主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式下鱼类肠道菌群PCR-DGGE比较

消化道微生物在宿主生长、营养和健康等方面起到重要的作用.本实验采用基于PCR扩增的变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术比较研究了主养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)池塘三种不同混养模式下的鱼类肠道菌群差异.结果表明,三种混养模式下同种鱼的生长率出现显著性差异(P＜0.05),而肠道细菌16SrDNA V3区特征片段PCR-DGGE指纹分析显示草鱼的肠道菌群相似性较高(＞42.2％);投喂配合饲料的草鱼与摄食浮游生物的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis和匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)肠道菌群结构相差最大(＜19％),鲢和鳙肠道菌群相似性较高(＞41.6％),除模式Ⅱ鳙的肠道和匙吻鲟的胃菌群具有较高的相似性(＞50.3％)外,匙吻鲟的消化道菌群和鲢鳙的相似性低.实验共回收测序了14条特定DGGE条带中的DNA片段,并进行系统进化分析,结果显示,这14条条带分别归属于4个细菌类群:变形细菌门(Proteobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria).研究结果为鱼类混养模式的优化,饲料研发和鱼病防治提供了基础参考资料.     

脆化草鱼与氹仔草鱼的肠道细菌群落PCR-DGGE指纹图谱及多样性分析

确定地理来源是水产品跟踪和追溯的一个重要指标,基于鱼类肠道细菌16S核糖体rRNA基因(16S rDNA)构建的PCR-DGGE指纹图谱可标示鱼类来源.本研究采用PCR-DGGE技术构建了中山脆化草鱼和茂名氹仔草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道内容物和肠道壁群落的PCR-DGGE指纹图谱.肠道内容物DGGE图谱显示,脆化草鱼和氹仔草鱼分别有17条和15条可鉴别的条带;脆化草鱼特异条带代表3种未培养细菌GU301246.1、FJ675051.1和GU293197.1,氹仔草鱼特异条带代表未培养细菌AY578409.1和GU301246.1.脆化草鱼的肠道壁前肠与中肠、中肠与后肠、前肠与后肠的DGGE图谱相似性依次为50.5％、54.3％和33.2％,氹仔草鱼的肠道壁前肠与中肠中肠与后肠、前肠与后肠的DGGE图相似性分别为36.1％、47.7％和15.4％.脆化草鱼的前肠、中肠和后肠的DGGE图谱的相似性远大于氹仔草鱼.脆化草鱼和氹仔草鱼的肠道群落PCR-DGGE指纹图谱有助于这2种草鱼产品的跟踪和销售.     

复合蛋白源对杂交石斑鱼生长和肠道菌群的影响

该试验旨在探究复合荚膜甲基球菌蛋白（methanotroph bacteria meal,MBM）与棉籽蛋白（cottonseed meal,CSM）在降低鱼粉（fish meal,FM）的饲料中对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼（Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂）生长性能和肠道菌群的影响。以基础饲料（FM为40%）为FM组,降低FM至30%,添加复合蛋白源（MBM为4%,CSM为12%）为MC组,投喂初质量为(28.85±0.04)g的石斑鱼56 d。结果显示,两组石斑鱼生长性能、存活、饲料利用和体形态指标无显著差异（P>0.05）。MC组肌肉丙氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸显著升高（P<0.05）,脯氨酸含量显著降低,血脂含量和转氨酶以及肝脏丙二醛显著降低（P<0.05）,肠道总抗氧化能力和绒毛长度显著升高（P<0.05）,肠道菌群Shannon和Simpson指数升高,菌群功能在代谢相关通路的富集度升高,环境信息处理相关通路的富集度降低。综上所述,MBM和CSM复合蛋白源能提高肝脏和肠道抗氧化能力,改善肠道发育和菌群结构。研究结果为...     

