陕西省几种代表性土壤NH4+吸附、解吸动力学特征研究

采用连续液流法测定了五种土壤吸附、解吸ＮＨ＾＋４的动力学性质。研究表明：（１）ＮＨ＾＋４吸附、解吸平衡时间及反应速率，平衡时的吸附、解吸量及吸附平衡常数均随土壤粘粒和ＣＥＣ不同而变化；（２）不同动力学模型及同一模型对不同土壤的拟合性不同。     

用电导频散法研究Cl-、SO42-和H2PO4-阴离子与土壤的相互作用

本文介绍了采用电导频散装置测量分别含有10^-4mol/LHCl、5×10^-5mol/L H₂SO₄和10^-4mol/L H₃PO₄的黄棕壤、棕壤、黑土和砖红壤悬液(20-30g/kg)的电导频散曲线,频散曲线上均呈现频率范围相当宽的坪区,频散曲线的特性分析结果表明,黄棕壤和棕壤在3种酸溶液中的始散频率(0.6-1kHz)低于黑土悬液(16-28kHz),而砖红壤的始散频率最高(25-47kHz;Cl^-、SO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-离子与4种土壤的相对亲合力(REC_1.5/REC_tp-1)顺序为Cl^- < SO₄^2- < H₂PO₄^-,在不同土壤之间的顺序则随酸溶液而异.     

K+高亲和转运系统吸收动力学特征及其受NH4+影响的研究

为探讨钾的高亲和转运系统是否受到铵离子的影响,采用溶液培养方法研究了水稻、大豆两种作物苗期(16d)的K+高亲和转运系统吸收动力学特征及其受吸收液中NH4+的影响。结果表明,NH4+对K+吸收的Vmax的影响在作物种类间有较大的差异,水稻受影响显著小于大豆。NH4+对供试作物K+吸收的Km值影响均很小,说明NH4+对K+吸收速率的影响主要在于影响了细胞膜上K+载体的数量而非影响了载体吸收位点与K+之间的亲和性。     

供磷水平对平邑甜茶幼苗NO3-吸收、利用特性的影响

运用~(15)N示踪及非损伤微测技术,研究了不同供磷水平(0 mmol×L~(-1)、1.0 mmol×L~(-1)、2.0 mmol×L~(-1)、3.0 mmol×L~(-1)、4.0 mmol×L~(-1)、6.0 mmol×L~(-1)、8.0 mmol×L~(-1)、12.0 mmol×L~(-1)和16.0 mmol×L~(-1) H_2PO_4~-)对平邑甜茶幼苗NO_3~--N吸收及利用特性的影响,为提高果园氮肥利用效率提供理论依据。结果表明,在低磷水平(0~1.0 mmol×L~(-1))时,平邑甜茶根系长度、根系总表面积较小,且根尖数较少。随着供磷水平的增加,在2.0~4.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度处理时,平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系长度、根系总表面积及根尖数显著高于其他处理。而在6.0~16.0 mmol×L~(-1)时,过量供磷抑制了根系的生长,使平邑甜茶幼苗根系长度、表面积均大幅降低,根尖数量骤降。非损伤扫描离子选择电极测试表明,当生长介质磷浓度在3.0~6.0 mmol×L~(-1)时,平邑甜茶对NO_3~-有吸收作用,并在3.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度时其吸收速率最高。而在0~2 mmol×L~(-1)及8.0~16.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度处理下,平邑甜茶对NO_3~-有外排作用。随供磷水平的增加,各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的~(15)N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)及植株氮素利用率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,4.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度时植株氮素利用率最大,为42.24%,超过4.0 mmol×L~(-1)植株氮素利用率显著降低。适当充足的供磷刺激了幼苗根系生长,从而促进平邑甜茶对氮素的获取,过量的NO_3~-抑制了平邑甜茶根系的生长,同时叶片硝酸还原酶的活性受到抑制,因此其氮素吸收和利用效率较低。因此,磷浓度在3.0~4.0 mmol×L~(-1)时最有利于平邑甜茶幼苗的生长及氮素的吸收利用。     

NH4+-N部分代替NO3--N对番茄生育中后期氮代谢相关酶活性的影响

采用砂培实验研究NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N对番茄的影响,结果表明:与全硝处理(100%NO3-)相比较,增铵处理(NH4 ∶NO3-=25%∶75%)下番茄鲜果重显著提高;同时叶片内NO3--N含量随增铵而显著降低,叶片与果实内NH4 -N含量及果实的可溶性蛋白含量随增铵而升高;增铵条件抑制了叶片和果实的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,提高了叶片和果实的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)活性及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,但对果实的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性影响不大。上述结果表明,NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N可增加番茄产量,提高集约化基地的生产量。     

配合施用NH4+-N和NO3--N对旱作水稻生长与水分利用效率的影响

水稻作物通常被认为是典型的喜铵作物 ,然而越来越多的报道认为混合供应NH 4 N和NO- 3 N更有利于作物生长和产量的形成 ,水稻也不例外。水稻旱作后 ,由于土壤中的无机氮大量以NO- 3 N形态存在 ,因而NO- 3 N已成为旱作水稻的重要氮源。本文采用普通湿润冲积新成土进行盆栽试验 ,旨在探讨不同氮素形态比例对旱作水稻生长、产量形成和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明 :覆盖旱作条件下 ,配合施用NH 4 N和NO- 3 N可以显著降低水稻一生的总需水量 ,改善旱作水稻抽穗后功能叶的光合生产能力 ,提高蒸腾水分的干物质和籽粒生产效率 ;NO- 3 N施用比例在 5 0 %时有利于旱作水稻形成最高的生物学产量和籽粒产量 ;NO- 3 N施用达到和超过这一比例则使成熟期水稻根系质量及根冠比下降。     

铝胁迫下不同小麦基因型根际pH的变化、NH4+和NO3-吸收及还原与其耐铝性的关系

以耐Al性明显差异的 2个小麦基因型为材料 ,采用溶液培养试验和动力学方法研究了根际 pH变化、NH4+和NO3- 的吸收以及NO3- 还原与其耐Al性的关系。结果表明 ,A1胁迫下鉴 86.4(耐性基因型 )比扬麦 5号 (敏感基因型 )能维持较高的根际 pH值 ,当溶液 pH值下降到最低时 ,前者比后者高 0.23个pH单位。吸收动力学研究表明 ,鉴 86-4在无Al和有Al胁迫时对NO3- 的吸收速率和亲和力大于扬麦 5号 ;而对NH4+的吸收速率和亲和力却小于扬麦 5号。Al还降低叶片和根系的硝酸还原酶活性 ,但鉴 86.4的叶片和根系硝酸还原酶活性均高于扬麦 5号。此外 ,在Al胁迫下 ,植株体内游离脯氨酸含量迅速提高 ,但扬麦 5号积累量高于鉴 86.4。鉴 86.4具有较高的耐Al能力可能与其在Al胁迫下对NO3- 的吸收速率、亲和力以及硝酸还原酶活性较高 ,而对N4+的吸收速率和亲和力较低 ,从而能维持较高的根际 pH值有关     

用悬液Wien效应研究Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+、Zn2+和Cd2+阳离子与红壤黏粒间的相互作用及能量关系

采用悬液Wien效应法研究了Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+、Zn2+和Cd2+阳离子与红壤黏粒间的相互作用及能量关系。结果表明,在试验条件下,红壤黏粒与阳离子Na+、K+、NH4+、Ca2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的平均结合自由能分别为:4.50、7.35、7.15、9.12、9.84和9.63 kJ mol-1。含Ca2+悬液的电导率随场强增加而递增最快,含Na+和NH4+悬液的电导率随场强增加而增加最慢,而含K+、Zn2+和Cd2+的悬液电导率的增速相近、介于其间。红壤悬液中不同阳离子的解离速率顺序为Ca2+>K+>Zn2+=Cd2+>Na+=NH4+。在低场强(15～80 kV cm-1)下,不同阳离子的平均吸附自由能ΔGad没有差异。在场强100 kV cm-1以上,二价阳离子的ΔGad明显大于单价阳离子,不同阳离子间ΔGad的大小顺序为NH4+≤Na+>K+=NH4+>Ca2+>Zn2+=Cd2+,Na+离子平均解离度的递增速率(场强增加1kV cm-1所引起的解离度增量)最大,为0.000 427 cm kV-1,其次是Ca2+离子,为0.000 221 cm kV-1,其余阳离子为0.000 12～0.000 14 cm kV-1。     

铵硝营养对水稻氮效率和矿质养分吸收的影响

NH_4~+和NO_3~–是对植物有效的两种主要无机氮源。水稻一般被认为是偏好NH_4~+的植物,但是在NO_3~–条件下,水稻也能良好地生长。大多数关于水稻铵硝营养的报道是在pH 6.0左右的水培条件下开展的,但是对于酸性条件下水稻铵硝营养研究很少。随着土壤酸化的加重及一些边际酸性土壤被用作水稻种植,研究酸性条件下水稻的铵硝营养具有重要意义。本文采用水培试验,在pH 5.0的条件下,通过添加和不添加pH缓冲剂MES(2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸),研究了NH_4~+和NO_3~–对水稻生长、氮效率和矿质养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn)吸收的影响。结果表明,在不添加MES的条件下,水稻地上部生长(株高、叶绿素含量、干重)在NH_4~+和NO_3~–之间没有显著差异,而添加MES后,NH_4~+处理的水稻地上部生长优于NO_3~–。不管是否添加MES,NO_3~–处理的水稻地下部生长(根长、根表面积和根物质量)优于NH_4~+。水稻含氮量和氮利用效率在不同NH_4~+和NO_3~–处理之间没有显著差异,但是NH_4~+处理的水稻氮吸收效率高于NO_3~–。与NO_3~–相比,NH_4~+增加了水稻地上部P和Fe含量,而降低了水稻地上部Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量,对K含量影响较小。上述结果表明,NH_4~+有利于改善水稻地上部生长,提高氮吸收效率、地上部P和Fe含量,而NO_3~–则有利于水稻发根,提高地上部Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量。     

聚天门冬氨酸钙盐对水稻田面水中三氮动态变化的影响

利用桶栽试验探究不同浓度水平的聚天门冬氨酸钙盐(PASP-Ca)对水稻田面水中铵态氮(NH_4~+)、硝态氮(NO_3~-)和总氮(TN)浓度动态变化的影响。结果表明,施氮后,田面水中TN、NH_4~+和NO_3~-分别于第1,3,9天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。NO_3~-/TN多在0.1以下,(NH_4~++NO_3~-)/TN多在0.5以上。因此,可以将NH_4~+和TN作为农田水污染防治的主要监测指标,NO_3~-作为辅助指标。添加一定浓度的PASP—Ca能对田面水中氮素浓度的变化起到缓释作用,其中0.3%浓度水平的PASP—Ca效果相对较好,田面水中NH_4~+和TN的下降速率分别为3.452,4.806mg/(L·d),与单施氮肥(CK)相比,分别降低了11.68%和16.25%;同时,NH_4~+的平均浓度为6.999mg/L,较CK低了3.88%;NO_3~-的平均浓度为0.396mg/L,较CK低了24.83%;TN的平均浓度为20.077mg/L,较CK提升了3.10%。施氮后田面水中TN浓度随时间呈对数递减,而NH_4~+浓度在施氮后3天内随时间呈对数增加,之后随时间呈对数递减趋势。施氮后的9天内是防止稻田田面水中氮素流失的关键时期。     

增铵营养对番茄幼苗生长和有机酸含量的影响

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effect of partial replacement of NO(3^-)-N by NH -N on theseedling growth and organic acid content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). A completely randomized designwas established with three replications and five treatments, i.e., NO(3^-)-N/NH(4^ )-N of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and0/100. Results showed that 25% replacement of NO(3^-)-N by NH(4^ )-N significantly (P = 0.05) improved fresh and dryweight, revealing that a proper percentage of NH -N was important for tomato nitrogen nutrition. This could increasethe plant growth even though tomato was a crop that preferred nitrate nutrition. Also an increase in the proportion ofNH -N in the nutrient solution led to a significant decrease (P=0.05) in malate, citrate and fumarate. However, the25% NH(4^ )-N plus 75% NO(3^-)-N treatment had no significant effect (P = 0.05) on the 2-ketoglutarate, succinate or oxalicacid content, showing that only some organic acids in tomato plants were affected. Only pyruvate increased significantly(P=0.05), and it only increased for 25% and 50% replacement of NO(3^-)-N by NH(4^ )-N. Metabolism of these organicacids, especially malate, citrate and fumarate, should be further studied at the molecular level in vegetables applied withdifferent nitrogen forms.     

不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响

以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。     

NH4+-N/NO3--N比例对不同不结球小白菜品种的生长和部分生理指标的影响

The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:100, 25:75 and 50:50). The optimal ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N for maximal growth of Chinese cabbage was 25:75. The increase in the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N significantly decreased nitrate content in various tissues of Chinese cabbage in the order of petiole > leaf blade > root. The highest total nitrogen (N) content was found when the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N was 25:75, and N contents in plant tissues were significantly different, mostly being in the order of leaf blade > petiole > root. At the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio of 25:75, the biomasses of Chinese cabbage cultivars 'Shanghaiqing', 'Liangbaiye 1' and 'Kangre 605' increased by 47%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The biomass, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and carbon content of 'Shanghaiqing' were all higher than those of 'Liangbaiye 1', while nitrate and total nitrogen contents were lower. Thus, partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium could improve vegetable production by both increasing yields and decreasing nitrate content of the plants.     

水稻根系生长对不同氮形态响应的动态变化

土壤养分供应变异很大,植物根系生长对这种养分变异的响应非常敏感.为了探索水稻根系生长对N素供应响应的动态变化规律以及这种适应性变化与水稻N效率之间的关系,采用水培方法,以两个苗期不同N效率水稻品种桂单4号和南光为研究材料,比较了不同铵硝比、不同浓度NH4、不同浓度NO3-和不同浓度NH4NO3对水稻根系构型参数的影响.结果表明:NH4 和NH4NO3供应显著降低了总根长、总根表面积和总根体积,且有增加平均根直径的趋势;而NO3-供应在0～1 mmol/L浓度范围内,增加了总根长、总根表面积和总根体积,降低了平均根直径,但当NO3-供应超过1 mmo1/L后,NO3-却有降低总根长、总根表面积和总根体积的趋势,对平均根直径没有明显影响.苗期N高效基因型桂单4号总根长和总根表面积在各种N素营养条件下均显著高于N低效基因型南光.上述结果表明,NH4 和NH4NO3都抑制了水稻根系生长,而NO3-为低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制根系生长,根长和根表面积,对提高水稻N效率贡献较大.     

不同液土比和温度条件下塿土铵离子吸附

Effects of NH₄⁺ concentration, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH₄⁺ adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH₄⁺ adsorption isotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and k, the coefficient related to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soil ratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the value of ∂q/∂c, the rate of change of the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q) with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicating that q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 ℃, ∂q/∂SSR, the rate of change of q with respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR, while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, ∂q/∂T, the rate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -0.095 to -0.361, indicating that q decreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperature became larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance in determining the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was ∂q/∂SSR > ∂q/∂c > |∂q/∂T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed was with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ had a lesser effect; and temperature had the least effect.     

铁铝氢氧化物对两种土壤和高岭石表面K+和NH4+解吸的影响

Potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients for plants. Adsorption and desorption in soils affect K+ and NH + 4 availabilities to plants and can be affected by the interaction between the electrical double layers on oppositely charged particles because the interaction can decrease the surface charge density of the particles by neutralization of positive and negative charges. We studied the effect of iron (Fe)/aluminum (Al) hydroxides on desorption of K+ and NH + 4 from soils and kaolinite and proposed desorption mechanisms based on the overlapping of diffuse layers between negatively charged soils and mineral particles and the positively charged Fe/Al hydroxide particles. Our results indicated that the overlapping of diffuse layers of electrical double layers between positively charged Fe/Al hydroxides, as amorphous Al(OH) 3 or Fe(OH) 3 , and negatively charged surfaces from an Ultisol, an Alfisol, and a kaolinite standard caused the effective negative surface charge density on the soils and kaolinite to become less negative. Thus the adsorption affinity of these negatively charged surfaces for K+ and NH + 4 declined as a result of the incorporation of the Fe/Al hydroxides. Consequently, the release of exchangeable K+ and NH +4 from the surfaces of the soils and kaolinite increased with the amount of the Fe/Al hydroxides added. The greater the positive charge on the surfaces of Fe/Al hydroxides, the stronger was the interactive effect between the hydroxides and soils or kaolinite, and thus the more release of K+ and NH + 4 . A decrease in pH led to increased positive surface charge on the Fe/Al hydroxides and enhanced interactive effects between the hydroxides and soils/kaolinite. As a result, more K+ and NH + 4 were desorbed from the soils and kaolinite. This study suggests that the interaction between oppositely charged particles of variable charge soils can enhance the mobility of K+ and NH + 4 in the soils and thus increase their leaching loss.     

中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH4+固定的热力学性质

Some thermodynamic properties of NH₄⁺ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH₄⁺ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH₄Cl solution is 10^-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH₄⁺ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH₄⁺ fixation by soil (K₁ × q_m) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH₄⁺ fixation in soil (Q_m) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.     

固定态铵的含量及中国某些耕地土壤NH4+的固定能力

Fixed ammonium contents and NH4^ fixation capacities of some representative cultivated solis collected from 16 provinces of China were studied.Results showed that the contents of fixed ammonium in soils ranged from 35 to 573 mg N kg^-1,with an average of 198mg Nkg^-1.The content of fixed ammonium correlated very significantly with mica content for tropical and subtropical soils,whereas this was not the case for soils in the temperate zone.At the end of K-exhausting experiment the fixed ammonium content increased in most soils studied.However,it decreased in smom temperate soils.Generally,fixation of added NH4^ could not be found either before or after K-exhausting experiment for highly weathered soils,including tropical soils and soils derived from granite-gneiss or Quaternary red clays in the subtropic zone,while for most soils in the Yangtze River dalta the NH4^ fixation capacity was rather high and increased significantly in the K-exhausted soils.