浙江黑松叶蜂生物学特性研究

浙江黑松叶蜂是福建省马尾松的一种新害虫,该虫在福建南平地区１年发生３代,以老熟幼虫在松针叶上结茧越冬,翌年５月上旬成虫开始羽化,幼虫５龄,少数６龄,蛹期越冬代１６８～１７９ｄ,其余各代８～１０ｄ,已知天敌有青蜂及两种姬蜂。试验结果表明,２．５％敌杀死１００００倍稀释液、４０％水胺硫磷或９０％敌百虫１０００倍稀释液,对幼虫均有良好防治效果     

绒刺蛾种群发生规律林间分布型及防治

油桐绒刺蛾（Ｐｈｏｃｏｄｅｒｍａ　ｖｅｌｕｔｉｎａ　Ｋｏｌｌａｒ）在贵州麻江一年发生一代，以老熟幼虫在茧内越冬．幼虫在林间呈聚集分布．于五月份用２．５％溴氰菊脂乳油１０００倍；敌杀死乳油５０００倍；５０％敌敌畏乳剂５００倍喷杀幼虫，冬季采取人工清除材干周围越冬茧，降低虫口密度效果较好．     

丰宁新松叶蜂生物学特性及化学防治试验

丰宁新松叶蜂ＮｅｏｄｉｐｒｉｏｎｆｅｎｇｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＸｉａｏｅｔＺｈｏｕ系甘肃新记录，在甘肃哈思山林区１年１代，以老熟幼虫吐丝结茧变为预蛹在土壤腐殖质层或枯枝落叶层内超冬，翌年６月中旬为羽化盛期，６月下旬为孵化盛期，８月中旬结茧化蛹，幼虫６龄，３龄前食量小，抗性弱，是防治的最佳时机，用２．５％功夫乳油２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油８０００倍液喷雾，用２５％灭幼脲胶悬液２０～４０ｍｍｏｌ喷雾，防治效果均     

落叶松叶蜂发生规律及防治

落叶松叶蜂在太白林区1年发生1代，以老熟幼虫在林下枯枝落叶层内结茧越冬，是本林区落叶松的主要叶部害虫，以4～5龄幼虫为主要的害虫期。在树冠上部、疏林地、阴坡地带危害最严重。在1～2龄幼虫期采用80?V乳油1000倍液、2．5％溴氰菊酯乳油500～1000倍液或者50％甲胺磷1500倍液喷雾，也可施放林丹烟剂，均可取得良好的防治效果。     

红云翅斑螟生物学特性观察

红云翅斑螟Ｓａｌｅｂｒｉａｓｅｍｉｒｕｂｅｌａ（Ｓｃｐｏｌｉ）在鲁东南地区１年发生２代，以老熟幼虫在土中结茧越冬，以幼虫危害柳梢，幼虫一生共转移危害３～４次，取食叶片６０～８０片。６月上旬第１代幼虫孵化盛期用２５％灭幼脲Ⅲ号３０００倍液喷雾防治，效果在８５％以上。     

国槐叶柄小蛾生物学特性及防治

国槐叶柄小蛾在潍坊市一年发生２代，１０月中旬以老熟幼虫在树皮缝或种子里越冬（极少数以蛹越冬）。第２代幼虫是防治关键时期，可用４０％久效磷１０００倍液或４０％久效磷与４０％氧化乐果１５００倍混合液喷雾防治效果可达９５％以上；４０％久效磷１０－１５倍液涂环或原液１０－１５ｍｌ／株打孔注射，效果均在９２％以上。各虫态寄生和捕食性天敌种类较多，应注意保护。     

国槐潜蛾的生物学和防治研究

国槐潜蛾在河北满城县一年发生４代．以老熟幼虫作白色梭形茧在茧内化蛹，在槐树树皮缝内越冬，少量茧分布在叶片上。由于树干阳面越冬茧羽化在先，阴面在后，造成以后各代世代重叠。应用４种杀虫剂进行防治试验，结果以４０％水胺硫磷和５０％杀螟松１：１０００倍液效果最好，死亡率分别达９８％和１００％；１：２０００倍液则为８７．２％和９６．０％。     

两色绿刺蛾初步研究

两色绿刺蛾是竹类重要害虫。在广东广州,年发生一般3代,其中以第1代发生最盛。以老熟幼虫于土中茧内越冬。卵成块产于叶背,5～7天孵化。幼虫一般8龄,少数9龄。历期33～37天。蛹期23～29天。成虫寿命4～9天。天敌有中黄猎蝽、姬蜂、绒茧蜂及核多角体病毒。对2～3龄幼虫喷洒90％敌百虫晶体10,000倍,80％敌敌畏乳剂5,000倍,75％辛硫磷乳剂500,000倍有良好效果。     

月季叶蜂的生物学特性及防治

月季叶蜂在余姚市每年发生３－４代，以老熟幼虫于土中结茧越冬、幼虫期喷洒８０％敌敌畏乳油、４０％氧化乐果乳油、５０％甲胺磷乳油及２．５％溴氰菊酯，均有良好的防治效果。     

榆三节叶蜂生物学特性及防治技术

榆三节叶蜂在吉林省辉南1a发生2代,以老熟幼虫在土中结茧以预蛹状态越冬,翌年5月下旬至6月上旬化蛹,6月中下旬越冬代成虫羽化、产卵.7月上旬幼虫孵化,7月中旬幼虫老熟人土结茧化蛹,8月上旬第一代成虫开始羽化、产卵.幼虫孵化后,危害至9月上中旬老熟幼虫人土越冬.采用3％高渗苯氧威乳油(3000～4000倍液)或活孢子苏云金杆菌(2.5亿.mL-1～3.0亿.mL-1活孢子)喷雾防治幼虫,防治效果达到99.5％和95.3％.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.