红螯螯虾养殖群体遗传多样性的SSR分析

本研究利用10个微卫星标记对广东和台湾红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析,并对2个红螯螯虾群体的平均等位基因数(Na)、平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)等进行计算.结果显示:在2个红螯螯虾群体中共检测到83个等位基因,广东群体的平均有效等...     

不同光周期对红螯螯虾繁殖及生长的影响

红螯螯虾 (Ｃｈｅｒａｘｑｕａｄｒｉｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ)自从 80年代末被开发利用以来 ,国内外许多学者对其生物学、增养殖技术等进行了研究 ,但至今尚未见有关光照对红螯螯虾影响的报道。本文研究了光周期对红螯螯虾抱卵、胚胎发育及虾苗生长的影响 ,以期为提高和完善红螯螯虾的人工繁殖及育苗技术提供科学依据。1　材料与方法1 1　试验材料 :试验用虾为我院人工繁殖并培育的亲虾及虾苗。亲虾体长 113～ 12 2ｍｍ ,体重 5 5～ 90ｇ ;虾苗平均体长 2 2～ 2 5ｍｍ ,平均体重 0 5～ 0 6ｇ。1 2　试验方法 :光周期Ｌ∶Ｄ分别为 0∶2 4,6∶18…     

急性氨氮胁迫对红螯螯虾血细胞凋亡的影响

氨氮是水产养殖过程中的常见毒性污染物之一,为探讨氨氮对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)血细胞的细胞毒性机制,研究了氨氮胁迫作用下红螯螯虾血细胞凋亡状态的变化。以17.6mg/L氨氮对红螯螯虾幼虾进行急性胁迫,于胁迫后的0、48、72和96h取血淋巴,应用流式细胞术测定血细胞总数(THC)、胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量、线粒体膜电位(MMP)和血细胞凋亡率。结果显示,红螯螯虾的THC在胁迫的72h开始有显著的下降,在96h时达到最低值;血细胞胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量在48h开始有显著的升高,在96h达到最高值;血细胞MMP在72h开始有显著的下降,在96h达到最低值;血细胞凋亡率在72h开始有显著的升高,在96h时达到最高值,为9.39%。这些结果表明,胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量是对氨氮胁迫最为敏感的指标;氨氮急性胁迫诱导红螯螯虾血细胞发生了Ca~(2+)参与调节、线粒体通路相关的细胞凋亡,从而导致了THC的下降。     

不同地区红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)养殖群体遗传多样性分析

为了解国内广东省湛江市、广东省佛山市、广东省惠州市、广西自治区南宁市、浙江省湖州市5个地区红螯螯虾养殖群体的遗传结构,我们鉴定了红螯螯虾8个微卫星位点。利用8个微卫星标记对5个地区的红螯螯虾养殖群体进行了遗传分析,8对引物在150个样本个体中共检测出237个等位基因。所有8个微卫星的等位基因数范围为2～10,平均为6.05。H_o和H_e平均值分别为0.490和0.614。每组的等位基因数在6.000(广西南宁GXNN)到6.625(广东佛山GDFS)之间。所有群体中平均H_e在0.593(广东惠州GDHZ)到0.646(广东湛江GDZJ)之间。由此可以看出种群的遗传多样性并未显著降低。F_is、F_st值、分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,这些红螯螯虾群体大部分的遗传变异来源于种群内部,并且各个群体都保持着较高水平的遗传距离,其中GDZJ和ZJHZ群体之间遗传距离最大(0.107 7)。推测导致这些差异的产生可能是随机遗传漂变和人工选择。     

