小麦小花发育不同时期遮光对穗粒数的影响

本文主要研究小麦小花发育的不同时期,光照强度对它的影响,以及穗粒数减少的生理原因。小麦小花发育的不同时期给予遮光处理,对小花总数没有明显影响,对下部小穗的结实数影响显著。遮光的各处理不孕小穗数明显增多,每穗粒数减少。小花发育的任何时期遮光,都将造成体内糖含量的下降,而阻碍了蛋白质的合成,从而导致穗粒数减少。     

不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异

确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提，本文通过对冬，春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出，较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素，不同播期，品种之间，小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势，中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关，体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主，而冬，春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上，第2小花粒的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力，结果表明，促进中部优势小穗（第5－15小穗）结实和第1－3小花位子粒发育是提高小花结实率和穗粒重的关键。     

超级小麦品种穗部性状间相关性分析及穗粒数改良途径的研究

以10个超级小麦品种（系）为材料，对株高与穗部性状间进行了相关分析及穗粒数的改良途径分析．结果表明．穗粒数与株高呈负相关。而与穗长、分化小穗、结实小穗均呈显著或极显著的正相关：穗长并口结实小穗数对小麦穗粒数的影响最大。均为极显著正相关：我国超级小麦的育种目标应是在一定群体的基础上通过增加穗粒数来提高小麦的单稳重。在穗粒数的改良过程中，应选育矮秆、大穗、结实小穗数多的品种。     

河南小麦品种穗粒数性状的动态变化及全基因组关联分析

穗粒数是小麦产量构成的重要因子,研究小麦穗粒数及其相关性状的变化规律与遗传机制对于高产育种具有指导意义。以198份河南种植或审定的小麦品种(系)为材料,在4个环境下鉴定穗粒数相关性状表现,选用660K SNP芯片检测材料的基因型并进行全基因组关联分析。发现穗粒数存在着广泛的变异,穗粒数、穗长、总小穗数、可育小穗数和不育小穗数的广义遗传力分别为77.43%、87.54%、85.45%、79.70%和68.08%,2002年以前、2003-2008年、2009-2014年和2015年以来育成品种的平均穗粒数分别为35.71个、36.85个、37.40个和37.98个,随着育种时期的推进总小穗数和可育小穗数也表现出逐渐提高的趋势。共发现41个和穗粒数等性状相关联的位点,分布在除了1D、3A、3D、4B和4D的16条染色体上,单个关联位点的表型变异贡献率(R2)范围为6.19%~20.83%,其中10个位点至少在2个环境中稳定表达。对关联位点进一步分析发掘了多个与穗粒数性状相关的优异等位变异,如7A上AX-109368219(A)能增加穗粒数1.86粒,2A上AX-111674224(C)能提高总小穗数0.96个,2D上AX-111582877(G)能提高可育小穗数0.73个。研究揭示近五十年河南小麦穗粒数性状的动态变化及其规律,获得了多个和穗粒数等性状关联位点及等位变异,为小麦产量性状的遗传改良及分子设计育种提供了技术支持和基因资源。     

播种密度对冬小麦不同穗位与粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

利用重穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八和中间型品种周麦18,研究了不同播种密度对结实粒数与粒重的小穗位和粒位效应的影响。结果表明,不同穗型冬小麦品种小穗位结实粒数、小穗重及不同粒位粒重均随着小穗位自基部至顶部呈先增后降的二次曲线变化;不同穗型冬小麦品种穗部籽粒的分布差异显著,主茎穗的结实特性及粒重均优于分蘖穗;随着播种密度的下降,穗部结实特性和粒重有优化的趋势,重穗型品种兰考矮早八对密度的反应更为敏感,中间型品种周麦18小穗位和粒位对播种密度的调节效应较强;不同部位小穗粒重因结实粒数的差异表现出不同的粒位效应,下部和中部小穗位的第2粒位粒重较大,而位于上部和顶部小穗位第1粒位粒重较大,第3粒位粒重次于第1和第2粒位,第4粒位粒重最小。在小麦栽培中,应在保证主茎穗的基础上适当增加分蘖穗的比例。并在保证结实粒数的基础上提高粒重,尤其是下部小穗的结实粒数和粒重。同时,在保证第1、2粒位粒重的前提下最大限度地发挥第3、4粒位的粒重潜力,可以使小麦实现高产稳产。     

