大鼠实验性脾虚证动物模型糖原和琥珀酸脱氢酶的组织化学研究

为了研究脾虚证时组织化学的变化及四君子汤对其的影响,选用Wistar大鼠,以利血平复制脾虚证动物模型,实验设正常对照组、脾虚组、脾虚治疗组,每组15只,于第7d、第14d分别扑杀各组动物,取肝脏、十二指肠、胃和肌肉组织,分别应用PAS法和Lojda法染色,组织学半定量法观察糖原和琥珀酸脱氢酶的变化。实验结果表明:第7d时,脾虚组和脾虚治疗组肝脏和肌肉组织中的糖原含量显著低于对照组(P<0.01),各组织中琥珀酸脱氢酶含量则显著高于对照组(P<0.01);第14d时,脾虚组糖原含量反而显著高于对照组和脾虚治疗组(P<0.05～0.01),琥珀酸脱氢酶含量仍明显高于对照组和脾虚治疗组(P<0.050.01)。说明脾虚证的病理变化过程与机体糖原和琥珀酸脱氢酶等的组织化学变化有一定的联系,健脾益气方剂四君子汤对脾虚证模型大鼠的组织学变化有较好的调节作用。     

不同年龄牦牛肾的组织学特征

旨在探究牦牛肾的组织学特征及增龄性变化。选取新生(1~7日龄)、成年(3~6岁)及老年(7~10岁)牦牛肾为研究对象,各5头份,采用组织学方法对不同年龄牦牛肾的组织结构进行观察,通过图像分析软件分析并测量肾单位的相关数据。组织学观察显示牦牛肾包含表面的被膜和内部的实质。肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊构成,肾小囊壁层富含胶原纤维,肾小体基膜呈PAS阳性;肾小管包括近端小管和远端小管,其小管外围富含胶原纤维,上皮基膜呈PAS阳性。测量结果表明,单位视野(2.3×10~6μm~2)内肾小球数随年龄增长而减少;肾小球内细胞数和肾小球细胞核大小随年龄增长而增加;不同的是,肾小球和肾小体的最大切面面积,成年达峰值,老年次之,新生最低。另外,随年龄增长,单位视野(2.3×10~4μm~2)内肾皮质与髓质肾小管上皮细胞数,近端小管上皮细胞核的大小,远端小管上皮细胞核的大小分别与单位视野内肾小球个数、肾小球内细胞数和肾小球细胞核的大小、肾小球和肾小体的最大切面面积变化趋势一致。结果表明,牦牛肾的组织结构随年龄的增长出现差异性变化,推测这种变化可能与肾小球硬化、实质性细胞减少有关,具体机制还有待进一步研究。     

鸭IFN-α真核表达质粒基因枪免疫对鸭瘟弱毒疫苗免疫鸭细胞免疫调节作用初探

为探索鸭α干扰素(IFN-α)真核表达质粒(pcDNA-SDIFN-α)对鸭瘟弱毒疫苗免疫鸭的细胞免疫调节作用,本研究将pcDNA-SDIFN-α以1、3和6μg/只3个剂量用基因枪轰击法分别免疫28日龄鸭,以PBS和空载体质粒pcDNA3.1( )为对照,所有鸭15 d后接种鸭瘟(DP)弱毒疫苗。接种后第3、7、14、21、28、35、49、63、84天采血用淋巴细胞增殖试验(MTT法)测定鸭外周血中T淋巴细胞转化效果;第7、14、21、28、35、49天采血用流式细胞仪(FACS)测定CD3 T淋巴细胞数量的动态变化。结果发现:①T淋巴细胞对ConA的反应能力(OD值),不同剂量pcDNA-SDIFN-α免疫组鸭外周血T淋巴细胞转化功能于第3-84天均高于PBS和空载体pcDNA对照组,其中第3-84天1μg/只组极显著(P≤0.01)高于PBS和pcDNA对照组,3μg/只组极显著(P≤0.01)或显著(P≤0.05)高于PBS和pcDNA对照组,6μg/只组于第7-49天极显著(P≤0.01)或显著(P≤0.05)高于PBS和pcDNA对照组;1μg/只组第3-35天显著(P≤0.05)高于3、6μg/只组;3μg/只组于第14-35天高于6μg/只组,但差异不显著(P≥0.05);pcDNA对照组略高于PBS对照组,但差异不显著(P≥0.05);②CD3 T淋巴细胞数量变化,不同剂量pcDNA-SDIFN-α免疫组鸭于第7-49天均高于PBS和pcDNA对照组,其中1μg/只组于第14-49天极显著(P≤0.01)高于PBS和pcDNA对照组,3μg/只组于第21-49天极显著(P≤0.01)高于PBS对照组和显著(P≤0.05)高于pcDNA对照组,6μg/只组于第7-49天显著(P≤0.05)或极显著(P≤0.01)高于PBS和pcDNA对照组;1、3和6μg/只组之间差异不显著(P≥0.05);pcDNA组于第14-49天高于PBS组,但差异不显著(P≥0.05)。研究表明,pcDNA-SDIFN-α提前15 d免疫能显著增强DP弱毒疫苗诱导的鸭细胞免疫力,以基因枪免疫1μg/只的效果最佳,它是一种良好的增强DP弱毒疫苗细胞免疫的分子佐剂。     

