TIT双羔素不同免疫次数对青海半细毛绵羊的效果试验

应用TIT双羔素不同注射次数对青海半细毛羊进行了免疫试验,共免疫健康母羊939只,试验结果表明,注射了3次TIT双羔素,青海半细毛羊双羔率为10．90％,与注射2次1Tr双羔素(双羔率为7．Ol％)差异显著(P＜O．05)。     

云南半细毛羊单、双羔生产性能及经济效益初探

本文对巧家县崇溪原种场云南半细毛羊单、双羔公母鉴定材料分析，结果表明，在相同的补饲条件下，单、双羔公、母羊其初生、离乳、秋差差异极显著（P＜0．01），一岁时的剪后体重差异显著（P＜0．05），一岁时的毛长、毛量和两岁时的毛长、毛量、剪毛后体重差异不显著（P＞0．05）；周岁时，就后代贡献率来说，毛量和体重方面，每只可产双羔的母羊分别相当于1．6只和1．8只可产单羔的母羊，可增加收入138．8元，因此在云南半细毛羊的培育中，应加强对双羔性状的选育。     

杜泊羊胚胎移植试验

48只杜泊绵羊供体用促卵泡素(FSH) 进行超排处理, 用手术法采胚, 39只羊共获250枚可用胚, 头均获可用胚为6 41 ( 250 /39 ) 枚,不同产地FSH及供体年龄对超排效果影响差异不显著(P>0 05)。将250枚可用胚植入209只小尾寒羊受体中, 产羔101只, 产双羔受体10只,产羔率为48 33% (101 /209)。结果表明: 移三胚、双胚的受体羊产羔率明显高于移单胚的产羔率, 差异极显著(P<0 01 ); 移植受体的移入侧卵巢上有3个及以上黄体的受胎率高于1个黄体和2个黄体, 但差异不显著(P>0 05); 不同饲养管理水平下羔羊初生重差异显著(P<0 05 ),但受胎率无显著差异。双羔平均初生重较单羔低0 58kg, 差异显著(P<0 05); 双羔成活率较单羔成活率低25 6%, 差异极显著(P<0 01 );单羔妊娠期较双羔长, 差异显著(P<0 05)。     

澳洲美利奴公羊对鄂尔多斯细毛羊羔羊初生重影响的研究

为了探讨利用澳洲美利奴公羊导血改良鄂尔多斯细毛羊对羔羊初生重的影响。选择300只饲养管理水平相近,体重、胎次基本相同的鄂尔多斯细毛羊基础母羊,随机分为两组,分别用澳美公羊和鄂尔多斯细毛羊种公羊进行人工授精,记录羔羊初生重。结果表明：澳美杂交后代单羔公羔和母羔平均初生重分别为4．62kg±0．77kg和4．40kg±0．78kg;鄂尔多斯细毛羊单羔公羔和母羔平均初生重分别3．56kg±0．62kg和3．38kg±0．38kg;澳美杂交后代双羔公羔和母羔平均初生重分别为3．66kg±0．74kg和3．86kg±0．58kg;鄂尔多斯细毛羊双羔公羔和母羔的平均初生重分别为3．22kg±0．67kg和2．98kg±0．61kg。澳美杂交后代羔羊的初生重极显著高于鄂尔多斯细毛羊羔羊（P〈0．01）。     

中卫山羊与内蒙古阿拉善绒山羊的杂交效果分析

中卫山羊和内蒙阿拉善绒山羊母羊体重体尺间差异不显著（P＞0．05），中阿杂种母羊周岁时的体重明显高于亲本（P＜0．05），杂种优势率为12．26％，体尺间差异不显著（P＞0．05）；中阿杂种成年母羊的体高明显高于亲本（P＜0．01），杂种优势率为4．42％，胸围显著高于亲本（P＜0．05），杂种优势率为2．26％，体长、管围和体重明显低于亲本（P＜0．05）。内蒙阿拉善绒山羊母羊绒毛产量明显高于中卫山羊（P＜0．01）；杂种母羊绒产量界于双亲之间，周岁时显著低于内蒙阿拉善绒山羊（P＜0．05），与中卫山羊间差异不显著（P＞0．05），无杂种优势；成年时明显低于内蒙阿拉善绒山羊（P＜0．01），显著高于中卫山羊（P＜0．05），杂种优势率为1．5％。中卫山羊母羊粗毛产量明显高于内蒙阿拉善绒山羊母羊和阿杂种母羊（P＜0．01），内蒙阿拉善绒山羊母羊和中阿杂种母羊粗毛产量间差异不显著（P＞0．05），绒毛自然长度间无差异（P＞0．05），粗毛长度在周岁时无差异性，成年时中卫山羊明显高于内蒙阿拉善绒山羊母羊和中阿杂种母羊（P＜0．01）。     