饲料蛋白质水平对红螯螯虾生长、消化酶和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨饲料不同蛋白质水平对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)生长及生理生化的影响,按照等能量不等蛋白的原则,配置蛋白质水平分别为20%、24%、28%、32%、36%、40%的6组饲料投喂初始体重为(0.35±0.07)g的红螯螯虾幼虾60 d,然后测定各相关指标。存活率随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加逐渐升高(P<0.05)。当饲料蛋白质水平为28%时,特定生长率、肥满度最高,饲料系数最低。饲料不同蛋白质水平对红螯螯虾胃中的蛋白酶活性影响显著(P<0.05),胃蛋白酶活力先升高后下降,32%组活性最大。肝胰腺中的淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化不显著(P>0.05)。谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随着蛋白质水平的增加逐渐升高(P<0.05)。过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性先升高后降低,腮Na+-K+ATP酶则相反(P<0.05)。36%组和40%组的丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,其次为20%组,均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。结果表明红螯螯虾对饲料蛋白质含量的要求较低,28%即可满足其要求。豆粕含量过高可能会影响其生长。     

稻田养殖红螯螯虾个体大小与肠道菌群相关性研究

为了解稻田养殖红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)个体大小与肠道菌群的相关性,实验采用16S rDNA高通量测序和生物信息学技术对稻田养殖红螯螯虾大个体(RB)组和小个体(RS)组肠道菌群的组成、多样性、指示物种、功能等进行比较分析.结果显示:RB组共产生615个OTUs(Operational t...     

红螯螯虾冷休克蛋白Y-box编码基因的克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,从红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)血细胞中分离到冷休克蛋白Y-box编码基因的cDNA序列。结果显示,冷休克蛋白Y-box编码基因的长度为1 733 bp,其中包括82 bp的5'非翻译区、676 bp的3'非翻译区和975 bp的编码序列,可编码324个氨基酸。理论相对分子质量和等电点分别为35 800和9.81。结构域分析和序列比对显示,红螯螯虾冷休克Y-box蛋白由3部分组成:富含丙氨酸或脯氨酸区域、冷休克结构域和带电荷区域,其中冷休克结构域高度保守。系统进化树分析表明,红螯螯虾冷休克Y-box蛋白与水蚤等节肢动物冷休克Y-box蛋白聚类,且三级结构非常相似。最适温度养殖条件下,冷休克蛋白Y-box的虾组织分布特异性研究表明,红螯螯虾神经组织的冷休克蛋白Y-box转录活性最强,而后依次为肝脏、血淋巴和鳃,在肠和心脏中也有活性,在肌肉组织中转录保持较低水平,揭示神经组织是重要的冷休克Y-box蛋白表达区。     

克氏原螯虾摄食节律的研究

研究了在<100 lx的弱光条件下雌、雄克氏原螯虾的摄食节律。克氏原螯虾具有明显的摄食节律(P<0.01),并且不受性别的影响(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾在18:00-19:00时摄食量最高(P<0.05);其次为19:00-20:00和14:00-15:00时(P<0.05);克氏原螯虾在其他时段摄食较少。但克氏原螯虾摄食无明显的昼夜节律,与鱼类不同。这些研究结果将为克氏原螯虾的投喂管理、鱼虾混养和水质调控等提供定量依据。     

红螯螯虾人工繁殖试验

亲虾抱卵率８７５％,孵化率９０％,９８尾抱卵虾共育出１７８００尾２－３ＣＭ幼虾,平均每尾抱卵虾育苗１８２尾。     

红螯螯虾的越冬试验

红螯螯虾成虾和幼虾是否能在福建闽南地区自然越冬,是评价其在该地区是否有发展养殖生产前景的重要因素之一,为此,我们于1993年10月至1995年3月分别在厦门高崎养鳗场和厦门湖里区湖边水库养殖场进行了成虾和幼虾的越冬试验,现报告如下。1 试验情况和结果 试验分别于1993年10月25日至1994年5月24日和1994年9月15日至1995年3月24日进行。试验池共5只(表1)。红螯螯虾成虾及幼     