益生菌制剂对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫指标的影响

分析益生菌制剂对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫指标的影响,选择仔猪40头,将仔猪随机分为两组,基础饲料选择标准玉米-豆粕型,对照组饲喂基础饲料,观察组在基础饲料基础上添加益生菌饲料,仔猪断奶第0 d、第7 d、第14 d、第21 d采集新鲜粪样、前腔静脉血、回肠和空肠,测定仔猪生长性能以及血清、粪便、肠黏膜抗体含量。结果表明,在仔猪生长性能方面,观察组仔猪在最后重量、平均日增重量、腹泻率方面均明显高于对照组(P0.05);在仔猪血清、粪便、肠黏膜抗体含量方面,断奶后21 d观察组仔猪血清Ig G含量增加量明显更多(P0.05),粪便中Ig G含量两组对比差异不显著(P0.05),观察组回肠黏膜以及空肠黏膜SIg A含量明显更高(P0.05)。在早期断奶仔猪饲料中添加益生菌制剂,能够显著增强仔猪生长性能,提高仔猪血清Ig G、回肠黏膜以及空肠黏膜SIg A水平,增强仔猪机体免疫力。     

包装方式和材料对调理脆肉鲩鱼片冷藏过程品质的影响

为延缓脆肉鲩鱼片贮藏过程中腐败变质,并延长货架期。以紫苏叶水提物浸泡腌制的新鲜脆肉鲩鱼片为原料,研究包装方式和包装材料在4℃条件下对鱼片品质的影响。结果表明:气调包装鱼片菌落总数最少、普通包装菌落总数增长最快,气调包装样品冷藏15 d菌落总数平均为5.61 log[CFU/g],未超过水产品规定的货架期终点;冷藏末期气调包装样品汁液流失率、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)值和硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值均低于真空包装和普通包装,其中PVC材料气调包装样品汁液流失率第15天达到5.07%,TVB-N值为13.91 mg/100 mg,低于国家规定的二级鲜度,TBA值比真空包装和普通包装分别低16.40%和46.46%。气调包装样品质构降低程度比其他组慢,其中,冷藏末期硬度较另外2组分别高出26.41%和27.08%;不同包装材料样品硬度、汁液流失率、TBA值、感官分值差异显著(P0.05),其中高阻隔性NY/EVOH/PET复合材料保鲜效果最好。综合各指标变化,气调包装和高阻隔性材更有利于调理脆肉鲩鱼片冷藏过程的品质保持。研究结果为调理脆肉鲩鱼片冷藏包装应用提供理论参考。     

丙二醇对奶牛围产期血浆激素和肝脏糖异生限速酶的影响

研究了丙二醇对奶牛国产期血浆胰岛素及胰岛素样生长因子和肝脏糖原含量及糖异生途径限速酶活性的影响.选用24头体重(683.1±14.9) kg、胎次(2.5±0.2)、上一泌乳期305d产奶量(7339±18)kg和预产期(24.5±0.2)d的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,从分娩前19d开始分别在基础日粮中添加丙二醇0、150、300和450mL·d-1.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加丙二醇300和450mL·d-1,显著提高了奶牛分娩后7、21和35d血糖、胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子浓度(P＜0.05).奶牛分娩后7、21和35d奶牛肝脏糖原含量及糖异生途径限速酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示在日粮中添加丙二醇能够加强葡萄糖异生作用,适宜添加量为300mL·d-1.     

芘对蚯蚓的生物有效性和抗氧化酶的影响

以室内模拟试验研究了芘在土壤中的老化行为及其在蚯蚓体内的生物富集规律,及芘胁迫下蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶的变化规律.试验结果表明,芘的可提取态含量随其老化时间延长而呈现先快后慢的下降趋势.在不同浓度的芘污染土壤中,蚯蚓的生长抑制率在前60d均大于对照,150 d时无显著差异(p＜0.05).蚯蚓体内芘浓度随土壤中芘浓度的增大而增加,但蚯蚓肠道中芘浓度均高于表皮,表明蚯蚓主要通过主动吞食土壤颗粒作用富集土壤中的芘而非表皮的被动穿透,然随着芘的老化,蚯蚓表皮和肠道中的芘浓度表现出下降规律,在前60d和150 d表现出显著的差异(p＜0.05).蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着芘的老化,污染处理组的促进作用逐渐减弱,150 d时与对照相比,表现出显著抑制(p＜0.05).过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在100 mg kg-1浓度的芘污染处理组中,前60d被显著促进(p＜0.05),150 d时无显著差异,而丙二醛(MDA)含量也随芘的老化而逐渐与对照表现出差异,150d时50和100 mg kg-1浓度的芘污染组均表现出显著差异(p＜0.05).     

中草药添加剂的抗小鼠腹泻效果及其对小鼠肠道微生物菌群的影响

为研究中草药提取液的抗小鼠腹泻效果及其对小鼠肠道菌群的影响,本实验选用50只体重为18～22 g的清洁级ICR(Institute of Cancer Researceh,USA)小鼠(Mus musculus),随机分为5个处理组:空白对照组、复方提取液组、黄柏提取液组、白头翁提取液组和白头翁:黄柏(1:1)提取液组.每天按照4 g生药/kg体重剂量定时灌胃,空白对照组给予等剂量的蒸馏水.第10天每只小鼠按0.02 mL/g体重剂量腹腔注射108 cfu/mL大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)菌液,建立小鼠细菌性致腹泻病理模型,观察各提取液对小鼠的腹泻的影响,第13天收集粪样,变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)研究肠道微生物区系的变化.结果显示,造模当天对照组的体重变化最为明显,腹泻最为严重,与其他各给药组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05);4个中草药提取液添加组小鼠的腹泻次数比对照组分别降低了51％、26％、33％和35％,其中复方组抑制小鼠的腹泻效果最为显著(P＜0.05);小鼠粪便微生物DGGE图谱分析显示,复方组的条带数和多样性指数均显著高于其他处理组(P＜0.05).研究结果表明,中草药添加剂能够显著地抑制小鼠腹泻,有效地改善肠道微生物菌群结构,其中复方组的效果最优.     

锶在蚕豆中的富集特征及其对抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探明锶对蚕豆生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响,以青海9号蚕豆幼苗为试验材料,施加不同浓度锶(25、150、750和1 500 mg·kg~(-1))土培处理30 d,研究不同浓度锶处理对蚕豆体内锶的富集,分布特征,生长指标以及丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度锶处理下,蚕豆幼苗的根长、株高、生物量随着土壤中锶浓度的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势;蚕豆的根、茎、叶均能富集锶,但富集锶的能力在不同器官之间存在显著差异,表现为根叶茎,随着处理中锶浓度的升高而增加;MDA含量随着锶浓度增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,而SOD、POD和CAT活性均随着锶浓度增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。综上,蚕豆的根、茎、叶均能积累锶,且以根部的富集能力最强。低浓度锶(750 mg·kg~(-1))可以诱导蚕豆中抗氧化酶活性增强,提高其抗胁迫的能力,而高浓度锶(1 500 mg·kg~(-1))则抑制蚕豆的抗氧化酶活性。本研究为锶胁迫对植物的生理生态效应提供了理论依据。     

植物乳杆菌对苏尼特羊肠道菌群、血浆代谢物及肉品质的影响

为了研究植物乳杆菌对苏尼特羊肠道菌群、血浆代谢物和肉品质的影响及其作用机理,选取三月龄苏尼特羊为试验对象,随机分为2组:对照组(C组,基础日粮)和植物乳杆菌组(R组,基础日粮、活菌数为3×1010cfu/g植物乳杆菌),进行为期90 d的饲喂试验.屠宰后取其肠道内容物及背最长肌,利用高通量测序技术、代谢组学液相-色谱联...     

Identification of oxidation products of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin with H(2)O(2)

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) are two important antioxidants in tea. They also display some antitumor activities, and these activities are believed to be mainly due to their antioxidative effects. However, the specific mechanisms of antioxidant action of tea catechins remain unclear. In this study are isolated and identified two novel reaction products of EGCG and one product of EGC when they were reacted separately with H(2)O(2). These products are formed by the oxidation and decarboxylation of the A ring in the catechin molecule. This study provides unequivocal proof that the A ring of EGCG and EGC may also be an antioxidant site. This study also indicates an additional reaction pathway for the oxidation chemistry of tea catechins.     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homochiral (R)- and (S)-karahanaenol from (R)-limonene

Terpinolene oxide, a monoterpene belonging to the p-menthane group, is easily derived from naturally abundant (R)-limonene. It was isomerized with montmorillonite clay catalyst to karahanaenone (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1-one) by ring enlargement. The enantiomers of the corresponding alcohol, karahanaenol (2,2, 5-trimethylcyclohept-4-en-1- ol), known for their individual organoleptic properties, were resolved through Pseudomonas cepacia lipase mediated enantiospecific alcoholysis of its acetate derivative.     

Excretion of (14)C-fumonisin B(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1), and (14)C-fumonisin B(1)-fructose in rats.

14C-Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) was produced by Fusarium proliferatum M-5991 in modified Myro liquid medium and purified to >95% purity with a specific activity of 1.7 mCi/mmol. Nine male and nine female F344/N rats were each dosed by gavage with 0.69 micromol of (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), or (14)C-FB(1)-fructose/kg body weight. Urinary excretion of (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was 0.5% and 4.4% of the total dose, respectively, and was similar between male and female rats. Urinary excretion of (14)C-hydrolyzed HFB(1) was significantly greater (P > 0.05) in female rats as compared with male rats (17.3% vs 12.8% of the total dose, respectively). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in biliary excretion of the three fumonisin compounds with a mean of 1. 4% of the dose excreted at 4 h after dosing. Lesser amounts continued to be excreted up to 9.25 h after dosing. Although biliary excretion of the (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was similar, increased urinary excretion of the (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1) as compared to (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose indicated a greater absorption of the hydrolyzed form.     

Binding studies of oxovanadium(V) with ovalbumins (OA)

The effect of protein oxovanadium(V) ion concentration and pH on the ratio of diffusion current (id/id₀) was studied in vanadium(V) ovalbumin-S and denatured ovalbumin systems. In both the cases marked decrease in diffusion current was observed at the respective pH values, indicating that binding takes place with cationic groups of the proteins. The binding sites (n) were found to be pH dependent. The uniformity of logK and ΔG ⁰ value at all pH values indicated the involvement of same sites in interaction. Furthermore, the linear scatchard plots in both the systems supported the involvement of single class of independent sites in oxovanadium(V) anion interaction. The difference in binding sites (n) has been attributed to the folded structure of ovalbumin-S while unfolded one of denatured ovalbumin.     

Theoretical speciation of ethylenediamine-N-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)-N'-(p-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,p-EDDHA) in agronomic conditions

The presence of ethylenediamine-N-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic)-N'-(p-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,p-EDDHA) as the second largest component in commercial EDDHA iron chelates has recently been demonstrated. Here is reported the speciation of o,p-EDDHA by the application of a novel methodology through the determination of the complexing capacity, protonation, and Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Fe(3+) stability constants. The pM values and species distribution in solution, hydroponic, and soil conditions were obtained. Due to the para position of one phenol group in o,p-EDDHA, the protonation constants and Ca and Mg stability constants have different values from those of o,o-EDDHA and p,p-EDDHA regioisomers. o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) stability constants are higher than those of EDTA/Fe(3+) but lower than those of o,o-EDDHA/Fe(3+). The sequence obtained for pFe is o,o-EDDHA/Fe(3+) >/= o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) > EDTA/Fe(3+). o,p-EDDHA/Fe(3+) can be used as an iron chelate in hydroponic conditions. Also, it can be used in soils with limited Cu availability.     

(三唑基-~(14)C-)粉锈宁的标记合成

本文报道了(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁的制备。由14C-甲酸和重碳酸氨基胍形成(5-14C)-3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑,再经重氮化脱氨得到(5-14C)-1,2,4-三唑,最后再与对氯酚和二氯片呐酮反应得到(三唑基-14C)-粉锈宁。放化收率为26％(从甲酸-14C计),放化纯度大于95％。