德国牧羊犬早孕的B/M型超声诊断

选取30只怀孕德国牧羊犬,在交配后20～40d用B/M超声进行早孕诊断。结果表明,75%的犬于第20天探测到孕囊,第24天可见胎心搏动,第27天怀孕诊断准确率为100%,第30天预测胎儿个数最准确,M型超声心动图可准确判断胎儿存活状态。     

The mineral composition of nails in normal dogs and comparison with shed nails in canine idiopathic onychomadesis

Abstract The mineral analyses of nails from 32 normal dogs were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or colorimetrically. Data were compared with the mineral analyses of nails from 21 cases of idiopathic canine onychomadesis. German Shepherd dogs were significantly over represented (P < 0.005) in the affected group compared with a reference hospital population. Significant increases in the concentration of calcium (P < 0.05), potassium (P < 0.05), sodium (P < 0.0005) and phosphorus (P < 0.05) were found in nails from affected dogs compared with nails from normal animals. The mineral composition of nails from affected German Shepherd dogs was significantly different from that of affected non-German Shepherd dogs. Normal ranges for the mineral concentrations of normal canine nail are presented for the first time. The different composition of nails from affected German Shepherd dogs compared with nails from other breeds suggests a different aetiology to the onychomadesis, although the cause of the problem remains speculative. Résumé— Des analyses d'ongles de 32 chiens sains ont été déterminées par spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique ou colométrie. Celles-ci ont été comparées avec celles d'ongles de 21 chiens à onychomadèse idiopathique. Les Bergers allemands sont surreprésentés (P < 0,005) dans le groupe de chiens malades, comparativement à la population de référence. Des augmentations significatives de la concentration de calcium (P < 0,05), de potassium (P < 0,05), de sodium (P < 0,005) et de phosphore (P < 0,05) sont notées dans les ongles des Bergers allemands à onychomadèse idiopathique, par rapport à celles des ongles des chiens atteints, mais non de race Berger allemand. Des valeurs usuelles des concentrations minérales des ongles du chien sont présentées pour la première fois. La composition différente des ongles des Bergers allemands affectés comparéeà celle des ongles des autres races affectées suggère une étiologie différente de l'onychomadèse dans cette race, bien que la cause reste encore imprècise. [Harvey, R. G., Markwell, P. J. The mineral composition of nails in normal dogs and comparison with shed nails in canine idiopathic onychomadesis (Composition minérale des ongles de chiens sains et comparaison avec celle des ongles provenant de chiens à onychomadèse idiopathique). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 29–34.] Resumen El análisis mineral de las uñas de 32 perros normales se determinó por espectrofotometría atómica de absorción o colorimétricamente. La información se comparó con los análisis de 21 casos de onicomadesis idiopática canina. Los perros Pastor Aleman estaban significativamente sobrerepresentados (P < 0.005) en el grupo afectado comparado con la población de un hospital de referencia. Se encontraron aumentos significativos en la concentración de calcio (P < 0.05), potasio (P < 0.00005) y fósforo (P < 0.05) en la población afectada, comparado con uñas de animales normales. La composicón mineral de uñas de perros Pastor Alemán afectados fue significativamente distinta de la de los perros no Pastor Alemán afectados. Se presenta por primera vez los valores de las concentración mineral de las uñas normales en el perro. La composición distinta de las uñas de perros Pastor Alemán afectados comparadda con uñas de otras razas sugiere una etiología distinta de la onicomadesis, aunque la causa del problema continúa siendo motivo de especulación. [Harvey, R. G., Markwell, P. J. The mineral composition of nails in normal dogs and comparison with shed nails in canine idiopathic onychomadesis (Composición mineral de las uñas de perros normales comparada con la uñas eliminadas en la onicomadesis idiopática canina). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 29–34.] Zusammenfassung— Die Mineralstoffanalyse der Krallen von 32 gesunden Hunden wurde mit Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie oder Kolorimetrie durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden mit Mineralstoffanalysen von Krallen aus 21 Fällen von idiopathischer kaniner Onychomadesis verglichen. Deutsche Schäferhunde waren signifikant überrepräsentiert (P < 0,005) in der betroffenen Gruppen im Vergleich zur einer Referenzpopulation der Klinik. Signifikante Anstiege in der Konzentration von Kalzium (P < 0,05), Kalium (P < 0,05), Natrium (P < 0,0005) und Phosphor (P < 0,05) wurden in den Krallen der betroffener Hunde im Vergleich zu denen gesunder gefunden. Die Mineralstoffzusammensetzung der Krallen betroffener Deutscher Schäferhunde unterschied sich signifikant von der betroffener Hunde anderer Rassen. Referenzbereiche für die Mineralstoffkonzentrationen gesunder Hundekrallen werden erstmalig vorgestellt. Die verschiedene Zusammensetzung der Krallen betroffener Deutscher Schäferhunde im Vergleich zu den Krallen anderer Rassen legt eine unterschiedliche Ätiologie der Onychomadesis nahe, obwohl die Ursache der Störung spekulativ bleibt. [Harvey, R. G., Markwell, P. J. The mineral composition of nails in normal dogs and comparison with shed nails in canine idiopathic onychomadesis (Die Mineralstoffzusammensetzung der krallen gesunder Hunde im Verleich zu abgesto ßenen Krallen bei kaniner idiopathischer Onychomadesis). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 29–34.]     

A SACRAL LESION RESEMBLING OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG

More than 30% (21 of 65) of German Shepherd dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina compression had radiographic and pathologic abnormalities compatible with osteochondrosis of the sacral endplate. Most of these dogs had a defect in the dorsal part of the sacral endplate and a detached bone fragment in the vertebral canal. Similar lesions were also found in growing and young adult dogs without clinical signs. The dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina compression also had severe degenerative disc disease with protrusion of the lumbosacral disc and compression of the cauda equina, suggesting that the signs of cauda equina compression more likely were related to the secondary degenerative changes (disc protrusions) rather than the primary disease. Clinically normal German Shepherds with sacral osteochondrosis usually were younger than 18 months, the dogs with cauda equina compression and sacral osteochondrosis older than 18 months (mean age 4.8 years). On the average, these dogs were two years younger as compared to dogs with cauda equina compression without sacral osteochondrosis. Male dogs are more often affected than females (5:1). There is a breed predisposition: in dogs other than German Shepherds, osteochondrosis of the sacral endplate seems to be extremely rare.     

Antimicrobial therapy in German Shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study

Abstract Twenty-five pure-bred and two cross-bred German Shepherd dogs with German Shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP) were treated with enrofloxacin as an antimicrobial therapy. Following 28 weeks of treatment at a dose rate of 5 mg kg^-1, administered orally once daily, excellent results were obtained in 23 dogs (85.2%), and fair results in three dogs (11.1%). One dog (3.7%) showed no response. These findings indicate that enrofloxacin therapy is an effective antimicrobial treatment for the bacterial infection in GSP. Resumé 25 Bergers Allemandes de pure race et 2 métis suffrant d'infection bactérienne de type pyodermite du Berger Allemand fürent traités à l'aide d'enrofloxacine comme antimicrobien. Deux à huit semaines de traitment à la dose de 5 mg kg^-1 per os une fois par jour donnèrent un excellent resultat chez 23 chiens (85.2%), et une amelioration dans 3 cas (11.1%). Un chien (3.7%) ne répondit pas du tout. Ces résultats montrent que l'enrofloxacine est efficace en tant qu'antibactérien dans le traitment de la pyodermite du Berger Allemand. [Koch, H-J., Peters, S. Antimicrobial Therapy in German Shepherd Dog Pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. (Traitment anti-infectieux de la pyodermite du Berger Allemand. Etude clinique ouverte). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 177–181.] Resumen 25 perros pastor alemán de pura raza y dos mezcla de pastor alemán que tenian pioderma fueron tratados con enrofloxacina. Después de 2–8 semanas de tratamiento a una dosis de 5 mg kg^-1 por via oral una vez al día, se obtuvieron resultados excelentes en 23 perros y resultados moderados en 3 perros. Un perro no respondió. Estos resultados muestran que enrofioxacina es un tratamiento efectivo contra pioderma de pastor alemán. [Koch, H-J., Peters, S. Antimicrobial Therapy in German Shepherd Dog Pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. (Terapia antimicrobiana en perros de pastor alemán. Un estudio clinico). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 177–181.] Zusammenfassung— 25 reinrassige Deutsche Schäferhunde und zwei Deutsche Schäferhund-Mischlinge mit bakterieller Infektion infolge Schäferhundpyodermie wurden mit Enrofloxacin antimikrobiell behandelt. Nach zwei-bis achtwöchiger Behandlung in der Dosierung von 5 mg kg^-1 Körpergewicht, 1 × tgl. oral verabreicht, wurden bei 23 Hunden (85, 2%) sehr gute und bei drei Hunden (11, 1%) befriedigende Behandlungsergebnisse erzielt. Ein Hund (3, 7%) sprach nicht auf die Behandlung an. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Enrofloxacin zur erfolgreichen antimikrobiellen Behandlung der bakteriellen Infektion bei der Schäferhundpyodermie geeignet ist. [Koch, H-J., Peters, S. Antimicrobial Therapy in German Shepherd Dog Pyoderma (GSP). An open clinical study. (Antimikrobielle Therapie bei Deutscher Schäferhundpyodermie (DSP). Eine klinische offene Untersuchung). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 177–181.]     

Ateliotic Dwarfism in the German Shepherd Dog: LOW SOMATOMEDIN ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH APPARENTLY NORMAL PITUITARY FUNCTION (2 CASES) AND WITH PAN-ADENOPITUITARY DYSFUNCTION (1 CASE)

Two types of ateliotic dwarfism in 3 German Shepherd dog puppies are described. Low somatomedin levels in serum and impaired growth of skeletal tissues were found in all 3 cases.One dog (case 2) had a histologically undeveloped adenohypophysis, and the dwarfism was apparently due to a generalized lack of adenopituitary function.The 2 other dogs (cases 1A and IB) had histologically normal adenohypophyses, and their condition was probably due to a reduced response to endogenous growth hormone in peripheral tissues.     

德国牧羊犬的免疫系统缺陷

相比其它品种犬,德国牧羊犬倾向于发生相当频繁的问题是免疫系统缺陷综合症。该品种有许多个体带有称作IgA的一种特殊免疫球蛋白缺乏症,这个缺陷基因可能与染色体上通常控制免疫的基因非常接近。一些兽医对此类问题的出现并不很了解,忽略了涉及免疫系统的缺陷和对症治疗,导致错误的开出处方药品,或根本无法处理。因此,有必要对犬的免疫介导疾病有所了解和认识。     

Systemic mycosis due to Aspergillus deflectus in a dog

A 4-year-old, entire female, German Shepherd Dog was referred with a 3-month history of right foreleg lameness that partially responded to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial therapy. The bitch lost weight, was polydipsic and had reduced exercise tolerance. On referral, the animal was in poor condition, pyrexic and exhibited moderate pain on full extension of the right shoulder. Blood, urine and joint fluid were obtained and radiographs were taken of the right shoulder and chest. The bitch was lymphopaenic, hyperfibrinogenaemic, hyperglobulinaemic, mildly azotaemic, mildly proteinuric and isosthenuric. Branching fungal hyphae were present in the urine. On radiography, the thorax contained a large ventral mediastinal mass and the humeral head had extensive areas of radiolucency. An aspirate from the right humeroscapular joint exhibited branched fungal hyphae and numerous neutrophils and macrophages. A diagnosis of disseminated mycosis was made and euthanasia was performed. At necropsy, numerous caseating granulomas were present, especially in the kidneys, adrenal glands, heart and lymph nodes. Extensive osteomyelitis involved the head of the right humerus, the sternebrae and the fifth intervertebral disc. Fungal hyphae were detected in sections of granulomas in all affected organs and a diagnosis of disseminated fungal granulomatosis was made. Aspergillus deflectus was readily isolated from affected lymph nodes, but confirming its identity as A deflectus using standard procedures proved difficult. The identity of the fungus was finally confirmed by sequencing part of the 185 rRNA of the isolate. This is the first report in Australia of a disseminated mycosis caused by A deflectus. Previously, the involvement of A deflectus as a cause of disseminated mycosis was limited to 5 cases from the West Coast of the USA, four of which occurred in German Shepherd Dogs.     

Influence of femoral head and neck conformation on hip dysplasia in the German Shepherd dog.

We investigated the prevalence of an anatomic variant of the proximal femur, termed the broomstick-like femoral head and neck formation, and its influence on the Féderation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip dysplasia score in 294 German Shepherd dogs. One-hundred and eighty (61%) of the 294 dogs in our study had this anatomic variant. The calculated area of the femoral heads in dogs with a broomstick-like conformation was 4.5 +/- 0.6 cm2 on the hip-extended view. In dogs with a normal femoral head, the calculated area of the femoral head was significantly larger at 4.8 +/- 0.6 cm2 (P < 0.05). In the frog-leg view, there was no significant difference in femoral head area between dogs with the broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was no difference in the antetorsion angle between dogs with broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was also no difference in the distraction ratio between the two phenotypes. The official FCI hip score was similar in dogs with and without the broomstick-like conformation. The average heritability of the broomstick-like conformation was 0.3 +/- 0.1, suggesting heritable influence. We conclude that the broomstick-like conformation is a common finding in the German shepherd dog and has genetic base. The broomstick-like conformation does not appear to be associated with the presence of canine hip dysplasia and it can therefore be assumed to be a normal anatomic variant.     

ULTRASONIC FEATURES OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED, ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN THE DOG

Acute, necrotizing pancreatitis was experimentally produced in three dogs by injection of oleic acid into the accessory pancreatic duct. The ultrasonic features of acute pancreatitis were compared with the radiographic and gross pathologic findings. It was concluded that ultrasonography was very useful for the detection and characterization of experimental pancreatitis. The results must be carefully compared with the ultrasonic abnormalities found in naturally occurring, acute canine pancreatitis before the usefulness of pancreatic sonography can be determined for this disease in the dog     

SONOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE STIFLE

When diagnosing disease of the stifle in dogs ultrasonography is a good addition to clinical and radiological examination. Radiology can evaluate the bony aspects of the joint and their relationship to each other. In contrast, sonography allows visualization of the soft tissue. For most evaluations the 7.5 MHz linear scanner is suited best. Normal stifles of 58 dogs of different breeds were evaluated using a standardized examination procedure. This procedure had been derived from that used in humans. The stifle is divided into several regions which are examined and evaluated. These are the suprapatellar, infrapatellar, lateral, caudal and medial region. One hundred twenty seven patients which had problems associated with the stifle joint were examined sonographically after a clinical and radiographic exam. Osteochondrosis dissecans, ruptured cranial cruciate ligament, meniscal damage, arthritis, tumor, post surgical conditions, injuries of the patella, patellar ligament or tibial tuberosity and luxating patella were examined sonographically and the findings recorded.