玉米抗丝黑穗病的基因效应

利用2个抗玉米丝黑穗病自交系（齐319和Mo17）与2个感病系（E28和黄早四）,组配4个抗感杂交组合。2004年,对4个组合的亲本、F₁、F₂、BCR（F₁与抗病亲本回交1代）和BCS（F₁与感病亲本回交1代）6个世代群体分别在北京和黑龙江进行丝黑穗病的人工接种鉴定,采用世代平均值分析玉米抗丝黑穗病的遗传特点。研究表明,各杂交组合的抗病性均含有显著的加性效应,其中3个组合有显著的显性效应。不同杂交组合的抗病遗传模式表现不同,用感病亲本E28组配的2个组合（齐319×E28）和（Mo17×E28）的抗病性基本符合加性-显性遗传模型;而用另一个感病亲本黄早四组配的组合（齐319×黄早四）和（Mo17×黄早四）的抗病性存在明显的上位性效应。这说明玉米对丝黑穗病的抗性呈现较复杂的遗传模式。因此,在抗玉米丝黑穗病育种中既要重视对自交系抗病水平的鉴定,也要加强杂种F₁的合理组配及抗病性评估。     

玉米矮花叶病的抗性遗传分析

以玉米自交系X178和B73杂交培育的183个重组自交系为试验材料,采用人工接种的方法,在苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和成株期进行了玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定.结果表明,183份重组自交系之间对玉米矮花叶病的抗性存在着较大的差异,在抽雄期和成株期各有3个高抗的超亲分离;苗期和拔节期的病株率均呈现正态分布,抽雄期和成株期则表现为感病家系较多的偏态分布,且家系病株率的变异系数随生长发育变得越来越小,但抗性遗传力则越来越大.说明对玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定在成株期较准,苗期受环境影响较大;成株期的抗性由2～3对主基因控制,同时存在多基因修饰或互作;抗性基因之间以加性效应为主.     

玉米抗矮花叶病QTL定位

利用玉米自交系X178（抗）和B73（感）组配的F2群体（234个单株）,构建了包含249个SSR和AFLP标记位点的遗传连锁图谱,图谱全长1 659.3 cM,平均图距6.58 cM。采用人工接种法对216个F3家系在苗期、拔节期和抽雄期分别进行玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定。应用复合区间作图法分析抗病QTL与基因效应。结果表明,在3个发育阶段检测到的     

一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因的发现及初步定位

由SCMV引起的矮花叶病是我国的主要玉米病害之一, 鉴定和发掘新的抗病基因对于玉米抗病遗传育种具有重要意义。以抗病自交系海9-21和感病自交系掖478杂交的一个BC₂F₃群体为试验材料, 通过人工接种矮花叶病毒进行抗病性鉴定, 发现该分离群体中抗病植株与感病植株数符合1∶3的分离比例, 推测其抗病基因是由1对隐性基因控制。抗感池和SSR标记连锁分析表明, 存在一个新的玉米矮花叶病隐性抗病基因(或等位基因), 将该基因命名为scm3。scm3基因来源于抗病玉米自交系海9-21, 位于第3染色体短臂3.04~3.05区域, 在SSR标记umc1965和bnlg420之间, 遗传距离分别为45.7 cM和6.5 cM。连锁的标记还有umc1307、umc2265、bnlg2241和umc2166, 它们与scm3之间的遗传距离分别是8.3、13.3、15.5和19.7 cM, 这些SSR标记与scm3基因在染色体上的排列顺序为umc1965—scm3—bnlg420—umc1307—umc2265—bnlg2241—umc2166。     

