镉降低比例逐渐增大。培养60天后,镉污染浓度为5mg/kg的土壤交换态镉含量同对照处理相比依次减少36.80%,49.12%和57.38%;而土壤镉污染浓度为20mg/kg的土壤交换态镉含量较对照相比分别降低29.27%,31.68%和39.03%。2个浓度中土壤碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉和有机结合态镉均有所增加,残渣态镉虽有所增加,但在不同浓度之间存在差异。总体来看,本试验用量条件下,石灰和生物炭配施对污染浓度为5mg/kg的土壤镉钝化效果优于污染浓度为20mg/kg的土壤。     

有机物料对稻作与非稻作土壤外源镉形态的影响研究

试验研究稻草、紫云英对稻作土壤和非稻作土壤中外源Cd形态及其变化的影响结果表明 ,稻草、紫云英显著降低培养 30d和培养 90d后非稻作土壤中交换态Cd含量。强烈还原条件下形成的硫化镉沉淀是稳定非稻作土壤交换态Cd含量的重要机制。稻草和紫云英对稻作土壤中外源Cd形态转化的影响不同 ,培养 30d后稻草和紫云英提高稻作土壤中氧化锰结合态和紧有机质结合态Cd含量 ,降低交换态Cd含量 ,其作用随时间的推移 ,氧化锰结合态Cd和紧有机质结合态Cd被释放出来并向交换态Cd转化 ,使交换态Cd含量提高。     

污灌土壤中氟及硫的形态分布特征

以乌鲁木齐雅马里克山的石灰性土壤为研究对象,采用连续提取法和分步提取法对土壤氟和硫的化学形态进行了测定,研究了不同水质及外源对土壤氟和硫各形态的含量及其分布的影响.结果表明土壤氟主要以残渣态为主,占全氟含量99.5%以上.各形态氟呈残余态氟>有机束缚态氟>水溶态氟>可交换态氟>铁锰结合态氟的趋势.不同水质浇灌后,土壤硫主要以有机硫为主,占71.5%～81.2%.并且呈现有机硫>盐酸可溶性硫>水溶性硫>吸附性硫的趋势.外源物质对土壤理化性质及对土壤中氟和硫各形态有不同程度的影响.土壤氟和硫各形态之间以及各形态与土壤理化性质之间的相关性分析表明,全氟与残余态氟极显著相关.土壤全硫与有机硫之间具有十分密切的相关性.土壤pH值、有机质和CaCO₃含量是影响土壤中氟及硫赋存形态的主要土壤因子.     

冻融交替对不同施肥水平的黑土中氮磷元素含量的影响

为探究冻融交替对不同施肥水平的黑土中氮磷元素含量变化的影响,对东北地区的黑土进行了模拟冻融处理,并分析其氮磷指标（总氮磷、有效氮磷）的变化。结果表明,冻融交替处理后黑土中全氮的含量会降低,而有效氮和有效磷的含量会提高。单独施加无机肥会加剧冻融交替造成的土壤全氮流失（P<0.05）,5次冻融交替后有效氮含量的增长率降低,有效磷含量的增长率升高。5次冻融交替后,施加有机肥的土壤全氮和全磷含量无显著变化,有效氮和有效磷含量增长率均显著提高（P<0.05）。在寒冷地区冻融条件下的农业生产实践过程中,应适当提高有机肥的施用量,以抑制黑土中氮元素的流失,增强氮磷元素的可用性,保持土壤肥力并降低水体富营养化的风险。     

不同类型贝壳粉对土壤镉赋存形态的影响差异

通过室内培养探究不同类型贝壳粉对土壤中不同形态镉含量的影响,向培养完成的土壤中施用3种添加比例的天然扇贝壳粉与蛏子壳粉,分别在第1,5,15,30,50天测定土壤pH及镉的各赋存形态含量。结果表明,添加文石型与方解石贝壳粉对土壤pH升高均有一定程度的贡献,施用2种贝壳粉后,随贝壳粉添加比例的增多土壤pH升高。不同种类贝壳粉处理的土壤pH差异不大,在50天后2种贝壳粉不同添加比例间差异最明显。在整个培养过程中,随培养天数的增加,添加不同类型贝壳粉均能使镉污染土壤可交换态镉含量下降,碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉、有机结合态镉与残渣态镉含量整体逐渐升高。其中,使用文石型贝壳粉作钝化剂较方解石型效果更佳。随着贝壳粉添加比例变大,可交换态镉向镉的其他赋有形态转化的程度越大。培养50天后,添加不同种类贝壳粉处理的土壤有效态镉含量同CK相比均显著降低。当添加文石型贝壳粉的比例为5%时,生物可利用态镉占总镉比例最低。施用文石型贝壳粉能比方解石型贝壳粉更好地降低土壤有效态镉的活性。     

不同磷水平下玉米-大豆间作对红壤无机磷组分及有效磷的影响

通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有...     