鸡的淀粉样变病的病理学研究

本实验用蛋肉两用3周龄公雏,随机分成A、B、C三组。每周A组鸡注射鸡白痢沙门氏菌;B组注射反复冻融A组细菌制成的碎片;C组对照。以后每周每组选取3～4只,川Greenberg酚试剂法检测血清总蛋白;用醋酸纤维膜电泳测血清清球蛋白比例。并取各主要器官做H.E染色,部分器官兼做刚果红和阿辛蓝染色,数例用刚果红和阿辛蓝染色证明有淀粉样物质的肝脏做电镜切片及结晶紫染色。结果A、B两组鸡肝脏都有淀粉样变病发生,血清蛋白质的比例变化和组织学变化有一定关系。     

壮筋补骨丸促进家兔人工骨折愈合的组织学观察

为客观评价壮筋补骨丸促进骨折愈合的作用,选用30只雄性新西兰兔造成右侧桡骨3 mm完全缺损的骨折模型,随机分为模型组、伤科组和壮筋组,分别给予生理盐水、伤科接骨片和壮筋补骨丸灌胃,连续4周.各组动物每周处死3只,取样进行HE染色、Masson染色和PAS染色观察,并于术后28 d取右侧桡骨(骨折骨)进行扫描电镜观察.结果表明,壮筋组较模型组及伤科组提前1周PAS和Masson染色呈阳性,于2周后观察到胶原纤维大量出现,成骨过程明显快于模型组.电镜观察显示模型组术后4周骨痂生长,胶原纤维交错排列,未出现成熟的骨细胞,而伤科组及壮筋组术后4周胶原纤维平行簇状排列,出现了板质骨和骨细胞,与模型组比较差异明显,表明壮筋补骨丸能促进新西兰兔骨折愈合.     

初生和成年黑藏羊肉品质与肌纤维特性差异分析

旨在比较放牧条件下不同年龄间黑藏羊肉品质与肌纤维组织学特性的差异.本研究选择青海自然放牧条件下体况良好的初生黑藏羊(平均体重(2.31±0.49)kg)和12月龄黑藏羊(平均体重(36.58±1.26)kg)各5只,依据年龄分为2组,即羔羊组(lamb)和成年羊组(adult).通过三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)染色、酶...     

内毒素血症大鼠小肠黏膜免疫相关指标的变化及CA的保护作用

将72只试验用SD大鼠随机分为3组:对照组、内毒素(Endotoxin,ET)致病组和CA保护组。3组动物经相应处理后分别在第3、4、8、12h采集十二指肠、空肠组织作为检测样本,运用PAS染色和免疫组织化学技术进行分析。结果显示,大鼠在发生内毒素血症时,小肠黏膜组织的杯状细胞(GC)数量、分泌型IgA(sIgA)含量均不同程度地下降,表明小肠黏膜免疫系统遭到破坏,而CA则能明显降低ET所导致的损伤作用,对小肠黏膜免疫系统具有一定的保护作用。     

中药复方对高温中鸡肠黏膜杯状细胞数量的影响

试验选用农大3号35日龄公鸡144只,随机分成4组,常温对照组在22℃环境下饲养,高温对照组和2个高温用药组在26-39℃环境下饲养。各组分别于实验第1、4、8、10天捕杀5只,取十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠各1cm,PAS染色,光学显微镜检测肠绒毛杯状细胞的数量。结果表明,与常温对照组相比,高温对照组鸡各肠段黏膜杯状细胞数量增加,随着热应激时间的延长,高温对照组杯状细胞数量呈下降趋势;方1和方2能在高温状态下促进鸡肠道杯状细胞数量增加,且方1的效果优于方2。     

辣木叶总黄酮对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎防治作用的研究

【目的】以葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎(UC)小鼠为模型,探究辣木叶总黄酮(MOLF)对UC的防治作用。【方法】将50只BALB/c小鼠随机分为5组：对照组、DSS组(模型组)和MOLF-L(25 mg/kg)、MOLF-M(50 mg/kg)、MOLF-H(100 mg/kg)处理组,每组10只。小鼠通过饮用4%DSS诱导UC模型,各MOLF处理组灌胃相应剂量药物0.2 mL,对照组和DSS组灌以等体积的生理盐水,每天1次,连续7 d。每天记录各组疾病活动指数(DAI),在末次给药的次日经眼眶静脉丛采血,分离血清测定白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)和内毒素(LPS)含量;小鼠脱颈处死后取结肠组织进行HE染色观察组织形态、PAS染色观察组织杯状细胞数量变化;实时荧光定量PCR法检测结肠组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10、HMGB1 mRNA表达水平;免疫荧光法检测肠黏膜闭锁连接蛋白-1(ZO-1)和闭合蛋白(Occludin)表达情况;Western blotting分析凋...     

外源褪黑激素对昆明白鼠生长和繁殖性能的影响

研究外源褪黑激素(MT)对昆明白小鼠生长和繁殖性能的影响,为外源MT在畜牧生产上的应用提供依据。将40只昆明白小鼠(公、母各半)随机分成4组,用皮下埋植的方法埋植不同剂量(0、1、4、8mg)的外源MT,每3d称量1次小鼠的体重并记录;MT处理11周后,试验公鼠与正常母鼠交配,记录受精卵的数量;试验母鼠与正常公鼠交配,记录冲出卵的数量,14周后HE染色,制作睾丸和卵巢切片。在体重增长方面,外源MT对昆明白公鼠体重增长有促进作用,皮下埋植8mg组的促进作用显著(P<0.05);对昆明白母鼠体重增长有抑制作用,皮下埋植8mg组的抑制作用显著(P<0.05)。在繁殖性能方面,外源MT对昆明白鼠公鼠繁殖性能抑制作用显著,皮下埋植1mg和4mg组抑制作用显著(P<0.05),但皮下埋植外源MT8mg组和对照组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。外源MT对昆明白鼠生长和繁殖性能有影响,并存在性别和剂量的依赖性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein