沼液预处理玉米秸秆产沼气工艺参数优化

沼液作为厌氧发酵的废弃物处理存在困难,但沼液可以对秸秆类原料进行预处理,为沼液的综合利用提供可能。为优化沼液预处理玉米秸秆的条件,提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气量,该文以沼液预处理前后的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量以及产气量为指标,根据CCD(centralcompositedesign)试验设计原理,选取沼液添加比例、温度和时间为因素,建立三者之间的模型。试验结果表明:随着预处理TS(total solid)的降低,时间的延长,木质纤维素的降解率越高,而温度在30℃时木质纤维素的降解率达到最大。从产气量来看木质纤维素降解率并不是越高越好,过分的追求木质纤维素的降解会对产气量产生影响,经过响应面法优化产气量后得出最佳的预处理工艺为:沼液添加比例19.08%、预处理温度(30±1)℃、预处理时间为5 d,总产气量可提高30.76%。     

CaO预处理提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化产沼气性能

为探索CaO预处理方法对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的影响,采用了3种不同质量百分数的CaO分别在3种不同处理时间下对玉米秸秆进行预处理,并在中温条件下进行了厌氧消化试验。试验结果表明,经过CaO预处理后,玉米秸秆的组分被不同程度破坏,厌氧消化产沼气能力有较大提高,厌氧消化时间有所缩短。综合日产气量、累积产气量、厌氧消化时间等各项参数来看,以5%CaO预处理3d的处理效果最佳,与未经预处理的效果相比,累积产气量提高了136.85%,消化时间缩短了5d,总固体（TS）和挥发性固体（VS）去除率分别提高了21.72%和7.18%,综合效果要优于其他处理组,有效地提高了玉米秸秆厌氧消化的产气量和产气效率。     

复合菌剂和NaOH预处理提高秸秆厌氧消化性能

为提高纤维素类原料厌氧消化性能,降低处理成本,该研究采用复合菌剂和2%、4%、6%、8%NaOH（以玉米秸秆干物质质量计）对以玉米秸秆为代表的纤维素类发酵原料进行预处理,研究不同预处理方式对纤维素等成分的含量、厌氧消化性能和生产成本的影响。试验结果表明,经复合菌剂和NaOH处理后,秸秆的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素总含量显著降低,产气量和产气效率提高,其中,添加6%NaOH的预处理方式效果最佳,复合菌剂次之,与未处理相比,单位干物质质量产气量从120.70 mL/g分别提高到374.30和334.76 mL/g,厌氧消化时间从大于30 d缩短到18和19 d。采用复合菌剂和2%、4%、6%、8%NaOH预处理生产沼气所需的可变成本分别为0.72、0.80、0.98、1.09和1.57元/m3。综合考虑产气效率和生产成本,复合菌剂预处理由于具有较低的处理成本、较高的产气效率和较短的消化时间更利于推广应用。     

NaOH预处理提高甘蔗叶产甲烷性能及其机理分析

为提高甘蔗叶厌氧消化的产甲烷性能,采用NaOH对粉碎后的甘蔗叶进行了预处理,得到了不同NaOH浓度、不同预处理时间条件下甘蔗叶厌氧消化的甲烷产率,并研究比较了预处理前后甘蔗叶微观物理形态、化学分子结构和化学组分的变化。结果表明:与未预处理甘蔗叶相比,NaOH预处理甘蔗叶的累计产甲烷量提高了22.02%～89.94%,厌氧消化时间T80缩短了2～4 d,其中6%NaOH-5d预处理甘蔗叶的产甲烷性能最好;NaOH破坏了甘蔗叶表面蜡质层和细胞壁结构,促进了甘蔗叶表面二氧化硅、木质素等分解,打破了对纤维素的束缚;预处理后甘蔗叶的木质纤维素结构发生明显变化,其中木质素的羟基、甲氧基和羰基等部分官能团发生不同程度断裂,紧致的大分子结构发生分解,纤维素的结晶度降低,部分氢键遭到破坏,半纤维素发生了分子间和分子内的降解;预处理甘蔗叶的木质纤维素含量均有不同程度的降低,可被微生物分解利用的有机物质增多,其中6%NaOH-5d预处理甘蔗叶厌氧消化的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素降解率分别提高了9.27%、25.14%和21.52%。因此NaOH预处理是一种提高甘蔗叶厌氧消化产甲烷性能的有效方法。     

尿素氨化预处理改善稻秸干法厌氧发酵特性

为了提高稻秸的可生物降解性,利用尿素氨化预处理方式,研究不同尿素质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)和不同预处理温度(25、30、35、40、45、50℃)对稻秸预处理前后木质纤维素含量变化及干发酵产气特性的影响。结果表明:1)不同尿素质量分数对稻秸预处理效果影响显著,尿素预处理能够破坏稻秸木质纤维素的结构,预处理后稻秸的碳氮比降低,预处理后稻秸的累计产气量比未经处理组高20.67%~38.20%(P0.05),尿素质量分数为4%时效果较好;2)不同预处理温度对稻秸预处理效果影响不显著,尿素预处理效果主要受尿素质量分数的影响。研究结果为秸秆的预处理工艺提供参考,并为秸秆厌氧干发酵技术提供数据支持。     

氨化预处理对稻草厌氧消化产气性能影响

为了节省秸秆厌氧消化阶段另加N源调配营养的运行成本,同时又要保持良好产气效率。本试验选用氨化法对秸秆进行预处理,研究了不同浓度的氨对稻草厌氧消化产气性能的影响。以NH3·H2O为预处理药剂,按2%、4%、6%（相对于稻草的干质量）的NH3质量分数对稻草进行氨化,分别以50、65、80 g/L 3个不同负荷进行厌氧消化。结果表明：不同浓度的氨化预处理中,4%NH3氨化预处理效果最好。在65 g/L负荷率下,4%NH3预处理的消化70 d累积产气量为37?010 mL,消化产气量达总体积的90%（计T90）时产气量为33?920 mL,分别比未预处理稻草、2%和6%NH3预处理稻草T90时产气提高了38.3%、14.6%和8.2%,甲烷总产量分别提高了34.8%、15.1%和9.6%,比未预处理稻草同期（45 d）累积产气量以及甲烷总产量分别提高了60.8%和60.3%,产气周期提前10 d结束。消化后总固体（TS）、挥发性固体（VS）的减少量分别由41.6%和46.6%提高到了46.4%和58.6%,半纤维素和木质素质量分数分别由27.7%和6.9%减少到20.8%和5.2%,粗蛋白质量分数从4.0%提高到10.1%。本研究提供了一个有效地提高产气量的方法,研究结果将为大中型秸秆沼气工程提供设计依据。     

化学与生物预处理对玉米秸生物气产量影响的初步比较研究

为实现玉米秸的高效能源化转化，提出通过生物与化学预处理提高厌氧消化效率和生物气产量的新方法。研究了经白腐真菌Pleurotus florida生物处理和经氢氧化钠、氨水与尿素化学处理后，玉米秸主要成份木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、总氮和干物质等的变化规律，及其对生物气产量的影响。对经不同处理后的玉米秸进行了相应厌氧消化试验。结果显示，除尿素处理外，所有其它处理都可不同程度地提高玉米秸的产气量；其中，经氢氧化钠处理的获得了最高的产气量，与未处理和经生物处理的玉米秸相比，其产气量分别提高了78.3%和13.2%。由于化学处理方法简单、管理容易、处理时间短，并可获得较高的产气量，因此，在大规模应用时，推荐使用氢氧化钠作预处理（添加量为干物质质量的8%）。该研究结果为大幅提高玉米秸的产气量提供了一个新的有效的方法。     

NaOH和H2O2预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧消化的影响

为提高秸秆厌氧消化的产气量及产气效率,采用NaOH和H2O2对玉米秸秆进行预处理,考察了不同浓度组合预处理对秸秆成分、厌氧消化性能的影响.试验结果表明,2％NaOH+3％H2O2预处理的处理效果最佳,与未经预处理的效果相比,总产气量提高了9.89％,消化时间缩短了14d,TS和VS降解率分别提高15.23％和17.85％.NaOH和H2O2联合试剂对秸秆进行预处理可以有效提高厌氧消化效率.     

接种量对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的影响

研究不同接种量对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的影响,探求餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化的最佳接种量。在55℃条件下,比较6种不同接种量对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化过程中pH、总磷浓度、VFA浓度、产气量及餐厨垃圾TS、VS去除效果和消化液COD_Cr去除效果的影响,结果表明：添加接种物不仅可以提高消化系统的缓冲能力,而且缩短系统产甲烷细菌的积累周期,有利于产气高峰提前,同时对餐厨垃圾的降解有一定的促进作用。其中,在消化物总量600 g条件下,480 g餐厨垃圾接种120 g接种物（TS比为9.47）产气效果最佳,整个过程累积产气量为9359 mL,显著高于其它处理,此外,餐厨垃圾TS、VS去除率和消化液COD_Cr去除率也达到最佳效果,去除率依次为60%、70%和39.67%,但是COD_Cr去除率与CK差异不显著。     

不同生长期互花米草的理化特性及厌氧发酵特性

为了解不同生长阶段互花米草的理化特性及厌氧发酵性能,找出互花米草的最佳收获期,进行了不同生长阶段互花米草的中温厌氧消化试验。结果表明,随着生长期的延长,互花米草中易分解有机物含量下降,木质纤维素含量增加,木质纤维结构发育逐渐成熟,坚韧度增加,纤维素的结晶度提高,C/N增加,互花米草的可生物降解性能降低,但由于金属阳离子含量降低,对厌氧微生物产生抑制的风险降低。互花米草直接厌氧发酵的厌氧生物转化率较低,最高的为5月份采收的互花米草,为42.55%,最低的为11月份采收的互花米草,仅为18.76%。从互花米草生物量以及产气稳定性等角度综合考虑,选择8月份作为互花米草的最佳采收时期。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.