小麦矮秆种质系山农342-9矮秆基因的分子标记定位

为了明确小麦矮秆种质系山农342-9矮秆性状的遗传特点,本研究对其赤霉酸敏感性及矮秆性状的遗传特点进行了鉴定分析,利用分子标记技术对矮秆基因进行了分子标记定位。结果表明,山农342-9为赤霉酸不敏感型,其矮秆性状受一对位于小麦6B染色体上的隐性主效基因控制;从2 606对引物中筛选出2个与矮秆基因连锁的分子标记Xwmc398和Xgwm508,利用F2分离群体计算出它们与矮秆基因的遗传距离分别为1.2 cM和8.1 cM。     

矮秆波兰小麦矮秆性状对赤霉酸反应的研究

实验通过用不同浓度的赤霉酸溶液处理 ,研究了矮秆波兰小麦对赤霉酸 (GA3 )反应的敏感性。从幼苗形态、第一叶长以及胚芽鞘长的变化进行比较 ,结果表明 ,矮秆波兰小麦所含矮秆基因对赤霉酸反应不敏感。     

小麦矮秆易位系山农31504-1矮秆基因的鉴定及其染色体定位

以小麦矮秆种质系山农31504-1作母本与小麦高秆品种杂交,获得F1杂种和F2分离群体。初步遗传分析表明,山农31504-1的矮秆性状由部分显性单基因控制;苗期外施赤霉酸表明,山农31504-1对赤霉酸不敏感。同时利用中国春缺体-四体系和中国春端体系对山农31504-1矮秆基因进行了染色体定位,结果证明矮秆基因位于山农31504-1的2A染色体上。     

小麦矮秆种质系山农31504-1矮秆基因的鉴定及其染色体定位

 以小麦矮秆种质系山农31504-1作母本与小麦高秆品种杂交,获得F1杂种和F2分离群体。初步遗传分析表明,山农31504-1的矮秆性状由部分显性单基因控制;苗期外施赤霉酸表明,山农31504-1对赤霉酸不敏感。同时利用中国春缺体-四体系和中国春端体系对山农31504-1矮秆基因进行了染色体定位,结果证明矮秆基因位于山农31504-1的2A染色体上。     

矮秆小麦XN0004的矮秆基因Rht21的染色体臂定位

XNOOO4是青431与小偃6号杂交选育的一个新的具有部分矮秆显性效应的小麦新矮源品系。和高秆亲本相比,其杂种F_1代的降秆作用平均为13.8％,对外源赤霉酸反应不敏感,在杂种小麦研究中,其配合力优良,增产显著,穗粒数增加,抗倒能力增强,收获指数提高等,无某些矮源对杂种F_1产生的不良效应,是杂种小麦比较理想的矮秆亲本,可作为常规育种的优良矮秆品种资源。用中国春缺—四体和双端体分析的方法,对XNOOO4丰矮秆显性基因进行了染色体定位,证明其矮秆显性基因位于2A染色体的短臂上,是一个不同于世界上已定位的20个Rht基因的新矮源,故暂定名为显性矮秆基因Rht21。     

我国小麦品种的Rht1,Rht2矮杆基因鉴定及分布研究

利用赤霉酸不敏感性作为矮秆基因的遗传标记，通过系谱分析和基因等位性测验，认定了我国７６个优良矮秆小麦品种或材料的赤霉酸不敏感矮杆基因。主要结果如下：（１）在所认定的７６个品种中，Ｒｈｔ１基因型的１６个，占２１％，Ｒｈｔ２基因型的５５个，占７２％，Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２基因型的５个，占７％，表明我国优良矮秆小麦遗传资源中，Ｒｈｔ２基因型占绝对优势，Ｒｈｔ１基因型遗传资源以山东最多，河南和北京次之，其它省     

我国小麦品种的Rht1、Rht2矮秆基因鉴定及分布研究

利用赤霉酸不敏感性作为矮秆基因的遗传标记,通过系谱分析和基因等位性测验,认定了我国76个优良矮秆小麦品种或材料的赤霉酸不敏感矮秆基因。主要结果如下：（1）在所认定的76个品种中,Rht1基因型的16个,占21%;Rht2基因型的55个,占72%;Rht1+Rht2基因型的5个,占7%。表明我国优良矮秆小麦遗传资源中,Rht2基因型占绝对优势,Rht1基因型次之,Rht1+Rht2基因型较少。（2）Rht1基因型遗传资源主要分布在河南、陕西和河北等省;Rht2基因型遗传资源以山东最多,河北、河南和北京次之,其它省较少。（3）Rht2基因在生产上的累计推广面积为Rht1的2倍;Rht1基因在生产上的累计推广面积以河南最多,安徽、江苏和陕西次之,其它省较少;Rht2基因以山东累计推广面积最大,河南次之,江苏也有较大面积,其它省较少。但它们的利用与育种密切相关。因此,Rht1和Rht2在我国的利用可能没有特殊的地域性。     

赤霉素敏感性不同矮秆基因对小麦胚芽鞘长度和株高的效应

 【目的】明确赤霉素敏感性不同的矮秆基因对小麦株高和胚芽鞘长度的效应,促进小麦不同矮秆基因的合理利用。【方法】利用分子标记和系谱分析相结合,对中国小麦主产区部分小麦品种及品系中所含的矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8进行分类,结合田间株高和室内胚芽鞘长度调查,比较赤霉素（GA3）敏感性不同的矮秆基因对胚芽鞘长度和株高的效应。【结果】分子标记检测结合系谱分析对129份供试品种进行分类,含有矮秆基因Rht-B1b的小麦品种58份,含有Rht-D1b的24份,含有Rht8的73份。其中35份品种含有2个矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht8,16份品种含有Rht-D1b和Rht8。赤霉素敏感性检测发现含有矮秆基因Rht-B1b或Rht-D1b的小麦品种多对赤霉素反应不敏感,含有矮秆基因Rht8的小麦品种多对赤霉素反应敏感,而同时含有2个矮秆基因Rht-B1b+Rht8或Rht-D1b+Rht8的小麦品种绝大多数对赤霉素反应不敏感。赤霉素不敏感的矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b以及同时含有赤霉素不敏感和赤霉素敏感2个矮秆基因的小麦品种（Rht-B1b+Rht8和Rht-D1b+ Rht8）降低株高的效应较大,分别为24.6%、30.4%、28.2%和32.2%,而赤霉素敏感的矮秆基因Rht8降低株高的效应为14.3%。赤霉素不敏感的矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b以及Rht-B1b+Rht8和Rht-D1b+Rht8在降低株高的同时,也缩短了胚芽鞘长度,其效应分别为25.4%、31.3%、28.4%和31.3%,而赤霉素敏感的矮秆基因Rht8缩短胚芽鞘长度的效应较小,仅为6.0%。【结论】以上分析结果表明,赤霉素不敏感的矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b在降低株高的同时也限制了胚芽鞘的伸长,不适于旱地小麦改良利用,而赤霉素敏感的矮秆基因Rht8既降低了株高又不影响胚芽鞘长度,是旱地小麦改良中比较理想的矮秆基因。     

小麦矮秆基因Rht#-10对赤霉酸反应的研究

利用赤霉酸（GA#-3）对矮变一号的幼苗及胚乳进行了处理。结果表明,矮变一号不仅植株的地上部分,而且其胚乳组织对赤霉酸都是不敏感的;从两份不同来源的矮变一号对赤霉酸反应的差异及2x中7902单体/矮变一号BC#-1的表现,推测矮变一号赤霉酸不敏感性除受Rht#-10主效基因控制外,还受其他微效修饰基因的影响。     

新疆吐鲁番矮秆波兰小麦穗长基因的染色体定位

矮秆波兰小麦(TriticumpolonicumL.,dwarfingpolishwheat)采集于新疆吐鲁番,是波兰小麦的矮秆变异种。本试验利用一套Langdon硬粒小麦单体系对影响矮秆波兰小麦穗长的基因进行了染色体定位。结果表明,矮秆波兰小麦穗长性状受1A、2A、2B、4B、5B染色体上的显性基因控制。     

Identification and genetic analysis of multiple P chromosomes of Agropyron cristatum in the background of common wheat

Agropyron cristatum, a wild relative of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), provides many desirable genetic resources for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to cold, drought, and disease. To transfer and utilize these desirable genes, in this study, two wheat-A. cristatum derivatives II-13 and II-23 were identified and analyzed. We found that the number of root tip cell chromosomes was 44 in both II-13 and II-23, but there were four and six P genome chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively, based on genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The chromosome configurations of II-13 and II-23 were both 2n=22II by the meiotic analysis of pollen mother cells (PMCs) at metaphase I, indicating that there were two and three pairs of P chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively. Notably, wheat chromosome 7D was absent in derivative line II-13 while II-23 lacked chromosomes 4B and 7A based on SSR analysis combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with pAs1 and pSc119.2 as probes. Chromosomes 2P and 7P were detected in both II-13 and II-23. Another pair of P genome chromosomes in II-23 was determined to be 4P based on expressed-sequences tags-sequence tagged sites (EST-STS) markers specific to A. cristatum and FISH with probes pAcTRT1 and pAcpCR2. Overall, these results suggest that II-13 was a 7P (7D) substitution line with one pair of additional 2P chromosomes and II-23 was a multiple 4P (4B), 7P (7A) substitution line with one pair of additional 2P chromosomes. Moreover, we obtained six alien disomic addition lines and five alien disomic substitution lines by backcrossing. These new materials will allow desirable genes from A. cristatum to be used in common wheat.     