小麦‘西农291’成株期抗条锈病遗传分析

为明确‘西农291’抗条锈性的遗传基础。对‘西农291’在温室和田间进行多个小麦条锈菌小种的抗条锈鉴定;采用常规杂交方法,将‘西农291’分别与感病品种‘铭贤169’与AvS杂交,构建其F1、F2遗传群体,用小麦条锈菌小种CYR32进行温室抗条锈性鉴定、混合小种（CYR32:CYR33≈1:1）进行田间抗条锈性鉴定。结果表明,在温室条件下,‘西农291’在苗期对条锈菌CYR32与CYR33表现高度感病、成株期对CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4及Su11-7表现高度抗条锈性;田间混合小种接种诱发发病（陕西杨凌）和自然发病（甘肃天水）抗条锈性鉴定均表明‘西农291’在成株期高度抗条锈病。群体抗条锈性鉴定结果表明‘西农291’与感病品种铭贤169和AvS杂交的F2群体的抗:感分离比例均符合3R:1S的理论比例。以上结果说明‘西农291’具有非小种专化性的、广谱抗性的成株期抗条锈性;对CYR32的成株抗条锈性受1对显性基因控制。     

抗粗缩病玉米种质和新组合鉴定分析初报

为鉴定和筛选出适于黄淮海地区种植的抗粗缩病的玉米新品种,采用田间自然感病鉴定的方法,对295份玉米自交系和10个用其组配的高产杂交组合进行粗缩病抗性鉴定。鉴定出高抗玉米自交系12份、抗性玉米自交系32份、中抗玉米自交系69份、感病玉米自交系71份和高感玉米自交系115份以及3个抗粗缩病的玉米杂交组合。其中,12份高抗玉米自交系可以直接用于抗粗缩病玉米新品种的选育。在选育抗粗缩病玉米新品种的初期,必须确保玉米杂交组合的母本和父本均达到中抗以上水平,或者其父本或母本之一必须为高抗粗缩病的自交系。     

与茄子青枯病抗性相关基因连锁的AFLP标记研究

本文以茄子高感青枯病亲本自交系5810、高抗亲本自交系5556单1、两自交系杂交得到F1,F1单株自交得到F2群体为试材,采用苗期接种鉴定及BSA法结合AFLP技术,探讨了茄子青枯病抗性的遗传规律,获得与茄子青枯病抗性相关基因连锁的AFLP分子标记。结果表明：抗病亲本5556单1青枯病抗性受一对单隐性基因控制,感病亲本控制的感病基因是不完全显性的。在抗、感池中未发现标记,而通过抗、感池单株分析得到了相引相AFLP分子标记E13M10,如及相斥相AFLP标记E16M5240,估算它们与目标基因间的遗传距离分别为10．14cM和7．56cM。     

一个抗玉米粗缩病新种质 QR-001的抗性遗传分析

为澄清新种质QR-001对粗缩病的抗性遗传特性，将抗玉米粗缩病的新种质QR-001与5个感病自交系分别杂交和回交后，创造了5个F2杂交群体和5个BC1回交群体。初步研究了QR-001的抗性遗传规律，结果表明，新种质QR-001对粗缩病的抗性符合由2对隐性基因共同控制的遗传规律，并指出了该种质在育种实践中的应用策略。     

水稻沈农606抗稻瘟病基因遗传分析及SRAP标记筛选

选用抗稻瘟病水稻品种沈农606为抗病亲本,以普感品种丽江新团黑谷为感病亲本配制杂交组合.对两亲本及其F2代单株进行苗期抗病鉴定,结果表明抗病亲本的抗性由核基因控制,受一对显性基因控制.根据F2代单株的抗病鉴定结果,采用BSA法,从110对SRAP引物中筛选出了4对在抗、感池间表现出多态性的引物,表明这些引物可能与沈农606的抗病基因连锁.利用这些标记对F2代112个感病单株进行扩增,根据扩增结果,采用Mapmaker 3.0软件计算遗传距离,结果显示,标记m5e1-500与抗病基因间的遗传距离最近,为2.8 cM.     

玉米F2群体分子标记偏分离的遗传分析

以优良玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系抗感杂交组合（R15×掖478）的F2群体为材料,构建了239个分子标记(包括151个SSR标记和88个AFLP标记)的玉米分子连锁图,覆盖全基因组3 463.5 cM,相邻标记间的平均间距为14.5 cM。在239个标记中,16个SSR标记和9个AFLP标记表现偏分离(P<0.05)。在4条不同的染色体上发现5个偏分离的     

Two chromosome segments confer multiple potyvirus resistance in maize

Potyviruses cause serious yield losses in maize production worldwide. While the maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) predominates in the USA, sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a major pathogen in China and Germany. In previous studies, inbred FAP1360A revealed complete resistance against both MDMV and SCMV. Two major SCMV resistance genes, Scmv1 and Scmv2, were located on chromosomes 6 and 3, respectively, in populations derived from crosses with the susceptible inbred line F7. For validation of these results obtained in segregating backcross‐ or F_2:3‐populations, near‐isogenic lines to F7 have been produced after one initial cross to FAP1360A by repeated backcrossing to F7, phenotypic selection for SCMV resistance, and marker‐assisted selection for the Scmv1 and Scmv2 regions from FAP1360A. The near‐isogenic line F7R has been studied in detail both at the genomic level and for resistance to different potyviruses. Based on 112 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers, F7R received genomic segments introgressed from FAP1360A exclusively in the Scmv1 and Scmv2 chromosomal regions. F7R conferred complete resistance to SCMV and MDMV, but also to zea mosaic virus and to systemic infection by wheat streak mosaic virus. FAP1360A, F7, F7R were not systemically infected by high plains virus. Thus, introgression of Scmv1 and Scmv2 from FAP1360A into F7 was sufficient to generate the first potyvirus multiresistant European Flint line reported so far.     

Molecular mapping and gene action of Scm1 and Scm2, two major QTL contributing to SCMV resistance in maize

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the most important virus diseases of maize in Europe. In this study, the gene action at two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting resistance to SCMV in maize was mapped and characterized. A total of 121 F₃ lines from cross F7 (susceptible) × FAP1360A (resistant) were evaluated for SCMV resistance in replicated field trials across two environments under artificial inoculation at seven scoring dates. The genotypic variance was always highly significant and heritability increased up to 0.92 for later scoring dates. The method of composite interval mapping was employed for QTL mapping using four simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers flanking two regions identified in a previous study with cross D145 × D32. The presence of two QTL for SCMV resistance, one on chromosome 6 (Scml region) and one on chromosome 2 (Scm2 region), was confirmed. These two QTL together explained between 15% (first score) and 62% (final score) of the phenotypic variance at various stages of plant development. Gene action was additive for the Scm1 region but completely dominant for the Scm2 region. Comparison of results of this study with those obtained for cross D145 × D32 suggested that the resistance alleles in the two populations are identical for the Scm1 region but different for the Scm2 region.     

抗甘蔗花叶病毒的无标记反向重复转基因玉米

构建了无标记基因的源自玉米矮花叶病的主要病原——甘蔗花叶病毒(sugarcane mosaic virus, SCMV)复制酶基因的反向重复序列表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法以该表达载体和除草剂标记基因表达载体共转化玉米自交系综3的幼胚,用除草剂梯度筛选,获得了可育的再生株。对T₁和T₂代群体作PCR和DNA点杂交,结合温室和田间人工接种病毒进行抗病性鉴定,获得了比较稳定的对SCMV高抗的无标记转基因玉米株系。     

玉米抗甘蔗花叶病毒资源的遗传多样性研究

利用人工接毒方法对46份我国主要玉米自交系进行了两年抗甘蔗花叶病毒鉴定,筛选出高抗系8份(K22、CN962、P138、齐318、中自01、金黄96B、齐319、Pa405),抗病系7份(旱21、中自03、旱23、农大178、获白、K12、黄早四).用SSR标记研究了46份自交系的遗传多样性.49对引物共检测出168个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～10个,     

