新疆哈密石城子河流域水文水资源分析

不同地区的自然地理环境塑造了不同特征的河流,同时,河流的活动也在不断改变着与自身有关的自然环境。我国暖温带干旱区除塔里木河流域的水文特征、水资源及其合理利用有较多的研究外,其余中小河流的研究甚少。哈密石城子河的水文特征基本反映了我国暖温带干旱区众多中小河流域的水文特征。利用石城子河流域水文气象站1956-2001年资料,对该流域径流形成、洪水、泥沙、水质等进行分析,以揭示我国暖温带干旱区中小河流域的基本特征,为科学利用该地带中小河流域水资源提供理论依据。     

塔里木河流域土地荒漠化现状分析

以塔里木河流域为对象,采用遥感与地理信息相结合的方法获取塔里木河流域土地荒漠化现状.结果表明,塔里木河流域土地荒漠化面积占调查区面积的73.60%.在荒漠化主导因素中,塔里木河流域以风蚀为主的荒漠化土地类型,占荒漠化土地面积的73.61%.在荒漠化程度中,以极重度为主,占荒漠化土地的35.41%;在荒漠化土地利用类型中,以未利用土地荒漠化为主,占荒漠化面积的48.45%;在空间分布上,以塔里木河流域中下游荒漠化土地所占比重最大.     

焉耆盆地景观遥感制图及其格局变化研究

以焉耆盆地荒漠绿洲为研究对象 ,绘制了 2 0世纪 6 0年代、90年代和 2 0 0 0年三期景观图 ,并分析焉耆盆地景观及其景观斑块类型的基本特点 ;利用这三期景观图、相关统计资料及文字资料 ,探讨了焉耆盆地景观空间格局分布及其变化的原因和影响因素 ,指出水资源的分布和人类干扰是影响和控制焉耆盆地荒漠绿洲景观格局分布和导致其景观格局动态变化的主要驱动力。     

石羊河中下游河岸带植被对地下水位变化的响应

通过对石羊河中下游河岸带的地下水位定位观测及植被和土壤水盐含量调查发现：河岸带地下水位与河床横向间距呈正相关;在长流水河段的河岸带,以植被类型、物种丰富度和植被盖度与河床间距的关系,判断河流影响地下水位距河床的范围约为130 m,但对于河岸带植被作用距河床横向间距可达500 m。在断流河段,距古河床0~200 m区间内分布河岸植物种。虽然石羊河下游断流,但河流地貌影响地下水位,有利于植物生长。调查区域内有5个植被型,12个群系和29个群丛,河岸带发育隐域植被类型。当地下水位≤2 m时,沼泽草甸发育;当地下水位3~6 m时,以芦苇、赖草和骆驼蓬为建群种的盐化草甸发育;地下水位≤14 m时,则柽柳灌丛繁茂。石羊河的径流量丰欠影响河岸带地下水位变化,河岸带植被组成、结构和分布响应地下水位埋深。
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新疆塔里木河及其河道变迁研究

在我国历史文献<水经注>中,对塔里木河有"南河"与"北河"之说,在今天的地形图上,只标注出一条有水的塔里木河,即塔里木"北河".对于塔里木"南河",一直存在着不同的两种看法,有认为是实际存在;有认为是"乌虚有".作者通过实地考察,认为塔里木"南河"在历史上确实存在.由于构成"南河"的和田河改道西移和曾流入塔里木河的克里雅河断流,"南河"于18-19世纪才消失.     

塔里木河下游沙漠化对绿洲农业生产的影响

荒漠化是全世界所面临的重大的环境灾害之一。塔里木河下游的沙漠化已经对该区域的绿洲农业生产产生了巨大的危害。本文通过对塔里木河下游沙漠化状况和典型生产团场农业生产状况的调查研究发现 ,沙漠化对塔里木河下游农业生产的影响 ,主要表现为下游来水量逐年减少 ,弃耕地面积增加 ;沼泽土面积减少 ,肥沃土壤面积增加 ;风灾、旱灾面积增加 ,盐碱灾害面积相对减少。减轻沙漠化对绿洲农业危害的措施 ,包括加强管理 ,增加塔里木河的来水量 ;发展节水灌溉技术 ,减少水资源浪费 ;调整作物结构 ,提高水资源利用率 ;保护荒漠植被 ,维护生态 ,完善防护林体系。     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化与物种多样性恢复研究

通过塔里木河下游生态输水后植物群落及其环境因子的调查,采用聚类分析与多样性指数,分析生态系统退化程度与时空维上物种的恢复速率差异。结果表明:塔里木河下游生态退化可以归为3类,轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化。3种退化类型的地下水埋深依次增大,物种多样性与植被盖度依次减小,沙漠化指数也依次增强。物种多样性差异与环境水分条件有着密切的关系,在地下水埋深小于5 m时,物种恢复速率的发生率达100%,而在地下水埋深大于5 m时,多样性恢复速率达46%。根据退化程度的不同与物种多样性的恢复差异,提出该区域的生态恢复应分阶段进行。     

Competition between Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima seedlings under simulated high groundwater availability

Desert riparian plants experience high variability in water availability due to hydrological fluctuations. How riparian plants can survive with low water availability has been well studied, however, little is known about the effects of high water availability on plant community structuring. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test whether seedling competition under simulated high groundwater availability can explain the shift of co-dominance of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in early communities to P. euphratica dominance in mature ones along the Tarim River in northwestern China. Seedlings of these two plant species were grown in monoculture and mixture pools with high groundwater availability. Results indicated that the above-ground biomass and relative yield of T. ramosissima were higher than those of P. euphratica. The competitive advantages of T. ramosissima included its rapid response in growth to groundwater enrichment and its water spender strategy, as evidenced by the increased leaf biomass proportion and the inert stomatal response to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit(VPD). In comparison, P. euphratica showed a conservative strategy in water use, with a sensitive response to leaf-to-air VPD. Result of the short-term competition was inconsistent with the long-term competition in fields, suggesting that competition exclusion is not the mechanism structuring the desert riparian plant communities. Thus, our research highlights the importance of mediation by environmental fluctuations(such as lessening competition induced by disturbance) in structuring plant communities along the Tarim riparian zones.     

基于WEAP的塔里木河干流灌溉满足度模拟

根据《塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划》规定的水权分配方案,以保障干流天然植物正常生长所需水分和塔里木河下游不断流为前提,模拟计算了塔里木河干流现状灌溉需水的满足度。首先,采用定额法估算塔里木河干流天然植被需水量,选用90%保障率最枯月平均流量法,估算塔里木河干流最小河道内生态需水量,得出塔里木河干流不同保障率的水资源可利用量;其次,建立了塔里木河干流水资源评价和规划模型（WEAP）,估算了各灌区基准年的需水量;最后,模拟计算了不同保障率下各灌区逐月的需水满足度。结果表明：随着来水保障率的提高,除了塔里木河下游灌区需水得到满足外,其他各灌区各月需水满足度出现不同程度的下降,生产用水与生态用水矛盾逐渐突出。在平水年、枯水年和特枯水年,灌溉总缺水量分别为0.43×10⁸ m³、1.29×10⁸ m³和2.44×10⁸ m³,缺水最严重的月份主要集中在3月、11月,其次为4月和5月,缺水量最大的为塔里木河中游灌区。     

基于初始水权分配的阿克苏河流域适时水权管理研究

阿克苏河是塔里木河来水量最大的源流。近几十年来,由于用水量的增加,进入塔里木河干流的水量逐年减少,导致塔里木河下游生态环境急剧恶化。为了改善下游的生态环境,完成向塔里木河干流输水目标的任务,阿克苏河流域建立了基于初始水权分配的适时水权管理系统。提出了适时水权的概念,将适时水权分为四个等级,并分别阐述了各级适时水权的确定及管理。最后举例说明了阿克苏河流域适时水权的实践情况及意义。     

塔里木河流域水化学组成分布特征

于2010年6月对塔里木河干流及主要支流地表水进行水化学采样,共设25个点采集50个样品。分析表明：塔里木河干流水体中阳离子Na⁺+K⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Mg²⁺,与南北侧支流Na⁺+K⁺＞Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺存在显著差异,但均以Na⁺+K⁺为主,阳离子浓度分别占干流、南北侧支流的68.6%、62.6%和62.5%。与1965年对应采样点同月份水化学成分相比,塔里木河流域主要可溶性离子浓度增幅较大,整体平均增加8.0倍,尤其是Cl^-达21.7倍,这可能是近年来塔里木河流域气温上升降水增加等自然因素,间接促进降水过程中水化学侵蚀地表可溶性物质所致。同时,流域内工农业快速发展,生活污水、工农业废水大量排放到塔里木河,这可能是影响塔里木河水质变化的重要因素之一。     

可持续发展能力建设与塔里木河流域水资源管理

可持续水资源管理是实现水资源可持续开发利用的重要保证。长期以来,不适当的水资源管理机制导致塔里木河流域水资源利用极不合理,“上游防洪、下游抗旱”,供需矛盾日益突出。为此,本文在分析可持续发展能力建设与可持续水资源管理的内涵与实现途径的基础上,着重从制度创新、技术进步、公众参与和生态保护等四个方面,深入探讨了提高塔里木河流域可持续水资源管理能力的主要对策。     

塔里木河流域适时水权管理与实践

结合塔里木河流域水权管理研究与实践课题,从新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府批准实施的地表水初始水权分配方案入手,比较详细的介绍了塔河流域的水权主控节点,探讨了适时水权的确定流程及四级管理,对近几年塔河流域的水权管理实践进行了总结,提出了四条完善水权管理的建议。     

塔里木河干流下游生态输水后水量转化特征

以塔里木河干流下游6次生态输水期间的河道监测资料为依据,对各河段的河道渗漏特征进行分析,得出了河道的耗水量既与水文地质条件有关,同时又与输水的时间相关.在此基础上,利用Processing Modflow软件对长期输水条件下河水转化为地下水的趋势进行了模拟,表明在间歇输水的条件下,河水转化为地下水的效率是逐渐降低,同时地下水的蒸腾量则逐渐上升,二者最终将趋于平衡,此时的地下水也将达到动态稳定的水位.     

Transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China

There is a growing need for both science and practice domains to collaboratively and systematically seek knowledge-based strategies for sustainable development.In recent years,transdisciplinary research has emerged as a new approach that enables joint problem solving among scientists and stakeholders in various fields. In this paper,we aim to introduce transdisciplinary research for supporting the integration of the concept of ecosystem services into land and water management in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,Northwest China.While a large number of ecosystem service studies have helped to raise the awareness for the value of nature in China,a number of challenges remain,including an improved understanding of the relationships between ecosystem structure, functions and services,and the interaction of the various ecosystem services.A meaningful valuation of ecosystem services also requires the consideration of their strong spatial heterogeneity.In addition,ways to introduce the concept of ecosystem services into decision-making in China need to be explored.Thus,successful integration of the concept of ecosystem services into actual land and water management requires a broad knowledge base that only a number of scientific disciplines and stakeholders can provide jointly,via a transdisciplinary research process.We regard transdisciplinary research as a recursive process to support adaptive management that includes joint knowledge generation and integration among scientists and stakeholders.System,target,and transformation knowledge are generated and integrated during the process of(1)problem(re)definition,(2)problem analysis and strategy development,and(3)evaluation of the impact of the derived strategy.Methods to support transdisciplinary research comprise participatory modelling(actor-based modelling and Bayesian Networks modelling)and participatory scenario development.Actor-based modelling is a semi-quantitative method that is based on the analysis of problem perspectives of individual stakeholders as depicted in perception graphs.With Bayesian Networks,complex problem fields are modelled probabilistically in a simplified manner,using both quantitative data and qualitative expert judgments.These participatory methods serve to integrate diverse scientific and stakeholder knowledge and to support the generation of actually implementable management strategies for sustainable development.For the purpose of integrating ecosystem services in land and water management in the Tarim River Basin through transdisciplinary research,collaboration among scientists and institutional stakeholders from different sectors including water,agriculture,forestry,and nature conservation is required.The challenge is to adapt methods of transdisciplinary research to socio-cultural conditions in China,particularly regarding ways of communication and decision-making.     

塔里木河流域胡杨生态系统脆弱性及其对策——以塔里木胡杨自然保护区为例

塔里木胡杨自然保护区作为世界原始胡杨生长最好、保存最完整的地方,在研究胡杨对环境约束的适应机制方面提供十分宝贵的资源。胡杨对干旱,盐碱有极强的忍耐力,因此,它作为塔里木胡杨自然保护区的主要保护对象,在保持整个塔里木河流域生态平衡中起到重要的作用。近年来,由于干旱区特殊的环境、地形地貌条件以及人类对水、土地资源的不合理利用导致了地表水资源的减少,地下水位的下降,最终引起了胡杨生态环境的退化。本文以塔里木胡杨自然保护区为例研究分析塔里木河流域胡杨生态系统脆弱性影响因素及其相互作用机制,并提出一些有益的对策和建议。     

Spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability in the Tarim River Basin,Northwest China

As the largest inland river basin of China, the Tarim River Basin (TRB), known for its various natural resources and fragile environment, has an increased risk of ecological crisis due to the intensive exploitation and utilization of water and land resources. Since the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP), which was implemented in 2001 to save endangered desert vegetation, there has been growing evidence of ecological improvement in local regions, but few studies have performed a comprehensive ecological vulnerability assessment of the whole TRB. This study established an evaluation framework integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method to estimate the ecological vulnerability of the TRB covering climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic indicators during 2000-2017. Based on the geographical detector model, the importance of ten driving factors on the spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability was explored. The results showed that the ecosystem of the TRB was fragile, with more than half of the area (57.27%) dominated by very heavy and heavy grades of ecological vulnerability, and 28.40% of the area had potential and light grades of ecological vulnerability. The light grade of ecological vulnerability was distributed in the northern regions (Aksu River and Weigan River catchments) and western regions (Kashgar River and Yarkant River catchments), while the heavy grade was located in the southern regions (Kunlun Mountains and Qarqan River catchments) and the Mainstream catchment. The ecosystems in the western and northern regions were less vulnerable than those in the southern and eastern regions. From 2000 to 2017, the overall improvement in ecological vulnerability in the whole TRB showed that the areas with great ecological improvement increased by 46.11%, while the areas with ecological degradation decreased by 9.64%. The vegetation cover and potential evapotranspiration (PET) were the obvious driving factors, explaining 57.56% and 21.55% of the changes in ecological vulnerability across the TRB, respectively. In terms of ecological vulnerability grade changes, obvious spatial differences were observed in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the TRB due to the different vegetation and hydrothermal conditions. The alpine source region of the TRB showed obvious ecological improvement due to increased precipitation and temperature, but the alpine meadow of the Kaidu River catchment in the Middle Tianshan Mountains experienced degradation associated with overgrazing and local drought. The improved agricultural management technologies had positive effects on farmland ecological improvement, while the desert vegetation in oasis-desert ecotones showed a decreasing trend as a result of cropland reclamation and intensive drought. The desert riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was greatly improved due to the implementation of the EWDP, which has been active for tens of years. These results provide comprehensive knowledge about ecological processes and mechanisms in the whole TRB and help to develop environmental restoration measures based on different ecological vulnerability grades in each sub-catchment.     

2005-2015年石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异

生态系统服务研究是目前生态学领域的热点和前沿。以石羊河流域为研究区,借助GIS技术和方法,对流域2005、2010年和2015年的水源涵养、土壤保持、水质净化、碳储存、生物多样性、食品供给6项服务进行定量评估,并对不同地类的服务变化规律及生态系统功能分区进行探索与研究。结果表明：① 各服务类型在空间上表现出差异性规律：水源涵养、生物多样性、碳储存在空间上呈现西南高东北低,高值沿河流及周围带状分布的空间格局;水质净化高值区分布较为零碎;武威、永昌和民勤盆地等地为食品供给服务的高值区。② 在不同土地利用类型中,草地和耕地是承担生态系统供给服务的关键角色。③ 研究区划分为3项生态功能区,即祁连山生态保育区、流域绿洲生态功能区、荒漠生态功能区。通过对石羊河流域生态系统服务时空分异特征进行深入分析,以期为相关研究提供数据和方法支持,并为相关流域生态保护与建设目标提供科学参考。     

Response of Populus euphratica Oliv.sap flow to environmental variables for a desert riparian forest in the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Populus euphratica Oliv.forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases.Accordingly,accurately estimating the water use of P.euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation.To date,little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables,and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest.In this study,we measured the sap flow velocity(V_s)of P.euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012.Based on the response of V_s to solar radiation(R_s)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD),we estimated the hourly Vsand daily V_s using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart(JS)model,respectively.Hysteretic response of V_s to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model.We found the thresholds of V_s responses to R_s and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season,and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V_s and daily V_s using the JS model.At an hourly scale,the maximum V_s occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R_s by approximate 1.0 h.At a daily scale,the maximum V_s lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum R_s by approximately 2 h.However,hysteretic response of V_swas weakened when R_s and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales.Consequently,short-term and intensive field campaigns,where V_s and environmental variables can be measured,may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables.     

Rangeland Monitoring: Water Quality and Riparian Systems

Ecological concepts serve as a foundation for developing a monitoring program to evaluate water quality and associated riparian systems. Ecological concepts used for developing a monitoring plan must be supported by scientific literature and related to streamflow dynamics and channel interactions. These interactions help determine natural or background habitat quality within and along river longitudinal and environmental gradients from mountains through basins in the western United States. In addition stream size, position in the watershed, and flow are related to sediment sorting, channel bank strength, and channel configuration. These relationships determine channel substrate habitat for aquatic organisms and population diversity. These habitat features may be modified by a channel's ability to store and transport sediment and associated pollutants within a watershed's drainage pattern. Sediment supply, delivery, and timing are altered by differences in snowmelt along elevation gradients, runoff from convective storms, water development history, and stream channel succession. Potential impairment of reference or background aquatic habitat in the western United States is generally sediment related and should be greater in basin river segments and during base flow conditions. Impairment sources can be shown to originate in the steep and first order tributaries of foothill and basin watersheds, and not from valley slopes where supply must cross established riparian zones. Water column, substrate disturbance, and channel bank disturbances may alter amount of sediment and bacteria pollution measured in basins and during base flow conditions.