Molecular and Physical Mapping of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes and QTLs in Wheat: A Review

Wheat powdery mildew(Pm) is a major disease of wheat worldwide. During the past years, numerous studies have been published on molecular mapping of Pm resistance gene(s) in wheat. We summarized the relevant findings of 89 major resistance gene mapping studies and 25 quantitative trait loci(QTL) mapping studies. Major Pm resistance genes and QTLs were found on all wheat chromosomes, but the Pm resistance genes/QTLs were not randomly distributed on each chromosome of wheat. The summarized data showed that the A or B genome has more major Pm resistance genes than the D genome and chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2B, 5B, 5D, 6B, 7A and 7B harbor more major Pm resistance genes than the other chromosomes. For adult plant resistance(APR) genes/QTLs, B genome of wheat harbors more APR genes than A and D genomes, and chromosomes 2A, 4A, 5A, 1B, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 2D, 5D and 7D harbor more Pm resistance QTLs than the other chromosomes,suggesting that A genome except 1A, 3A and 6A, B genome except 4B, D genome except 1D, 3D, 4D, and 6D play an important role in wheat combating against powdery mildew. Furthermore, Pm resistance genes are derived from wheat and its relatives, which suggested that the resistance sources are diverse and Pm resistance genes are diverse and useful in combating against the powdery mildew isolates. In this review, four APR genes, Pm38/Lr34/Yr18/Sr57, Pm46/Lr67/Yr46/Sr55, Pm?/Lr27/Yr30/Sr2 and Pm39/Lr46/Yr29, are not only resistant to powdery mildew but also effective for rust diseases in the field, indicating that such genes are stable and useful in wheat breeding programmes. The summarized data also provide chromosome locations or linked markers for Pm resistance genes/QTLs. Markers linked to these genes can also be utilized to pyramid diverse Pm resistance genes/QTLs more efficiently by marker-assisted selection.     

簇毛麦染色体的形态学及Gie msa-C带的多态性研究Ⅰ.簇毛麦染色体的核型及C-带核型

簇毛麦是一个对小麦改良有较大利用价值的近缘物种 ,它能够与四倍体和六倍体小麦杂交 ,在其后代中可获得含有簇毛麦有利基因的个体。因而就需要从染色体水平进行仔细的鉴定。本试验就利用Giemsa C带技术对簇毛麦染色体进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,簇毛麦染色体的带纹集中分布在端部、近端部及着丝粒附近 ,同时还具有带纹的多态性 ;尽管这样 ,每对簇毛麦染色体仍具有自己的特征带纹和形态特征 ,属于对称性核型。可以利用其Giemsa C带带纹的分布和形态学特征 ,对簇毛麦染色体及其与小麦染色体之间进行区分 ,为簇毛麦染色体在小麦背景中的准确鉴定提供了保证。     

利用SSR分子标记技术揭示"硬粒小麦-节节麦"人工合成六倍体小麦的遗传差异

为引入小麦近缘属种的优良基因和遗传变异、扩宽普通小麦的遗传基础,本文选用36对小麦A,B和D基因组的微卫星引物,对135份人工合成六倍体小麦的遗传多样性进行了评价。36对引物共检测到193个等位变异,每个位点等位变异数在2~14个之间,平均每个位点检测到5.36个等位变异;A,B和D 3个基因组检测到的等位变异数D>A>B,遗传多样性指数D>A>B。综合平均遗传丰富度和香浓指数两个指标分析结果表明,人工合成六倍体小麦第1和6同源群遗传多样性水平较高,第4和7同源群遗传多样性水平较低;21条染色体中,6D和2D染色体的遗传多样性最高,7D和4B染色体的遗传多样性最低。135份人工合成六倍体小麦遗传相似系数在0.36~0.85之间,平均遗传相似系数A>B>D基因组。人工合成六倍体小麦变异类型丰富,是改良普通小麦的重要基因资源。     

Development of EST-PCR Markers for the Chromosome 4V of Haynaldia villosa and Their Application in Identification of 4V Chromosome Structural Aberrants

EST-PCR based molecular markers specific for alien chromosomes are not only useful for the detection of the introgressed alien chromatin in the wheat background, but also provide evidence of the syntenic relationship between homoeologous chromosomes. In the present study, in order to develop high density and evenly distributed molecular markers on chromosome 4V of Haynaldia villosa, a total of 607 primer pairs were designed according to the EST sequences, which were previously located in 23 different bins of wheat chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D. By using the Triticum durum-H, villosa amphiploid and T. aestivum-H, villosa alien chromosome lines involving chromosome 4V, it was found that 9.23% of the tested primers could amplify specific bands for chromosome 4V. Thirty and twenty-six specific markers could be assigned to chromosome arms 4VS and 4VL, respectively. These 4V specific markers provided efficient tools for the characterization of structural variation involving the chromosome 4V as well as for the selection of useful genes located on chromosome 4V in breeding programs.     

Development and Identification of Triticum aestivum L.-Thinopyrum bessarabicum L(o)ve Chromosome Translocations

With ass7istance of chromosome C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)combined with meiotic analysis,five germplasms with homozygous wheat-Th. Bessarabicum chromosome translocations were developed and identified among BC1F5 progenies of the cross between T. Aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and Chinese Spring-Th. Bessarabicum amphiploid. These lines included Tj01 and Tj02(2n=44)containing a pair of wheat-Th. Bessarabicum translocation chromosomes besides a pair of added Th. Bessarabicum chromosomes,Tj03(2n=44)with a pair of added interspecific translocation chromosomes,Tj04(2n=44)containing a pair of interspecific translocation chromosomes besides an added pair of Th. Bessarabicum chromosome arms and Tj05(2n=46)containing a pair of interspecific translocation chromosomes besides two pairs of added intact alien chromosomes. The breakpoints of all the translocations were found to be not around centromere. Meanwhile,all the lines showed normal plant growth,development and fertility,while the translocation chromosomes transmitted regularly. The obtained translocations might be of use for transferring elite genes from Th. Bessarabicum into wheat.     

普通小麦-百萨偃麦草染色体易位的选育与鉴定

 利用染色体C 分带、基因组原位杂交和花粉母细胞减数分裂分析的方法 ,从普通小麦中国春与中国春 百萨偃麦草双倍体回交BC1F5 代中选育出 5份纯合易位新种质 ,分别为 :含 1对易位染色体并添加 1对百萨偃麦草完整染色体的Tj0 1和Tj0 2 ;添加 1对易位染色体的Tj0 3 ;含 1对易位染色体并添加 1对百萨偃麦草某一染色体臂端着丝粒染色体的Tj0 4和含 1对易位染色体并添加 2对百萨偃麦草完整染色体的Tj0 5。这些易位染色体的易位断点均不在着丝粒处 ,能稳定传递 ,且所涉及的植株生长和结实均正常。推测在该回交后代中小麦与百萨偃麦草染色体之间发生了自发的部分同源重组 ,这将有利于百萨偃麦草优异基因向普通小麦的转移与利用     

盐胁迫下调控小麦苗期性状的QTL分析

【目的】定位盐胁迫下调控小麦苗期性状的QTL位点,为分子标记辅助选择小麦耐盐性状提供基因位点和连锁标记。【方法】以小偃54×京411重组自交系群体为材料,在盐胁迫条件下检测调控小麦苗期MRL、     RDW、SDW和TDW及其相对性状的QTL位点。【结果】共检测到调控小麦苗期4个性状及其相对性状的25个QTL位点,分布在1A、2A、2D、3A、4A、4B、5B、5D、6B、7A和7B共11条染色体上,贡献率在4.4%-25.5%。其中有15个QTL位点成簇分布于3A、4A、4B、5B、5D染色体的5个遗传区间,其余10个QTL位点各自分布于不同的染色体区段。检测到的5个贡献率大于10%的位点分别位于3A染色体的Xgwm497.1-Xcfa2193和4A染色体的Xbarc78-Xgwm350.1。【结论】多数调控小麦耐盐性的QTL位点成簇分布于3A、4A、4B、5B和5D染色体上,3A染色体的Xgwm497.1-Xcfa2193和4A染色体的Xbarc78-Xgwm350.1携带所有5个贡献率在10%以上的QTL位点。