乙烯利与1-甲基环丙烯调控小麦穗部籽粒形成的研究

为探明植物激素乙烯对小麦穗发育和籽粒形成的影响，以春小麦扬麦15为材料，在药隔期使用乙烯利与乙烯受体抑制剂1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理植株，分析籽粒形态并观察穗部性状，探究乙烯利和1-MCP处理前后穗发育进程和穗部不同部位籽粒形成过程。结果表明，乙烯利对小麦小花退化过程无显著影响，而1-MCP能显著降低小花退化率；乙烯利能够促进籽粒成熟，加速籽粒发育，减小籽粒体积；1-MCP会延缓小麦的生长发育，促进颖果生长，增加籽粒体积；乙烯利显著降低了小麦株高、顶部穗粒数、顶部穗粒重以及千粒重；高浓度乙烯利还能显著降低小穗数、顶部和中部穗粒数、每穗粒数等。1-MCP能够显著提高小麦颖果干重、颖果鲜重、小穗数、中部穗粒数、基部穗粒数、每穗粒数以及穗粒重，最终增加千粒重。     

黄淮麦区4省小麦种质农艺性状的比较分析

为明确小麦种质资源的遗传差异和特点,提高其利用效率,以株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重5个主要农艺性状为指标,对来自黄淮麦区4省（河北、山东、河南和山西）的263个小麦品种（系）进行统计分析。显著性分析结果表明,除穗粒数外,4个省的小麦种质在其余各农艺性状上差异极显著。变异性分析结果表明,供试材料的5个农艺性状中穗粒数变异系数最大,小穗数变异系数最小;4省中,河北小麦株高、千粒重的变异系数最小,穗粒数变异系数最大;河南小麦穗长、小穗数和穗粒数的变异系数最小,千粒重变异系数最大;山东小麦穗长的变异系数最大;山西小麦株高、小穗数的变异系数最大。相关分析结果表明,株高与穗长呈极显著正相关,与小穗数呈极显著负相关;穗长与小穗数、穗粒数呈极显著正相关;小穗数与穗粒数呈极显著正相关;千粒重与穗粒数呈极显著负相关。因此,在育种实践中,可根据4省小麦种质农艺性状的变异特点筛选符合目标性状的亲本材料,同时加强种质基因库的更新。     

济麦20号优质小麦春季氮肥后移增产保优效果试验

在小麦高产栽培条件下,进行了优质小麦济麦20号春季氮肥后移增产保优效果试验。结果表明,起身肥易造成田间郁闭,小穗小花退化多,穗粒数少,粒重低、品质差;拔节肥能明显减少不孕小穗小花,增加穗粒数,提高产量、改善品质、增强抗倒伏能力;单一孕穗肥单位面积穗数和产量明显降低,但穗粒数和粒重增加,品质改善。     

麦小穗缺位及不孕的成因与对策

小麦产量中产阶段主要解决穗数不足的问题,而进入高产阶段则主要解决穗重的问题,穗重取决于千粒重和穗粒数,而豫南地区选用大粒品种风险较大,因此,提高穗粒数,减少小穗缺位、小穗不孕、小花退化是小麦高产阶段面临的问题。     

不同年代小麦产量性状与农艺性状的相关性比较

为研究不同年代小麦的主要农艺性状与产量性状之间的相关性,对4个不同年代78个小麦品种的主要性状进行调查分析,得出如下结论:随着年代的推进,小麦株高的降低趋势明显并趋于稳定,旗叶长呈缓慢下降趋势,旗叶宽、旗叶面积先增长后趋于稳定。在各年代中,株高与穗粒数、千粒质量和结实小穗数呈不显著正相关,与不孕小穗数呈不显著负相关。旗叶宽和旗叶面积与穗粒数、千粒质量和结实小穗数呈一定的负相关性,并与不孕小穗数呈一定的正相关性。因此,适当降低株高,增加旗叶宽和旗叶面积,对提高小麦产量有一定的推进作用。穗粒数和不孕小穗数的变异系数均较高,有较大的选择空间。     

基于顶端发育的小麦产量结构形成模型

小麦产量由单位面积穗数、每穗粒数与粒重构成。本研究以试验资料为基础,通过定量分析小麦茎顶端发育过程及其与环境因子和品种特性的动态关系,构建了小麦穗粒发育与结实的模拟模型,包括对叶原基数、叶片数、小穗原基数、小穗数、籽粒数及籽粒重的预测;进一步结合茎蘖发生与穗数决定模型,最终建立了小麦产量结构形成的模     

薏苡主要农艺性状的相关及通径分析

对来自不同地区的12个薏苡种质资源的10个主要数量性状进行了相关、通径和主成分分析,结果表明：薏苡10个主要数量性状之间存在相关关系,其中生育期与株高、主茎小花数、节数、千粒重呈极显著正相关而与小花数和穗粒数呈极显著负相关;生育期长的品种正向效应大于负向效应。生育期、主茎小花数、小花结实数是影响单株产量的主要因素,且以主茎小花数影响和贡献最大。     

外源多胺对小麦小花退化的调控机制

小麦穗粒数与小花退化密切相关,多胺是调控小花发育的一种重要植物生长调节剂。本研究利用小麦品种(系)双大1号(大穗型)和西农538 (小穗型),于小花退化阶段在穗部施用腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm),分析外源多胺对小麦小花退化的影响及其与内源激素、植株碳氮的关系。结果表明,外源Spd和Spm显著抑制小花退化、提高了可孕小花数目,而Put加具有显著的负效应;并且多胺的调控具有明显的位置效应,对小穗上部弱势小花退化的调控效应显著大于下部强势小花。施用外源Spd和Spm后,弱势小花中Spd、Spm显著增加,同时玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)含量及其与脱落酸(ABA)的比值也显著升高,而内源乙烯的释放速率降低,并且弱势小花中可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量显著提高。外源Put对弱势小花的控调效应与此相反,施用后弱势小花中Put、ABA含量以及内源ETH释放速率显著提高,而(Z+ZR)与ABA比值和可溶性总糖含量降低。因此认为,多胺参与了对小麦小花退化的调控,其对小麦小花退化的调控与内源激素、植株碳氮代谢密切相关。     

Fruiting Efficiency in three Bread Wheat (Tritkum aestivum) Cultivars Released at Different Eras. Number of Grains per Spike and Grain Weight

Increasing sink size (i.e. number of grains m⁻²) has been the way of the genetic improvement for obtaining higher grain yield of wheat. We have studied under field conditions the number of fertile florets and grains per spike and individual grain weight of three bread wheat cultivars ( Klein Favorito, Eureka FCS and Buck Pucara ) which were previously selected to represent cultivars released at different eras (1920, 1940 and 1980, respectively) in Argentina (S lafer and A ndrade 1989).
The three cultivars Buck Pucara, Eureke FCS , and Klein Favorito averaged 56.9, 48, and 34.5 grains spike⁻¹. Differences were observed in both main shoot and tiller spikes. The number of fertile florets at anthesis was greater in the modern cultivar than in the other two cultivars; however, the intermediate and old cultivars did not significantly differ in this trait. Differences in number of florets and number of grains spike were independent of the number of spikelets spike⁻¹; spikelet numbers did not vary among the three cultivars. Therefore, both the number of fertile florets produced per spikelet and the ability of the cultivar to set grains in those florets were responsible for the different number of grains spike⁻¹ among cultivars. The modern, high yielding cultivar had a lower individual grain weight than the old, low yielding cultivar when the average of all grains were considered; but basal grains of its central spikelets were as heavy as those of the other cultivars.
We suggest (i) that the modern cultivars of Argentina have increased their ability both to produce fertile florets and to set grains, and (ii) that the lower individual grain weight of the modern cultivars does not imply an increased competition for resources as a consequence of their higher number of grains.     

小麦籽粒产量及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得DH群体168个株系,种植于3个环境中,利用305个SSR标记对籽粒产量和穗部相关性状(穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数、小穗着生密度、千粒重和粒径)进行了QTL定位。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件,共检测到27个加性效应和13对上位效应位点,其中 8个加性效应位点具有环境互作效应。相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL位点,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。5D染色体区段Xwmc215–Xgdm63,检测到控制籽粒产量、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数和小穗着生密度5个性状的QTL位点,各位点的遗传贡献率较大且遗传效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来源于豫麦57,适用于分子标记辅助育种和聚合育种。控制千粒重与穗粒数的QTL位于染色体不同区段,有利于实现穗粒数与粒重的遗传重组。     

Response of Yield Attributes of Isogenic Tall, Semidwarf, and Doubledwarf Winter Wheats to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seeding Rates

Relationships between grain yield attributes and response to agronomic practices of dwarf and tall genotypes in the major U.S. wheat region were investigated. Isogenic tall, semidwarf, and doubledwarf (Norin 10/5/Pawnee) 'Pawnee' winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) lines were planted in a split-split-plot design with nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹ as main plots and seeding rates of 30, 60, and 90 kg ha⁻¹ as subplots in four replications at Hutchinson and Manhattan, Kansas, during 1980–1981. There was no evidence that dwarf lines responded better than the tall line to nitrogen fertilizer; however, percentage fertile spikelets, spike length, harvest index, and kernel number per spike of the semidwarf line were favored by high nitrogen rates. Grain yield was more responsive to seeding rate in the doubledwarf line than in the other lines, and test weight and spike number per unit area were more responsive to seeding rate in one or both dwarf lines than in the tall line. Grain yield of each genotype depended highly on the predominant yield attributes — usually spike number per unit area and/or kernel weight — at one or both locations.     

玉米雌穗分化与籽粒发育及败育的关系

以郑单958 (ZD958)和登海661 (DH661)为试材,比较研究了4.5、7.5、10.5万株hm^-2三个种植密度下,雌穗分化与籽粒发育及败育的关系。结果表明,密度对玉米雌穗原基开始分化的时间无影响(不同密度下,穗原基均在播后28~29 d左右开始分化),对吐丝期分化的小花总数影响很小。但是高密度推迟了雌穗的分化进程,增加了败育花和未受精花的数目,导致正常成熟小花数目的降低。与低密度相比,高密度下DH661正常小花数减少了100.0个,ZD958减少了76.4个。高密度加大了雌雄穗吐丝开花间隔,降低了吐丝植株的比例(DH661吐丝植株占93.64%;ZD958的占81.80%),推迟了吐丝时间,使单株吐丝量减少,散粉持续时间缩短,导致败育增加。正常受精的小花在灌浆期也会发生籽粒败育,尤其是在花后10 d左右败育严重。相关分析表明,玉米最终的穗粒数与开花期以及花后10 d、20 d的冠层底部透光率相关性显著,花败育率与开花前冠层底部透光率显著负相关。     

Evaluation of grain yield and its components in wheat cultivars and landraces under near optimal and drought conditions

In a 2-years experiment, 30 wheat cultivars and 21 landraces from different countries were tested under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Plant height, number of sterile spikelets per spike, spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were evaluated. The number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and especially yield were more sensitive to drought stress in the cultivars than plant height and number of spikelets per spike, while in the landraces these traits did not differ under drought stress compared to near optimum conditions. The average yield of cultivars was significantly better than the average yield of landraces under near optimum as well as drought stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis showed that for cultivars under near optimum conditions there was no significant direct association of any of the analysed characters with yield, while under drought stress conditions, number of kernels per spike had a significant positive direct effect. Under drought stress conditions, the number of sterile spikelets displayed a negative direct effect, while kernel weight per spike had a positive direct effect on yield. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used as a tool to classify cultivars and landraces according to their yield ability under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Among the cultivars, two groups out of five and among one of three in the landraces were characterised by high yields in both near optimum as well as under drought stress conditions. These genotypes may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Yield determination in triticale as affected by radiation in different development phases

The critical period for grain yield determination has not been determined for triticale. We aimed to identify it, determining the relative importance of both the major yield components and the dry matter acquisition by the spikes at anthesis. A field experiment was carried out with two triticales, differing in tillering capacity, subjected to shading treatments at five different timings from early tillering to maturity. Results showed that reductions in grain yield were more significant when shading was imposed during 3 weeks before and 1 week after anthesis. Reductions in grain yield by shading treatments were associated with lower number of grains per m² more than with changes in the average grain weight. Reductions in grains per m² were due to reductions in the number of fertile florets per spike, affecting grains per spike. The assimilate acquisition by the spikes during the critical period was a key determinant of floret survival. Grain number per m² was related with photothermal quotient during 30 days before anthesis and spike dry weight at anthesis, though the goodness of the prediction compared with wheat, was lowered by poorer grain setting percentage.