Lecithin requirements of juvenile Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is considered a popular crustacean species in several countries around the world because of its large size potential and resemblance to high‐priced American lobsters. However, little is currently known of the nutrient requirements and practical diet formulations for red claw. Lecithin has been shown to be required in the diets of several crustacean species, but there are no reports of dietary lecithin requirements for red claw. A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted in an effort to evaluate lecithin requirements for juvenile red claw. Juvenile red claw (mean individual weight of 1.6 ± 0.91 g) were individually stocked in a recirculating system at random into 80 plastic‐mesh culture units, each containing its own individual water line. There were 20 red claw per treatment (diet). Water was recirculated through biological and mechanical filters. Four semi‐purified diets were formulated to contain increasing percentages of commercial soya bean lecithin (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%). Diet ingredients included solvent‐extracted menhaden fish meal (FM), casein, dextrin, wheat flour, pellet binder, vitamin and mineral mix, cod liver oil, and corn oil. Semi‐purified diets were formulated to contain 40% protein using casein, menhaden FM, and wheat flour as protein sources. After 10 weeks, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in final weight, percentage weight gain and specific growth rate with average values of 13.0 g, 934%, and 3.14% day^?1, respectively. Percentage survival was high during the 10‐week period (100, 95, 100 and 95%) as only two individuals died during the study; one of these, because of an escape from the culture unit. There was also no significant differences (P > 0.05) in percentage moisture, protein, fat and ash in whole‐body red claw carcasses (wet‐weight basis) among any treatment (diet) and averaged 77.1, 12.6, 1.3 and 6.2%, respectively. Based upon the present study, these results indicate that a diet containing 5% cod liver oil and 1% corn oil, and having no supplemental lecithin, may be sufficient for growth and survival of juvenile red claw crayfish.     

Biochemical changes during vitellogenesis in the red claw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) females at different stages of vitellogenesis were sampled to investigate variations in soluble protein, lipid and water content and in the amino acid and fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas and ovaries. During vitellogenesis, the changes in the content of soluble proteins and lipids in the hepatopancreas and ovaries were dependent on both diet and the reserves from the hepatopancreas. However, in comparison to the ovary, the fluctuation of the amino acid composition in the hepatopancreas suggested that the protein resources mobilized from this organ was compensating for those gained from feeding. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas showed limited compensatory function as for the quick accumulation of lipids in the ovaries. The proportional amounts of saturated fatty acids/mono‐unsaturated fatty acids/poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the predominant fatty acids in both tissues indicated that the mobilization and utilization of fatty acids in freshwater species are different from that in marine species. Based on the redclaw's feeding habits, the commercial pellets used in this study may not be optimal, and a diet with less PUFA may suffice for its vitellogenesis and reduce the feeding costs.     

Growth response and fatty acid composition of juvenile red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) fed different sources of dietary lipid

A study was conducted to determine the effects of different sources of dietary lipid that differ in fatty acid (FA) composition on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, and whole‐body proximate and FA composition of juvenile red claw. Juvenile red claw (0.55 ± 0.02 g) were reared over a 12‐week period. Five practical diets were supplemented with 70 g kg^?1 oil (by weight) from either linseed oil (LO), canola oil (CAO), corn oil (CO), beef tallow (BT) or menhaden oil (MO) and formulated to contain 400 g kg^?1 crude protein. Red claw were fed three times daily (800, 1200 and 1600) to controlled excess. At the conclusion of the experimental period, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) found in percentage survival and FCR among dietary treatments and values averaged 85.4% and 3.4, respectively. However, final mean weight and specific growth rate of red claw fed Diet 1 (LO) was significantly higher (16.44 g and 3.95% day^?1, respectively) compared with that of red claw fed Diet 4 (BT; 12.24 g and 3.43% day^?1, respectively), but not different from red claw fed the other three diets. Likewise, red claw fed Diets 1 (LO) and 2 (CAO) had significantly higher percentage weight gain (2990 and 2880%, respectively) compared with the BT diet (2124%), but not different from red claw fed Diets 3 (CO) and 5 (MO). Whole‐body fat and ash composition was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by source of added lipid, but no differences were found in whole‐body moisture and protein. Moreover, whole‐body FA composition showed differences among the varying oil sources and primarily reflected the FA in the diets. Results of the present study indicate that plant oils LO, CAO and CO rich in linolenic acid (18:3n‐3), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and oleic acid (18:1n‐9) perform as well as MO containing high levels of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) for juvenile red claw crayfish grown indoors lacking natural food items. Further, red claw fed a diet containing BT, which has a high percentage of saturated FA, performed poorly compared with LO and CO in regards to weight gain. It appears that juvenile red claw can be fed diets containing less expensive plant‐based oils with high levels of 18‐carbon unsaturated fatty acids. This could reduce diet costs for producers and allow for profitability.     

Effect of dietary protein level on growth and survival of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae)

Protein requirements of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, with initial mean weight of 1.08 ± 0.34 g, were studied. Juveniles were fed experimental diets containing seven levels of crude protein (CP) (20, 25, 31, 37, 43, 49, and 55%) and 18.73–21.45 kJ  g^?1 of gross energy. The highest mean weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (P < 0.05), with values of 9.6 g, and 3.64% day^?1, respectively, were achieved by feeding a diet of 31% CP. This diet resulted in a survival rate of 80% over 60 days of culture at 27 °C. The higher protein level tested (55% CP), yielded a significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean weight of 6.4 g. However, there were no significant differences in SGR among the 20, 25, and 49% CP diets. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was close to 1 for all treatments except the lowest (20%) and highest (55%) CP. Optimum protein requirements were estimated by fitting mean weight gain data to a quadratic model (y = 1.142+0.484 ? 0.0071x², r² = 0.952, P < 0.05). Optimal growth occurred with 34.2% CP, but the results suggest that optimum protein level for 1‐g juvenile C. quadricarinatus is 31% in least‐cost diets. The information obtained will contribute to the formulation of diets that will enhance production of C. quadricarinatus.     

Digestive enzyme response to supplemental ingredients in practical diets for juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

A feeding trial was conducted to determine digestive enzyme activity in Cherax quadricarinatus in response to diet composition. Eight experimental diets, each containing one of squid, red crab, sardine (600 and 650 g kg^?1 crude protein), sorghum, wheat meal, soy paste and the reference diet were evaluated over 30 days in terms of amylase, lipase, and protease activities in the hepatopancreas. The diet containing wheat meal produced the highest amylase activity. Lipase activity was not significantly different among treatments. Protease activity was higher in animals fed fish meal (60 g kg^?1 protein), soy paste and reference diet. Results suggest that C. quadricarinatus can modify hepatopancreatic enzyme levels in response to different compounds in the diet and can digest a broad variety of ingredients, particularly starch.     

Effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and survival of juvenile Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

This study determined the effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and survival of juvenile redclaw Cherax quadricarinatus. Nine practical test diets were formulated to contain three crude protein (CP) levels [260, 310 and 360 g kg^?1, equivalent to 225, 260 and 296 g kg^?1 digestible protein (DP) respectively] at three crude lipid (CL) levels (40, 80 and 120 g kg^?1, equivalent to 38, 67 and 103 digestible lipids respectively), with digestible protein : digestible energy (DP : DE) ranging from 14.6 to 22.6 mg protein kJ g^?1. Three replicate groups of 15 crayfish (initial weight mean ± SD, 0.71 ± 0.13 g) per diet treatment were stocked in 40 L tanks, at 28 °C for 60 days. The highest mean weight, specific growth rate and biomass, with values of 7.0 g, 3.67% day^?1, and 370.2 g m^?2, respectively, were achieved by feeding a diet with P : L = 310 : 80 (P < 0.05). The treatments resulted in a survival rate of 80–91%, feed conversion ratio of 1.08–1.61 and protein efficiency ratio of 2.24–3.08. Results indicated that a diet containing 270 g kg^?1 DP (equivalent to 320 g kg^?1 CP), 75 g kg^?1 digestible lipid (DL) with a DP/DE of 18.4 mg protein kJ^?1, and 0.031 g protein per animal per day was optimum for juvenile C. quadricarinatus under the tested experimental conditions.     

