厌氧—好氧法处理石化废水的研究

为考察厌氧－好氧组合技术处理石化废水的可行性,采用ＵＡＳＢ反应器和曝气池进行了处理该废水的研究。结果表明,在中温条件下,当ＵＡＳＢ进水有机负荷为５．２ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,水力停留时间为２４ｈ时,ＢＯＤ５去除率８５％,ＣＯＤ去除率８３％,容积产气率１．７７ｍ３／（ｍ３·ｄ）。石化废水经厌氧处理后,其好氧可生化性提高２０％～３０％。当曝气池污泥负荷为０．４５ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＭＬＳＳ·ｄ）,水力停留时间为４ｈ时,ＢＯＤ５去除率９４％,ＣＯＤ去除率９３％。系统总ＣＯＤ去除率９８．８％,ＢＯＤ５去除率９９％。     

泰乐菌素废水厌氧可生化性试验研究

采用批量及半连续式厌氧消化试验，验证了泰乐菌素生产废水的厌氧可生化性，证明醋酸丁酯可被厌氧生物所降解。去除１ｇＣＯＤ废水产沼气量为５１８ｍｌ。当进水ＣＯＤ负荷在３．４ｋｇ－ＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）以下时，ＣＯＤ去除率可达５０％以上。ＣＯＤ去除率与有机物浓度的关系符合Ｍｏｎｏｄ模式。     

UASB-CAAS技术处理酒精废醪的生产性研究

应用“ＵＡＳＢ－ＣＡＡＳ”组合系统处理酒糟废醪液的工程研究表明,进水ＣＯＤ为４４５００－４６７００ｍｇ／Ｌ的酒精废醪液经固液分离后,采用“两级ＵＡＳＢ－ＣＡＡＳ”工艺进行处理,系统ＣＯＤ去除率达９９．６％,出水可达标排放。     

A／O工艺处理城市污水中微生物种群的研究

本文对Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理城市污水中的微生物种群进行研究。结果表明；（１）Ａ怜Ｏ工艺的ＢＣＤ、ＣＯＤ去除率可达８０％～９０％，ＴＰ去除率达６０％以上，ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ去除率接近７０％，在杭州四堡污水处理厂采用Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理一级出水是可行的。（２）Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理后的出水中各种菌的数量均有较大程度的减少。（３）通过活性污泥中微型动物种类，数量及变化的显微镜观察，及时地调整控制处理系统的方法是安全可靠的。     

UASB-AF处理高浓度涤纶聚脂废水的试验研究

采用厌氧污泥床过滤器处理高浓度涤纶聚脂废水试验,结果表明：ＵＡＳＢ－ＡＦ反应器具有较高的处理条纶聚脂废水的效能,稳定运行容积负荷可达１０－１２ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）水力滞留时间２２－２４ｈ,ＣＯＤ去除率８０％左右,并具有启动速度快,耐冲击负荷等特点。     

UASB处理酒精废水生产运行研究

本文论述了有效容积２７００ｍ６３的ＵＡＳＢ装置,在高温条件下处理高悬浮物酒精废水的启动运行和形成颗粒污泥的过程。当反应器稳定运行时,进水ＳＳ１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上,容积负荷可达７－１２ｋｇＣＯＤ／（Ｍ＾３．ｄ）。水力停留时间为２－５ｄ,ＣＯＤ去除率达９０％以上,出水ＣＯＤ小于５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＳ小于２５００ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

废水中硫酸盐生物还原影响因素的研究

本文对硫酸盐还原菌还原青霉素废水中的ＳＯ２－４进行了研究,试验结果表明：进水ＳＯ２－４浓度、ＣＯＤ／ＳＯ２－４及ＳＯ２－４负荷是影响硫酸盐还原效果的主要因素。在中温（３５℃±１℃）条件下,当反应器进水ＳＯ２－４浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｐＨ为７～９,ＣＯＤ／ＳＯ２－４大于３,ＳＯ２－４容积负荷为７．５ｋｇ／（ｍ３·ｄ）时,ＳＯ２－４去除率可达８５％。     

多孔高分子载体固定化微生物厌氧流化床处理低浓度废水的研究

本文报道用厌氧流化床反应器处理低浓度有机废水的可行性研究结果。采用多孔高分子载体固定厌氧微生物和流态化技术强化传质过程,可克服低浓度有机废水甲烷化能力低的障碍。实验表明,在３５±１℃条件下,处理ＣＯＤ浓度为１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ的人工葡萄糖废水,床层最优膨胀率为５０％,容积有机负荷率为１９．２ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率达７０％;处理ＣＯＤ浓度为２２０～２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的城市污水,容积有机负荷率为２．４～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,ＣＯＤ去除率为５４％～５６％。     

SBR工艺处理猪场粪污的试验研究

用有效容积ＳＬ的序批式反应器（ＳＢＲ）进行粪污水水解出炎处理试验。停留时间（ＨＲＴ）１．０～１．４ｄ。ＣＯＤｃｒ,ＢＯＤ５,ＳＳ却除经分别为５１．２％～８１．５％,７２．４％～９５．７％,９６．３％～９７．３％,但出水中仍残留相当数量的难降解ＣＯＤｃｒ。ＳＢＲ对氮有效好的去除效果,ＴＮ去除率为７４．１％,特别是对ＨＬ４－Ｎ的去除在整个曝气周期内都在进行,在完成ＣＯＤｃｒ降解后的９０ｍｉｎ内去除最快     

氯霉素合成废水厌氧生物处理的研究

对氯霉素合成废水的厌氧生物处理作了研究。结果表明：（１）氯霉素合成废水的平均ＣＯＤ浓度高达３０６ｇ／Ｌ，但平均ＢＯＤ５浓度仅为７７２ｇ／Ｌ。ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ比值为０２５３。从ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ比值和降解动力学来评定，氯霉素废水属于生物处理可行性较难的工业废水。（２）石灰兼备中和酸性与去除一定量ＣＯＤ的双重作用，可用于该废水的预处理。（３）由于基质的抑制性，在反应器的操作中，应将废水ＣＯＤ浓度控在６０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。（４）反应器的运试结果良好。平均水力停留时间１００天；平均进水ＣＯＤ浓度４６１３ｍｇ／Ｌ；平均出水ＣＯＤ浓度１０６７ｍｇ／Ｌ；平均ＣＯＤ去除率７７％；ＢＯＤ５去除率达９５％以上；平均容积ＣＯＤ负荷和容积产气率分别为４６７ｋｇ／（ｍ３ｄ）和０９９ｍ３／（ｍ３ｄ），沼气的甲烷含量为７２％。     

高效脱色菌的特性及其在染化废水厌氧处理中的生物强化作用

从活性污泥等微生物源中分离、筛选获得10株高效脱色菌，经鉴定其属于Pseudomonas,Bacillus，Xanthomonas，Erwinia，Alealigenes，Plesiomonas。对艳红染料生产废水脱色试验表明最适温度30℃，pH6.6～8.0，湿细胞浓度20～30!g*L-1;静置培养（兼氧）脱色率高于振荡培养；外加NADH、NADPH、易降解有机物和有机废水可强化脱色菌的脱色性能。为实现脱色菌的资源化应用，试验将PseudomonasD18,ErwiniaD17,AlcaligenesD19andPlesiomonasD124株脱色菌制成混合培养物和固定化细胞，分别投加于处理染化废水的厌氧反应器，结果发现在相同COD负荷、水力负荷条件下，投加固定化细胞的反应器，其脱色率可提高5!%～10!%，出水苯胺浓度提高40!%～65!%。电镜观察发现脱色菌在胶团内外持留、增殖。厌氧反应器性能的改善主要通过功能性微生物生物量和相关基因库量的增加而实现。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。