青海藏羊细毛羊半细毛羊羊毛含硫量分析

用重量法对青海藏羊、青海细毛羊、青海半细毛羊羊毛含硫量进行测定。结果表明 ,含硫量水平为 2 2 2 %～3 14% ,三品种羊毛含硫量差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,细毛羊羊毛中含量最高 ,藏羊羊毛中含量次之 ,半细毛羊羊毛中含量最低。同品种不同年龄阶段羊毛中硫分布以成年羊毛中为最高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,同品种不同性别间羊毛含硫量差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。     

双胎素(TIT)免疫陇东绒山羊效果试验

对800只陇东绒山羊适龄母羊注射双胎素，双羔率达到24．25％，而对照组双羔率仅2．75％，每只注射双胎素的母羊可净增加收入35．37元。同时发现双胎素对陇东绒山羊有保胎防流产作用，使流产率下降了一半。结果表明，3～5岁的经产母羊的双羔率接近28％，双羔成活率接近90％，效果最好。     

无角美利奴羊改良考摩型羊效果初报

用无角美利奴公羊与考摩型羊杂交，F1代与考摩型羊相比，断奶重提高4．67kg,23．14％；剪毛后体重（6月龄）提高3．43kg,14．12％；周岁重提高3．40kg,8.38%；羔羊剪毛量提高0．48kg,40.68%;羔毛长提高0．35cm，6．85％；差异显著（P＜0．01）。但初生重和1．5岁以后的生产性能二者间无显著差异（P＞0．05）。     

绵山羊双羔素提高美利奴羊繁殖率的研究

为了提高美利奴羊的繁殖率,增加美利奴羊产区养殖者的经济效益,运用绵山羊双羔素(睾酮-3-羧甲基肟·牛血清白蛋白)对新疆维吾尔自治区巩乃斯种羊场、新疆生产兵团76团兴牧公司、齐齐哈尔种畜场和甘肃省绵羊繁育技术推广站的美利奴羊进行免疫试验。结果显示:4个试验点试验组发情率和受胎率与对照组相比,差异均不显著(P>0. 05);与相应对照组相比,巩乃斯种羊场和76团兴牧公司产羔率和双羔率极显著升高(P<0. 01),齐齐哈尔种畜场和甘肃省绵羊繁育技术推广站显著提高(P<0. 05);单羔和双羔初生重与对照组相比,齐齐哈尔种畜场试验组显著降低(P<0. 05),其他羊场无显著差异(P>0. 05);对76团兴牧公司2～6岁母羊双羔率进行统计,发现2岁母羊产双羔率最低,5岁母羊产双羔率最高;齐齐哈尔种畜场试验组双羔的断奶重与对照组相比,降低2. 10 kg。结果提示:通过对不同地方美利奴羊应用绵山羊双羔素可以提高美利奴羊的繁殖率,提高养殖者的经济效益。     

稀释液中添加不同浓度的维生素B12对牛精子活力的影响

为了阐明维生素B12对牛细管冷冻精液活力的影响，在常规稀释液中分别添加0．00％，0．25％，0．50％，0．75％，1．00％的VB12进行试验，比较结果：（1）平衡活力，0．50％组平衡活力高于对照组，差异显著（P＜0．05），0．75％组略高于对照组，差异不显著（P＞0．05），0．25％组与对照组相似，差异不显著（P＞0．05），1．00％组低于对照组，差异不显著（P＞0．05），（2）对解冻后的精子活力观察表明：添加0．50％VB12组的精子活力高于对照组，差异极显著（P＜0．01），0．75％组高于对照组，差异显著（P＜0．05），1．00％组低于对照组，差异不显著（P＞0．05），0．25％组的精子活力与对照组相似，差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein