脂肪酸结合蛋白生物学特性及对脂肪代谢调控的研究进展

脂肪酸结合蛋白是一族小分子蛋白质,对长链脂肪酸有很高的亲和力,能把脂肪酸从细胞膜转运到氧化和合成的部位,在长链脂肪酸的代谢中发挥着重要的作用。文中就脂肪酸结合蛋白的结构、功能及其对脂肪酸代谢调节以及脂肪酸结合蛋白基因方面的研究进行了综述,并从分子水平阐述了猪脂肪酸结合蛋白基因表达对肉品质的影响。     

Preliminary study of urinary excretion of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in a cat model of chronic kidney disease

Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (uL-FABP) is a clinically useful biomarker for monitoring chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. However, long-term monitoring of uL-FABP in CKD cats has not been reported. The objective of this preliminary study was to investigate whether the urinary excretion of L-FABP could predict the deterioration of renal function in 2 CKD model cats. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (uL-FABP) increased before standard renal biomarkers, including serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and symmetric dimethylarginine, in 1 cat with deteriorating renal function, but remained low and relatively stable in another cat with stable renal function. Our results suggest that uL-FABP is a potential clinical biomarker for predicting the progression of CKD in cats, as it is in humans.     

Laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases of dogs and cats

An increasing number of laboratory tests are available for diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases in dogs and cats. Use of these tests can lead to more accurate and rapid diagnoses. This review discusses laboratory tests, both new and old, and the role they currently play in the evaluation of animals presented with gastrointestinal problems. A minimum database helps assess the severity of the disorder, detect extra-gastrointestinal causes of problems and assists in formulating diagnostic and therapeutic plans.

Faecal examination remains one of the most important diagnostic procedures in the investigation of gastrointestinal problems. Zinc sulphate faecal flotation is an excellent routine screening technique for helminth and protozoal infections, including giardiasis. Rectal cytology can assist in the diagnosis of large bowel disorders. Interpretation of faecal immunodiagnostic tests is hampered by insufficient knowledge of test sensitivities and specificities. Routine faecal cultures are not warranted and faecal occult blood tests are rarely indicated.

Serum tests for gastric inflammation are now under development. The serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity test remains the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Breath hydrogen tests can be helpful in assessing the functional relevance of mild abnormalities in small-bowel biopsy specimens. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin appear to be more specific indicators of gastrointestinal disease in cats than in dogs. Tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth remain controversial and assessment of gastrointestinal permeability has yet to prove its value in the diagnostic assessment of companion animals with gastrointestinal problems. Faecal alpha₁-protease inhibitor (α₁-PI) shows promise for the diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy.     

Clinical evaluation of sodium sulfanilate clearance for the diagnosis of renal disease in dogs

Sodium sulfanilate (ss) clearance time was measured in 13 clinically normal dogs and in 24 dogs with suspected renal disease. The results were compared with those from more routine tests of renal function to assess whether measurement of ss clearance provided additional information about the degree of renal dysfunction. It was concluded that ss clearance is a more sensitive measure of renal dysfunction than is serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen. Sodium sulfanilate half-life was increased before the complete loss of ability to concentrate urine; however, urine concentrating ability was impaired in some dogs with normal ss clearance. In dogs with glomerular disease, proteinuria developed before increased ss clearances. However, ss clearance was a more reliable method of monitoring the degree of renal dysfunction than was protein concentration in single urine samples.     

辽宁种猪H-FABP和A-FABP基因位点多态性研究

目的:检测辽宁种猪H-FABP和A-FABP基因位点多态性。方法:采用PCR-RFLP技术。结果:4个猪种H-FABP基因HinfI和HaeⅢ点酶切位点上都显示多态性,优势基因型分别为HH和dd型,荷包猪H-FABP基因5′上游区和第二内含子多态性分析的结果显示H和d基因的频率较高;4个猪种A-FABP基因内含子IBsmI位点进行PCR-RFLP均检测到3种基因型,在地方猪种东北荷包猪中,等位基因A为优势基因,在国外引进猪种大白,长白,杜洛克猪中,等位基因B为优势基因。结论:荷包猪具有高肌内脂肪含量,我国地方猪种肉质优于引入品种。     

Clinical findings, rhinoscopy and histological evaluation of 54 dogs with chronic nasal disease

Nasal diseases are very common in dogs and rhinoscopy is often required for a definitive diagnosis. Rhinoscopy, while superficial in nature, can guide the clinician to the final diagnosis. In this study, rhinoscopy was performed on 54 dogs with symptoms of chronic nasopharyngeal disease. The endoscopic diagnosis of neoplasia or chronic nasal inflammation was validated with histological examination of pathological samples, in order to evaluate the degree of concordance between endoscopic findings and histological diagnosis. The agreement between endoscopy and histology was tested by application of Cohen''s kappa coefficient. We conclude that correlation between endoscopic results and histological diagnosis, expressed by a Cohen''s kappa coefficient of 0.73, is only possible with a constant cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist.     

Potential role of serum inhibitors of erythropoiesis in the anemia associated with infection, renal disease and malignancy in the dog

Serum from dogs with anemia secondary to infection, malignancy and chronic renal disease was tested for the capacity to inhibit in vitro erythropoiesis. Serum inhibition was found in seven of 10 dogs with infectious diseases, four of 10 dogs with malignant diseases, and two of 10 dogs with chronic renal failure. The results were reproducible with at least three different marrow donor dogs. Serum inhibition did not correlate with decreased packed cell volumes. However, serum inhibition occurred in the two dogs with greatest azotemia suggesting that inhibitors of erythropoiesis are present only in advanced stages of renal failure.     

Preliminary evaluation of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for the determination of serum cystatin C-like immunoreactivity in dogs

Abstract: Serum cystatin C often is used in humans as a rapid and more sensitive marker than serum creatinine for glomerular filtration rate. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether cystatin C-like immunoreactivity (CLI) could be measured reliably in canine serum and to investigate whether dogs with clinical renal insufficiency had higher CLI levels than did clinically healthy dogs and dogs with nonrenal diseases. A commercially available particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for human serum cystatin C was used to measure canine serum CLI in a linear and proportional manner, with a mean recovery of 104%± 7.5% and coefficients of variation of 1.7 to 9.6%. The assay was then applied to serum samples from 17 clinically healthy dogs, 12 dogs with nonrenal diseases, and 8 dogs with renal insufficiency. Serum CLI was significantly higher in dogs with renal insufficiency (median serum CLI = 5.01 mg/L) than in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with nonrenal diseases (median serum CLI = 1.06 mg/L and 1.62 mg/L, respectively). Thus, canine serum CLI could be reliably measured using a commercially available PETIA designed for human serum cystatin C, and dogs with clinical renal insufficiency had, as expected, significantly higher serum CLI levels.     

犬腹腔镜肝部分切除术对肝、肾功能的影响

选择8条健康杂种犬进行腹腔镜下肝部分切除,于麻醉前、术后4h及术后第1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15天采取静脉血进行肝肾功能指标监测.结果显示,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶及碱性磷酸酶于术后第1天升到高峰;尿酸、尿素氮和肌酐于术后4h即达到高峰;白蛋白和总蛋白略微有所下降,于术后第1天降到最低;而r谷氨酰基转移酶术后变化不大.结果表明,犬腹腔镜肝部分切除术仅仅短期内对肝、肾功能产生影响,且肝、肾功能在术后一段时间内可恢复.     

Diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of reflex bacterial culture for the detection of urinary tract infection in dogs with low urine specific gravity

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be subclinical or difficult to detect in dilute urine as sediment abnormalities may not be observed. In our laboratory, bacterial culture is automatically performed (reflex culture) on samples with urine specific gravity (USG)≤1.013 to increase the likelihood of detecting infection. The value of routine culture of dilute urine, however, has not been fully assessed. Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of positive bacterial cultures and analyze the diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of culture compared with routine sediment examination for detecting UTI in dilute urine specimens from dogs. Methods: Urinalysis and concurrent aerobic bacterial culture results were obtained from the electronic medical record system at the University of California–Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for samples with USG≤1.013 analyzed from July 1998 through January 2005. Urine collection method, presence of leukocytes and bacteria, bacterial culture results, and clinical diagnosis were recorded. Cost‐effectiveness of reflex culture, based on low USG as the sole criterion, was evaluated. Results: Of 1264 urine specimens, 106 (8.4%) had positive bacterial cultures. Using culture as the gold standard, sediment evaluation had a diagnostic sensitivity of 58.5% and specificity of 98.3% (diagnostic accuracy 94.9%). An additional cost of $60 per patient was incurred, leading to average annual costs of $11,668 for reflex bacterial cultures of all samples with low USG, regardless of collection method. Within our study population, 10 urine samples needed to be cultured for each true positive result. Conclusions: The sensitivity of urine sediment evaluation is low for UTI in dilute urine samples; however, reflex bacterial culture does not appear to be cost‐effective in dogs with USG≤1.013 in the absence of active urine sediment or high clinical suspicion for UTI.     

Contrast‐enhanced voiding urosonography: A new,radiation‐free,alternative method for imaging of urinary bladder and urethra in healthy dogs

Contrast‐enhanced voiding urosonography (CE‐VUS) has been generally considered as a promising tool to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux and abnormalities in lower urinary tract in human patients, especially in children. The purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate the quality of images of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained by CE‐VUS using a second‐generation ultrasound contrast agent (SonoVue®) in healthy dogs and to investigate the safety profile of SonoVue® after intravesical administration. Eighty‐four CE‐VUS examinations with SonoVue® were successfully performed in both unsedated (39/84) and sedated (45/84) dogs. Contrast‐enhanced voiding urosonography examination of urinary bladder was technically successful in all (84/84) dogs. The image quality was not considered adequate in five (5/84) dogs including three dogs in whom layering of contrast media during filling phase was observed and two dogs with premature destruction of microbubbles. In these five dogs, the problem was readily recognized and corrected such that the procedure was still successfully undertaken. The assessment of the urethra during spontaneous micturition was successfully performed in all (84/84) dogs in whom voiding was elicited during the examination. No side effects were observed after intravesical application of SonoVue®. This study demonstrates that CE‐VUS is a feasible and valuable technique to evaluate low urinary tract morphology and function in dogs. Based on our review of the literature, there are no published reports about the use of this method in dogs.     

Measurement of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with degenerative myelopathy

BACKGROUND: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is part of a routine clinical workup in veterinary patients when neurologic disease is suspected. However, knowledge of particular protein markers of disease in CSF is limited. The concentration of myelin basic protein (MBP) in CSF is used as a biochemical marker in humans to evaluate demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate an ELISA for determination of MBP concentration in the CSF of German shepherd dogs with degenerative myelopathy (GSDM). METHODS: Cross-reactivity of the anti-human polyclonal antibody used in a commercial ELISA (Active MBP ELISA, Diagnostic Systems Laboratories Inc, Webster, TX, USA) was tested with canine MBP by immunoblotting. CSF samples were collected from both the cisterna magna and the lumbar cistern of 8 clinically healthy control dogs and 8 German shepherd dogs clinically diagnosed with GSDM. MBP concentrations were measured in all CSF samples using the ELISA. RESULTS: The mean MBP concentration in CSF from the lumbar cistern of dogs with GSDM (3.13 -/+ 0.46 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that in the cisterna magna (0.70 -/+ 0.06 ng/mL) and from both cisternal (0.47 -/+ 0.07 ng/mL) and lumbar (0.94 -/+ 0.37 ng/mL) samples from control dogs. CONCLUSION: The MBP ELISA has potential as a supplemental test of CSF to diagnose demyelinating disorders in dogs.     

Deep learning-based diagnosis of stifle joint diseases in dogs

In this retrospective, analytical study, we developed a deep learning-based diagnostic model that can be applied to canine stifle joint diseases and compared its accuracy with that achieved by veterinarians to verify its potential as a reliable diagnostic method. A total of 2382 radiographs of the canine stifle joint from cooperative animal hospitals were included in a dataset. Stifle joint regions were extracted from the original images using the faster region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) model, and the object detection accuracy was evaluated. Four radiographic findings: patellar deviation, drawer sign, osteophyte formation, and joint effusion, were observed in the stifle joint and used to train a residual network (ResNet) classification model. Implant and growth plate groups were analyzed to compare the classification accuracy against the total dataset. All deep learning-based classification models achieved target accuracies exceeding 80%, which is comparable to or slightly less than those achieved by veterinarians. However, in the case of drawer signs, further research is necessary to improve the low sensitivity of the model. When the implant group was excluded, the classification accuracy significantly improved, indicating that the implant acted as a distraction. These results indicate that deep learning-based diagnoses can be expected to become useful diagnostic models in veterinary medicine.     

Comparison and evaluation of three serological tests for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Abstract

AIMS: To retrospectively describe clinical features of dogs that were presented to a small animal clinic between 2003–10 with macroscopic haematuria, and investigate whether signalment of the dog and severity and duration of the haematuria at admission were associated with specific aetiologies.

METHODS: Medical records were evaluated of 162 dogs with macroscopic haematuria admitted to a University-based small animal clinic in Thessaloniki, Greece, from January 2003 to December 2010. The inclusion criteria were discolouration of the urine sediment combined with abnormal numbers of erythrocytes, when examined microscopically. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, severity, frequency and duration of haematuria, and diagnosis.

RESULTS: Between January 2007 and December 2010, 8,893 dogs were admitted to the clinic; of these 99 (1.1%) were admitted with haematuria. Of the 162 dogs with records of haematuria, 80 (49.4%) were aged between 5.1–10 years, presented with acute (96/162; 59.3%), constant (99/162; 61.1%) and mild/moderate (150/162; 92.6%) haematuria. Of 147 dogs with a recorded diagnosis, the commonest diagnoses were urinary tract infection (UTI, 42/147; 28.6%), urolithiasis (38/147; 25.9%), prostatic disease (25/147; 17.0%) and urinary tumours (13/147; 8.8%). The prevalence of UTI was higher in female (22/56; 39%) than male (20/91; 22%) dogs, and in medium sized (22/52; 42%) than small (6/40; 15%) dogs. Urolithiasis was most prevalent in small (21/40; 52.5%) dogs, and all dogs with urolithiasis presented with mild/moderate haematuria. The prevalence of prostatic disease was highest in large (11/46; 24%) and giant (3/9; 33%) sized dogs and in dogs aged >10 years (8/30; 27%).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this retrospective study from one small animal clinic, UTI, urolithiasis, prostatic disease and urinary tumours predominated among the causes of canine haematuria. The consideration of sex, age, and size of the dog and characteristics of haematuria were found to be useful parameters when forming the list of differential diagnoses.     

Ultrasonographic quantitative evaluation of acute and chronic renal disease using the renal cortical thickness to aorta ratio in dogs

The renal cortical thickness (RCT) has been correlated with renal function. Previous studies have also reported that the RCT:Abdominal aorta(Ao) ratio is constant in normal dogs with various physical factors. This multi-center, retrospective, analytical study aimed to determine if there are differences between actual RCT and predicted value of RCT considering physical factors in dogs with acute or chronic renal disease. We also aimed to demonstrate whether the RCT and Ao ratio index would be useful for evaluating renal pathology. A total of 54 dogs with acute or chronic renal disease and 30 normal healthy dogs were included in this study. The RCT was measured at the center of the renal pyramid as the shortest distance perpendicular to the renal capsule from the base of the renal medullary pyramid at three points. The diameter of the Ao was measured just caudal to the branch of the left renal artery in the sagittal plane in systole. The RCT:Ao ratio of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients was 0.50 ± 0.11 (mean ± standard deviation). The RCT:Ao ratio in normal dogs was 0.67 ± 0.07. The RCT:Ao ratio in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) was 0.83 ± 0.05. There was a statistically significant difference between normal dogs and dogs with CKD (P < 0.001) and between normal dogs and dogs with AKI (P < 0.001). In conclusion, findings from the current study supported using the RCT:Ao ratio as a non-invasive quantitative method for characterizing kidney pathology in dogs with acute or chronic renal disease.     

Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine for postoperative pain management in dogs

ObjectiveTo compare postoperative analgesia provided by a constant rate infusion (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (DMED) to that of a well-established positive control [morphine (MOR)] in critically ill dogs. The sedative, cardiorespiratory effects and clinical safety of a 24-hour DMED CRI were also evaluated.Study designProspective, randomised, blinded, positive-controlled parallel-group clinical study.AnimalsForty hospitalised, client-owned dogs requiring post-operative pain management after invasive surgery.MethodsAfter surgery, a loading dose of either DMED (25 μg m^?2) or MOR (2500 μg m^?2) followed by a 24-hour CRI of DMED (25 μg m^?2 hour^?1) or MOR (2500 μg m^?2 hour^?1) was administered. Pain was measured using the Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale, sedation and physiological variables were scored at regular intervals. Animals considered to be painful received rescue analgesia and were allocated to a post-rescue protocol; animals which were unresponsive to rescue analgesia were removed from the study. Data were analysed with anova, two-sample t-tests or Chi-square tests. Time to intervention was analysed with Kaplan–Meier methodology.ResultsForty dogs were enrolled. Twenty dogs (9 DMED and 11 MOR) did not require rescue analgesia. Eleven DMED and eight MOR dogs were allocated to the post-rescue protocol and seven of these removed from the study. Significant differences in pain scores between groups were not observed during the first 12 hours, however, DMED dogs were less (p = 0.009) painful during the last 12 hours. Sedation score over the entire 24-hour study was not significantly different between groups.Conclusion / Clinical RelevanceDexmedetomidine CRI was equally effective as MOR CRI at providing postoperative analgesia and no clinically significant adverse reactions were noted. This study shows the potential of DMED to contribute to a balanced postoperative analgesia regimen in dogs.