反义外壳蛋白基因介导的抗SCMV转基因玉米研究

玉米矮花叶病（MDM）是一种世界性病害，在我国主要由甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV)所致。为探索一条高效、安全的抗SCMV转基因途径，构建了无标记基因的SCMV反义外壳蛋白基因（cp）表达载体pACP。通过冻融法将该载体与抗除草剂标记基因(bar)载体分别导入农杆菌LBA4404,然后共转化玉米自交系综3的幼胚。通过除草剂梯度筛选，从抗性愈伤组织分化获得了35株再生苗。PCR检测证明，其中26株带有抗除草剂标记基因（bar），14株带有SCMV反义cp基因。这14株带有目的基因的玉米植株自交，其种子在田间种植成株行（T₁代）。玉米T₁代幼苗人工接种SCMV，筛选出2个抗病株率高于70%的株行。ELISA检测表明，抗病株SCMV含量极低，抗性达高抗水平。PCR检测表明，抗病性是反义cp基因作用的结果，并且获得了2株cp基因阳性而标记基因阴性的抗病株。     

Resistance of early-maturing European maize germplasm to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) are the most important viruses of maize in Europe. In field and greenhouse experiments, 122 early-maturing European maize inbreds (45 flint and 77 dent lines) were evaluated for their reaction to artificial inoculation by SCMV and MDMV. Three dent inbreds (D21, D32, FAP1360 A) with complete resistance and four dent inbreds (D06, D09, R2306, FAP1396A) with partial resistance against both potyviruses under both greenhouse and field conditions were identified. All other inbreds were highly susceptible to both SCMV and MDMV. Selection for virus resistance in maize breeding could be performed with only one virus at a time because all inbreds resistant to SCMV were also resistant to MDMV. Rank correlations between percentages of infected plants in greenhouse and field trials ranged from 0.51 to 0.72 for both SCMV and MDMV, suggesting that prescreening of breeding materials for virus resistance can be performed in the greenhouse but final evaluation in multilocation trials in the field is recommended.     

甘蔗NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合体O亚基基因克隆及其与甘蔗花叶病毒VPg互作

NAD(P)H脱氢酶(NDH)复合体介导循环电子传递,对于维持叶绿体高效的光合作用具有重要作用。甘蔗(Saccharum spp. hybrid)中NDH复合体应答及参与甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus, SCMV)的侵染尚未见报道。本研究克隆了甘蔗NDH复合体的O亚基,命名为ScNdhO,其开放读码框(open reading frame, ORF)长度为471 bp,编码长度为156 aa的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,ScNdhO为稳定的亲水性蛋白,不存在信号肽,无跨膜结构域;蛋白二级结构元件多为无规则卷曲,具有典型的NDH复合体O亚基结构域;系统进化树分析表明,该蛋白属于NDH复合体O亚基蛋白家族。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,ScNdhO基因的表达具有明显的组织特异性,在成熟甘蔗叶片中的表达量最高,在茎中的表达量最低,在根中几乎不表达;ScNdhO基因在SCMV侵染早期上调表达,后期下调表达。亚细胞定位分析表明, ScNdhO定位于叶绿体。酵母双杂交(yeast two hybrid, Y2H)和双分子荧光互补(bimolecular fluorescencecomplementation,BiFC)实验表明,ScNdhO与SCMV-VPg互作。推测ScNdhO被SCMV选择性利用,可能参与SCMV基因组复制及花叶病症状的产生。     

The relation between wheat lines derived from the F2, F3, F4 and F5 generations for grain yield and harvest index

Summary The relationships between the F2, F3, F4 and F5 generations for grain yield were determined using random, pedigreed lines derived from each generation. The lines from two crosses were grown in plots at two sites over two years. In the first year, only F2 and F3 derived lines were available, but in the second year the F2 to F5 were grown.Correlations between lines in one generation and the mean of lines derived from them in a following generation increased as the generations were advanced. Correlations between consecutive generations were higher than those between generations two or three apart. Correlations between F2 and F5 derived lines, which indicate the effectiveness of selecting F2 lines, varied from 0.10 ns to o.49^** when lines from both generations were grown in the same environment. Correlations between years of lines from the same or different generations were low and often non-significant.Harvest index was measured on the F2 and F3 derived lines at the one site in the first year. Selection for improvement of grain yield using harvest index was no more effective than selection for yield directly, when considered across years.It is conclued that, while gains in yield can be achieved by selecting for yield in early generations, a foremost consideration needs to be the influence of different sites and years on the effectiveness of selection.