长期施肥对酸性土壤磷形态及有效性的影响

为明确长期施肥对集约化果园土壤磷形态、分布特征及其有效性的影响，本研究对琯溪蜜柚主产区29个果园的土壤进行调查研究，采用张守敬和Jackson的酸性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究蜜柚果园土壤磷素累积对土壤磷形态及有效性的影响。结果表明：在集约化蜜柚果园中，土壤磷素累积丰富，随树龄增加土壤速效磷含量上升显著，且土壤磷形态在不同土层存在显著性差异；当全磷含量≤0.5 g/kg时，土壤磷形态主要以有机磷、铁磷为主，随着全磷含量的上升，铝磷含量、占比均显著上升；多元线性回归和逐步回归分析结果表明本试验中铝磷与速效磷相关性最好。果园土壤已经形成一个巨大的磷库，且有效性较高，可适当减少磷肥投入，降低土壤磷含量，减少经济成本，提高生态效益。     

Influence of water management on the mobility and fate of copper in rice field soil

Purpose

With widely applied water-saving irrigation techniques, the transformation and availabilities of copper (Cu) as both a micronutrient and a toxic metal are changed. However, little information is available on the binding forms, bioavailability, and fate of Cu in paddy fields with different irrigation management. Thus, we investigated the effects of irrigation management on the binding forms and the fate of Cu in a non-polluted paddy soil.

Materials and methods

Field experiments were conducted in 2011 on non-polluted rice fields in Kunshan, East China. Non-flooding controlled irrigation (NFI) was applied in three replications, with flooding irrigation as a control. Samples of soil, soil solution, irrigation water, and rice plants were collected. Fresh soil samples were digested using the modified European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure and the dried crop samples digested at 160 °C using concentrated HNO₃. Cu contents in irrigation water, soil solution, extraction for different binding fractions, and the digested solutions were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Leaching loss of Cu was calculated based on the Cu contents in 47- to 54-cm soil solutions and deep percolation rates, which were calculated using the field water balance principle.

Results and discussion

NFI led to multiple dry–wet cycles and high soil redox potential in surface soil. The dry–wet cycles in NFI soil resulted in higher Cu contents in acid-extractable and oxidizable forms and lower Cu in residual form. High decomposition and mineralization rates of soil organic matter caused by the dry–wet cycles partially accounted for the increased Cu in acid-extractable form in NFI soils. The frequently high contents of Cu in reducible form in NFI fields might be due to the enhanced transformation of Fe and Mn oxides. As a result, Cu uptakes in NFI fields increased by 8.1 %. Meanwhile, Cu inputs by irrigation and loss by leaching in NFI fields were reduced by 47.6 and 46.6 %.

Conclusions

NFI enhanced the transformation of Cu from residual to oxidizable and acid-extractable forms. The oxidizable form plays a more important role than the reducible form in determining the transformation of Cu from the immobile to the mobile forms in NFI soils. NFI helps improve availability and decreases leaching loss of Cu as a micronutrient in a non-polluted paddy soil, but leads to a high concentration of Cu in rice.     

Cadmium speciation as influenced by soil water content and zinc and the studies of kinetic modeling in two soils textural classes

Background and aimsSince few studies have existed in the literature about the effect of zinc (Zn) on cadmium (Cd) chemical forms in soils. Therefore, this study has been performed to determine the impact of Zn on cadmium Cd chemical forms in two soil textural classes in Fars province-Iran at two soil water content (SWC) (flooded soil water content (FSWC) and field capacity soil water content (FCSWC)) and study the kinetic modeling of Cd.Methods and materialsVariables were three levels of Cd (0, 30 and 60 mg kg^-1 of soil as CdSO₄·8H₂O), three levels of Zn (0, 5 and 10 mg kg^-1 of soil as Zn-EDTA) three level Incubation times (2, 4 and eight weeks), two soil textural classes (clay and sandy clay loam) and two SWC. The randomized completed block design (RCBD) was used for this experiment. The Tessier sequential extraction method was used to determine the Cd concentration in (WsEx), (Fe-MnOx), (Car), (Om) and (Res) chemical forms.ResultsIn the FSWC, Zn reduced the Cd concentration in Fe-MnOx, Car and Om forms and increased the WsEx but had no significant effect on the Res form. Changes in the Cd chemical forms under the influence of Zn in both soils followed a similar trend. In the FCSWC, Zn reduced the Cd concentration Car and Om forms and increased the Cd concentration in the Fe-MnOx and WsEx forms while had no significant effect on Res form in the sandy clay loam soil. In the clay soil adding Zn reduced the Cd concentration in Car and Om fractions and increased the Fe-MnOx and Res forms while has no significant effect on WsEx form. The competitive transport and adsorption Interactions between these two ions caused the changing in the Cd concentration in its chemical forms. Zn reduces the Cd concentration in the forms which are easily released into the soil solution from where they can be absorbed by plants. The power function kinetic mode is the best fitted model which can describe the Cd adsorption in our soil samples. The clay and organic compounds control the Cd adsorption in soils. The higher rate of Cd adsorption in almost all shaking times shows that Cd has more ability to occupy the adsorption sites in soils.     

改良剂配合水分管理减少水稻吸收土壤中镉的研究

为研究减少水稻籽粒中镉的积累,选择一中度重金属污染农田,进行了4种改良剂处理(不施改良剂、生物质炭、钙镁磷肥—坡缕石—硫磺粉(比例为100∶50∶1)和石灰—沸石—硫磺粉(比例为100∶50∶1))和2种水分管理模式(深灌和浅灌)的不同组合处理,田间试验研究了改良剂配合水分管理减少水稻吸收土壤镉的效果,改良剂用量为3 t/hm~2。结果表明,施用改良剂和采取深灌均可显著减少水稻从土壤中吸收镉,并以二者配合的效果最佳。与浅灌/不施改良剂处理比较,钙镁磷肥—坡缕石—硫磺粉和石灰—沸石—硫磺粉2种复合改良剂配合深灌可分别降低籽粒中镉含量56.53%和55.53%,但施用生物质炭降低水稻吸收土壤中镉的效果相对较差。施用复合改良剂促使土壤中交换态镉转化为碳酸盐结合态、氧化物结合态及残余态镉等较为稳定的镉形态,降低了土壤中生物有效态和水溶态镉,减少了水稻吸收土壤镉;深灌有利于硫化镉的形成,并通过"稀释"作用降低水稻吸收土壤镉。研究认为改良剂配合深灌是一种较为方便、有效的技术,适用于农田土壤镉污染的控制。     

Relations Between Soil Properties and Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown in Contaminated Soils

Spring wheat was grown in soils near a non-ferrous metals mining and smelting base in Baiyin city, Gansu province, P.R. China. The area studied is 501 km². Some of the croplandshad been contaminated by heavy metals mainly through wastewaterirrigation or aerial deposition. The soil samples were analyzedfor pH, organic matter and available phosphorous (P); also fortotal cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contents. Spring wheat grains were also analyzed for heavy metals. The results were interpreted using multiple linear correlation and stepwise regression analyses. The increment oftotal soil contents of selected heavy metals could enhance grain Cd accumulation, and the increment of total Zn content of soil could lower the grain Pb accumulation. The correlationswere markedly increased by including other soil properties forgrain Cd and Pb. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that the effect of soil pH and available P on the uptake of grain Cd were greater than that of the other total soil contents ofheavy metals. Grain Cd and Pb could be reliably predicted bythe total soil contents of Cd and Pb while the uptake of grainZn and Cu were not satisfactorily predicted.     

基于农田土壤镉污染修复后糙米镉的指标筛选

目前农田土壤镉污染修复以降低糙米镉含量为标准,而忽略了其变化的关键性的土壤物理、化学及生物指标。基于此,采用方差分析、多元回归分析、通径分析、随机森林和结构方程模型等统计方法分析了土壤pH值、有机质、容重、阳离子交换量、速效养分、质地、微团聚体、酶活性、微生物数量等23个土壤指标对土壤有效态Cd和糙米Cd含量重要性排序。结果表明,总体上施用土壤调理剂提高了土壤pH值、容重和阳离子交换量,改变了土壤质地组成,增加了大粒级团聚体,并影响了微生物环境,有效降低了土壤有效态Cd和糙米Cd含量,但抑制了部分酶活性和微生物数量。通过逐步回归分析,表明土壤pH值和放线菌可以解释土壤有效态Cd 64.32%的变化,阳离子交换量、速效钾、有效磷和蔗糖酶可以解释糙米Cd 82.10%的变化;通径分析表明大粒径团聚体、有机质、黏粒、砂粒、放线菌和真菌对土壤有效态Cd和糙米Cd的直接效应较大;随机森林分析表明土壤pH值是影响土壤有效态Cd和糙米Cd含量的主导因素;结构方程模型表明糙米Cd含量主要受土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量和有效磷的影响,土壤有效态Cd主要受土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响。不同分析方法侧重点不同,总体上对糙米Cd含量影响较大的是pH值、阳离子交换量、有效磷和有机质等,对土壤有效态Cd含量影响较大的是pH值、放线菌和有机质等。