The effect of three carotenoid sources on growth and pigmentation of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

The effect of adding carotenoids from various sources to feed of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus on pigmentation, growth and survival was examined under laboratory conditions. Juvenile crayfish were fed diets fortified with carotenoids at a level of 100 μg g⁻¹ for a period of either 49 or 55 days. Carotenoid sources were: dried algal cells prepared from Dunaliella salina in which the main carotenoid is β-carotene; a synthetic carotenoid, astaxanthin (Carophyll Pink 8%, manufactured by Hoffman–La Roche) and alfalfa meal. Crayfish receiving feeds fortified with carotenoids exhibited better body colouration than those in the control group, which were fed a diet to which no carotenoids were added. Growth and survival of the crayfish were not affected by the addition of carotenoids to their diet.     

Evaluation of practical diets containing different protein levels on gonad development of female redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

The effect of five experimental diets with different crude protein content (220, 270, 330, 390 and 450 g kg⁻¹) on gonad development of female Cherax quadricarinatus was tested under laboratory conditions. After 70 days, a significant linear relationship indicated that higher concentrations of protein and carbohydrates in the hepatopancreas were produced as the dietary crude protein increased ( P  < 0.05). There were significant responses of the gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, biochemical composition of the gonad (protein, lipids, carbohydrates and energy) and frequency of secondary vitellogenic oocytes to dietary protein level, as indicated by significant fits of the quadratic equation to the observed experimental data. The optimal response of the criteria parameters corresponded to levels of crude protein in the range 284–355 g kg⁻¹. Overall, 330 g kg⁻¹ crude protein with a protein : energy ratio of 15.6 mg kJ^–1 was considered the most adequate concentration of dietary protein for gonad development and biochemical composition in female redclaw crayfish.     

Effects of feeding practical diets containing various protein levels on growth, survival, body composition, and processing traits of Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) and on pond water quality

A 117‐day feeding trial was conducted in ponds with juvenile Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) to evaluate the effects on growth, survival, body composition, and processing traits when fed diets containing three different protein levels (22%, 32%, and 42%), and the effects of feeding these diets on pond water quality. Juvenile crayfish (mean weight of 4.6±2.2 g) were randomly stocked into nine 0.02‐ha ponds at a rate of 500 per pond (25 000 ha^?1), and each diet was fed to three ponds. There were two feedings per day, each consisting of one‐half of the total daily ration. At harvest, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the individual weight, percentage weight gain, or specific growth rate among treatments, which averaged 75.3 g, 1535%, and 2.38% day^?1 respectively. Red claw fed the 42% crude protein diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (7.34) compared with crayfish fed diets containing 22% (5.18) or 32% (5.13) crude protein, and had significantly lower percentage survival (46.1%) compared with red claw fed diets with 22% (61.1%) or 32% (58.2%) protein. Total yield was significantly lower (P<0.05) in red claw fed the 42% protein diet (640 kg ha^?1) compared with red claw fed diets containing 22% (920 kg ha^?1) or 32% (904 kg ha^?1) protein. Mean total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in ponds with red claw fed the 42% protein diet (0.55 mg L^?1) compared with ponds with red claw fed diets containing 22% (0.32 mg L^?1) or 32% (0.38 mg L^?1) protein. Mean total nitrite concentrations in ponds with red claw fed the 42% protein diet was significantly higher (0.05 mg L^?1) compared with red claw fed diets containing 22% (0.01 mg L^?1) or 32% (0.02 mg L^?1) protein. These results indicate that a practical diet containing 22% (as fed basis) protein may be adequate for pond production of red claw when stocked at the density used in this study, and that a diet containing 42% protein adversely affected levels of TAN and nitrite, possibly reducing overall survival of red claw. Use of a diet with 22% protein may allow red claw producers to reduce diet costs and thereby increase profits.