柔嫩艾美尔球虫野外株对3种聚醚类离子载体抗生素的敏感性试验

采用鸡体药效试验法测定了柔嫩艾美尔球虫对３种聚醚类离子载体抗生素的敏感性。试验证明，柔嫩艾美尔球虫野外分离株对盐霉素（６６×１０－６）、莫能菌素（１２０×１０－６）和拉沙菌素（１２５×１０－６）产生了耐药性。上述３种药物的抗球虫指数（ＡＣＩ）分别为１４９．３９、１３４．０４和１５６．１１。但这３种药物对柔嫩艾美尔球虫标准株仍然有效     

鸡球虫湛江分离株的药敏试验

本试验以广东湛江地区某肉鸡场１９９７ 年和１９９８ 年分离的２ 个柔嫩艾美耳球虫（ Ｅｉｍ ｅｒｉａ ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ） 野外分离株ｚｊ９７ 、ｚｊ９８ 对球净、五球宁、马杜霉素、球痢灵、盐霉素、拉萨洛素、地克珠利等几种药物进行敏感性试验。结果发现，球净对二虫株的抗 球虫指数（ Ａ Ｃ Ｉ） 均在１８０ 以 上， 为优秀；五球宁 对ｚｊ９７ 和ｚｊ９８ 的 Ａ Ｃ Ｉ 分别为１９０ ．９２ 和１６８ ．６１ ，即分别为优秀和良好；马杜霉素、拉萨洛素对二虫株的 Ａ Ｃ Ｉ 均为无效；地克珠利对ｚｊ９７ 的 Ａ Ｃ Ｉ 为无效，球痢灵对ｚｊ９８ 的 Ａ Ｃ Ｉ 为无效。各药物的 Ａ Ｃ Ｉ 按 大小排序为：球净、五球宁＞ 马杜霉素＞ 球痢灵＞ 盐霉素＞ 拉萨洛素＞ 地克珠利。根据 敏感性的高 低， 应首选球净、五球宁。同时就合理用药程序进行了探讨。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药株和马杜拉霉素抗药株的实验室诱导

采用药物浓度逐渐递增的方法 ,以 0 .0 5× 10 - 6 地克珠利和 2 .0× 10 - 6 马杜拉霉素为起始诱导浓度 ,分别经过 18次和 2 0次传代 ,在实验室诱导了柔嫩艾美耳球虫 (Eimeria tenella)对地克珠利和马杜拉霉素的抗药性虫株。经抗药性检测 ,以最适抗球虫指数 (POAA)、病变记分减少率 (RL S)、相对卵囊产量 (ROP)和抗球虫指数 (ACI) 4项指标综合判定及综合抗药性指数 (GI) 2种方法共同判定 ,获得的地克珠利抗药株对 1.2× 10 - 6地克珠利具有完全抵抗力 ,而对马杜拉霉素完全敏感 ;马杜拉霉素抗药株对 7.0× 10 - 6 的马杜拉霉素具有完全抵抗力 ,而对地克珠利完全敏感。     

海南霉素对人工感染兔球虫病的疗效试验

以海南霉素（Ｈａｉｎａｎｙｍｃｉｎ）质量分数为１０×１０＾－６，２０×１０＾－６，３０×１６＾－６混料喂兔防治兔球虫病良好的效果，其中海南霉素量分数为２０×１０＾－６时，防治效果最佳，保护率９０％，相对增重率９１．２％，另马杜拉霉素（Ｍａｄｕｒａｍｙｙｃｉｎ）的质量分数为１０×１０＾－６也可用于兔球虫病的防治。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫野外分离株对3种化学合成药物的抗药性

取近年分离的６个广东柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Ｅimeria tenella）野外株,以病变记分减少率（ＲＬＳ）和抗球虫指数（ＡＣＩ）作为判断指标,检测了它们对地克珠利、球净和球痢灵的抗药怀。结果发现,５个野外分离株对地克珠利抗药,１个敏感;６个野外分离株均对球痢灵抗药。参考株（ＧＤ株）对地克珠利、于净这２种药物仍很敏感,但对球痢灵部分抗药。     

马杜霉素在鸡组织中残留检测方法的研究 Ⅱ 免疫亲合色谱—酶联免疫吸附法(IAC—ELISA)

本文首次报道ＩＡＣ—ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定鸡组织中马杜霉素的残留。制备针对马杜霉素的特异性抗体ＩｇＧ和高容量ＩＡＣ柱（Ｉ柱动态柱容量为７ １６０ｎｇ·ｍｌ－ １ｇｅｌ,Ⅱ柱为３ ７５０ｎｇ·ｍｌ－ １ｇｅｌ） 。组织样品用甲醇提取,经ＩＡＣ柱分离纯化,ＥＬＩＳＡ检测,即ＩＡＣ—ＥＬＩＳＡ 方法。本试验揭示,以组织样本提取纯化稀释液为介质制备的标准曲线（Ｉ５０ 为３３３ ～３７１ｎｇ·ｍｌ－ １ ,斜率为１９５ ～２２０ ,检测极限为１０ ～２８ｎｇ·ｇ－ １） ,其Ｉ５０ 值和斜率与以ＰＢＳＴ－ １０ ％ 甲醇为介质的标准曲线相符,实际ＩＡＣ—ＥＬＩＳＡ检测时,各组织的标准曲线可用后者代替,使操作大为简化、实用。各组织添加马杜霉素３００ ～１２０ ．０μｇ·ｋｇ － １ 水平下,测得样本回收率为７６４ ％ ～１０９ ．０ ％ ,变异系数为３８ ％ ～１６ ．４ ％ 。结果证明了该方法的可靠性。本文建立的ＩＡＣ—ＥＬＩＳＡ法是目前国内外唯一报道的最简便、灵敏的马杜霉素残留检测方法。     

马杜霉素在鸡组织中残留检测方法的研究：Ⅱ.免疫亲合色谱—酶？…

本文首次报道ＩＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定鸡组织中马杜霉素的残留。制备针对马杜素的特异性抗体ＩｇＧ和高容量ＩＡＣ柱（Ｉ柱动态柱容量为７１６０ｍｇ．ｍｌ＾－１ｇｅｌ,Ⅱ柱为３７５０ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１ｇｅｌ）。组织样品用甲醇提取,经ＩＡＣ柱分离纯化,ＥＬＩＳＡ检测,即ＩＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ方法。本试验揭示,能组织样本提取纯化稀释液为介质制备扔标准曲线,其Ｉ５０值和斜率与以ＰＢＳＴ－１０％甲醇为介质的标准曲线相符     

海藻作饲料添加剂饲喂产蛋鸡的效果

用６００只产蛋鸡分四组进行了６７ｄ饲养实验,考察海藻粉（ＳＭ）的效果。结果表明：ＳＭ组试鸡产蛋率与商品添加剂组和Ｋ１组比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,与未加ＳＭ组比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。蛋重比其他三组高０．４～１．５ｇ／枚,饲料转化率高６．４％、７．６％和低０．７６％;试期４～２７ｄ,ＳＭ组蛋黄的碘含量由９．４ｕｇ／ｇ增加到６６．８ｕｇ／ｇ（鲜样）。至２７ｄ达到高值,比未加ＳＭ和ＫＩ组高达８．４和５．２倍。蛋白含碘亦由０增加到８．７ｕｇ／ｇ;蛋黄色素变化随着饲养期延长而加深,至２７ｄ达到９个评分等级,比未加ＳＭ和ＫＩ组高２．７和１．５个等级;此外还发现ＳＭ中的碘比ＫＩ中的碘更稳定,两种日粮同时保存５２ｄ,前者损失５９％（碘由８０．４×１０－６降至３２．７×１０－６）,后者损失７６．５４％（碘由８０×１０－６降至１８．７７×１０－６）。     

上海地区鸡球虫对6种抗球虫药的抗药程度研究

为了解上海地区的鸡球虫抗药性状况,作者采集了上海市9个区县10个鸡场的球虫,进行了对地克珠利（Diclazuril)、氯苯胍（Robenidine)、氯羟吡啶（Clopidol)、氨丙啉（Amprolium)、马杜拉霉素（Maduramicin)、莫能霉素（Monensin)的抗药性研究。试验设6个药物组和感染不用药、不感染不用药2个对照组,以抗球虫指数（ACI）、病变记分减少率（RLS）、相对卵囊产量（ROP）、最适抗球虫活性百分率（POAA）为试验指标,进行综合评定,其抗药程度分为无抗药性、轻度抗药性、中度抗药性、完全抗药性4个等级。结果显示来自10个鸡场的球虫中,对地克珠利有90％未产生抗药性,对氯苯胍有90％为无抗药性和轻度抗药,对驻杜拉霉素有50％为无抗药性和轻度抗药,对氯羟吡啶有80％达到完全抗药,对氨丙啉有90％达到中度和完全抗药,对莫能霉素则全部达到中度以上的抗药程度,作者认为目前在上海地区以放心地理合理使用地克珠利和氯苯胍,对马杜拉霉素要慎使用,对氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、莫能霉素须减少或暂停使用。     

安徽3个地区柔嫩艾美耳球虫对6种药物的抗药性

目的检测三株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对六种药物的耐药性,为防治球虫病制定临床用药方案提供依据。方法鸡体实验法检测巢湖、六安、肥东三株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对马杜拉霉素、盐霉素、莫能菌素、磺胺喹嗯啉钠、地克珠利、妥曲珠利的耐药性,以抗球虫指数（ACI）、病变记分减少率（RLS）、相对盲肠卵囊产量（ROP）和最适抗球虫活性百分率（POAA）四项指标综合判定。结果巢湖株对地克珠利,盐霉素与莫能菌素轻度耐药,对马杜拉霉素中度耐药,对托曲株利和磺胺喹嗯啉钠重度耐药,六安株对地克株利与托曲株利重度耐药,对磺胺喹嗯啉钠中度耐药,对盐霉素轻度耐药,对马杜霉素敏感,肥东株对磺胺喹嗯啉钠完全耐药,对莫能菌素重度耐药,对马杜霉素与盐霉素轻度耐药,对地克珠利与托曲珠利中度耐药。结论3个地区的柔嫩艾美耳球虫对供试药物已产生不同程度的耐药性。     

香蕉枯萎病生防细菌ZJ6-6的盆栽防治效果及其生防基因分析

通过病原菌和生防菌人工接种方法测定生防细菌ZJ6-6对香蕉枯萎病的盆栽防治效果,扩增和序列分析ZJ6-6的生防基因。结果表明：ZJ6-6处理香蕉的萎缩指数和导管褪色指数比对照香蕉分别降低40.5%和43.9%,其对香蕉枯萎病具有显著防治效果;ZJ6-6至少含有6个生防基因ituD、lpa-14、bmyB、fenD、srfAA、srfAB,理论上具有合成脂肽抗生素的能力,这可能是其能防治香蕉枯萎病的原因。本研究结果对ZJ6-6合成分泌的抗菌物质鉴定及其生防机理研究具有重要意义。     

饲料中不同脂肪酸对草鱼组织脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响

实验选用初始作重约1．4g的草鱼，在60天的饲养期中分别投喂1种不含脂肪的饲料和8种含3％不同脂质的饲料，观察了饲料中添加油酸（18：1n-9）、亚油酸（18：2n－6）、亚麻酸（18：3n－3）和n－3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n－3HUFA；20：5n－3＋22：6n－3）对草鱼肝胰脏、肌肉、头部和去肝胰脏内脏脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响。实验结果表明，与摄食单纯含油酸饲料的草鱼相比，含1％18：2n－6和1％18：3n－3或1％18：2n－6和0．5％n－3HUFA饲料组草鱼的肝胰脏脂质含量显著降低，但内脏脂质含量升高。向饲料中添加18：2n－6、18：3n－3和n－3HUFA能明显影响草鱼肝胰脏、肌肉和头部脂质多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量；组织中n－6系列和n－3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸含量分别与饲料中添加18：2n－6和18：3n－3有相关关系，表明草鱼具有生物转化18：2n－6和18：3n－3为高度不饱和脂肪酸的能力。     

高羊茅种子老化过程中酶活性的变化

对当年收获的高羊茅种子进行人工老化后发芽过程的磷酸己糖异构酶活性、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氨酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶联合活性以及苹果酸脱氨酶活性的测定结果表明,在老化处理的高羊茅种子中,磷酸已糖异构酶活性随着发芽时间的延长呈下降趋势,而苹果酸脱氢酶活性则呈上升趋势。随着老化程度的增加,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶联合活性的峰值在发芽过程中出现的时间推迟,且峰值降低。随着人工加速老化强度的增加,磷酸己糖异构酶活性、苹果酸脱氢酶活性、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氨酶联合活性均表现为大幅度地降低。老化可使种子前发过程中的糖酵解、三羧酸循环和磷酸戊糖等代谢途径受到限制,影响种子萌发过程中物质的分解与合成,进而造成种子发芽推迟、发芽率降低。     

临床型乳腺炎奶牛乳清和血清中IL-6、TNF-α水平测定

采用放射免疫分析法对正常健康奶牛组、临床型乳腺炎奶牛组的乳清、血清进行了炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF—α测定。测定结果表明：患病组奶牛乳清和血清中IL-6、TNF-α含量显著高于健康组的含量。     

饲粮ω-6/ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例对鹅肝脏过氧化脂质和肝细胞超微结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮ω-6/ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例对鹅肝脏过氧化脂质和肝细胞超微结构的影响。选择160只同批出雏、体质健壮、体重(0.407±0.023)kg的21日龄扬州鹅,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例为12∶1、9∶1、6∶1、3∶1的试验饲粮。饲养至42、56和70日龄时分别进行肝脏分离和过氧化脂质测定,并采用电镜观察肝细胞超微结构。结果表明:鹅肝脏丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量随日龄的增加呈上升趋势,并以70日龄较高,其中12∶1和9∶1组升高的幅度较大,而3∶1和6∶1组较小。MDA、NO含量随ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例的降低呈现下降的趋势,各日龄基本以3∶1组最低。12∶1和9∶1组肝细胞糖原颗粒相对减少,线粒体有肿胀现象,但各组线粒体的面积没有显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可见,生长期扬州鹅肝脏抗氧化状态受饲粮ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例的影响;较低饲粮ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例(3∶1和6∶1)能够减少肝细胞过氧化脂质的损伤。     

Effects of ghrelin and its analogues on chicken ovarian granulosa cells

The aim of these in vitro experiments was (1) to examine the effects of ghrelin on the basic functions of ovarian cells (proliferation, apoptosis, secretory activity); (2) to determine the possible involvement of the GHS-R1a receptor and PKA- and MAPK-dependent post-receptor intracellular signalling cascades; (3) to identify the active part of the 28-amino acid molecule responsible for the effects of ghrelin on ovarian cells. We compared the effect of full-length ghrelin 1-28, a synthetic activator of GHS-R1a, GHRP6, and ghrelin molecular fragments 1-18 and 1-5 on cultured chicken ovarian cells. Indices of cell apoptosis (expression of the apoptotic peptide bax and the anti-apoptotic peptide bcl-2), proliferation (expression of proliferation-associated peptide PCNA), and expression of protein kinases (PKA and MAPK) within ovarian granulosa cells were analysed by immunocytochemistry. The secretion of progesterone (P(4)), testosterone (T), estradiol (E(2)) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) by isolated ovarian follicular fragments was evaluated by RIA/EIA. It was observed that accumulation of bax was increased by ghrelin 1-28, GHRP6 and ghrelin 1-18, but not by ghrelin 1-5. Expression of bcl-2 was suppressed by addition of ghrelin 1-28, GHRP6 and ghrelin 1-5, but promoted by ghrelin 1-18. The occurrence of PCNA was reduced by ghrelin 1-28, GHRP6, ghrelin 1-18 and ghrelin 1-5. An increase in the expression of MAPK/ERK1, 2 was observed after addition of ghrelin 1-28, GHRP6 and ghrelin 1-18, but not ghrelin 1-5. The accumulation of PKA decreased after treatment with ghrelin 1-28 and increased after treatment with GHRP6 and ghrelin 1-18 but not ghrelin 1-5. Secretion of P(4) by ovarian follicular fragments was decreased after addition of ghrelin 1-28 or ghrelin 1-5 but stimulated by GHRP6 and ghrelin 1-18. Testosterone secretion was inhibited by ghrelins 1-28 and 1-18, but not by GHRP6 or ghrelin 1-5. Estradiol secretion was reduced after treatment with ghrelin 1-28 but stimulated by ghrelins 1-18 and 1-5; GHRP6 had no effect. AVT secretion was stimulated by ghrelin 1-28, GHRP6 and ghrelin 1-18, but inhibited by ghrelin 1-5. The comparison of the effects of the four ghrelin analogues on nine parameters of ovarian cells suggest (1) a direct effect of ghrelin on basic ovarian functions-apoptosis, proliferation, steroid and peptide hormone secretion; (2) that the majority of these effects can be mediated through GHS-R1a receptors; (3) an effect of ghrelin on MAPK- and PKA-dependent intracellular mechanisms, which can potentially mediate the action of ghrelin at the post-receptor level; (4) that ghrelin residues 5-18 may be responsible for the major effects of ghrelin on the avian ovary.     

Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in piglets: the significance of neonatal age

Following intravenous dose of 6mg/kg racemic ketoprofen, the chiral pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen was investigated in eight piglets aged 6 and 21days old. S-ketoprofen predominated over R-ketoprofen in plasma of the piglets in both age groups. The volumes of distribution of S-ketoprofen for the 6- and 21-day-old piglets were 241.7 (211.3-276.5) mL/kg and 155.0 (138.7-173.1) mL/kg, respectively, while the corresponding parameters for R-ketoprofen were 289.2 (250.3-334.2) mL/kg and 193.0 (168.7-220.8) mL/kg. The clearances of R-ketoprofen [948.4 (768.0-1171.2) mL/h/kg and 425 (319.1-566.0) mL/h/kg for the 6- and 21-day-old piglets, respectively] were significantly higher compared to the clearances of S-ketoprofen [57.3 (46.6-70.4) mL/h/kg and 33.8 (27.0-42.2) mL/h/kg for 6- and 21-day-old piglets, respectively]. The elimination half-life of S-ketoprofen was 3.4h for both age groups, while the elimination half-life of R-ketoprofen was 0.2h for the 6-day-old and 0.4h for the 21-day-old piglets. The clearances of both R- and S-ketoprofen were significantly higher in the 6-day-old piglets compared to when they were 21 days old. Furthermore, the volumes of distribution were larger in the youngest age group.     

DNA immunization against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus with VP2-4-3 gene and chicken IL-6 gene

The present study was to investigate the feasibility and efficiency of the DNA vaccine to protect chickens against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) infection. A plasmid DNA carrying VP2-4-3 genes of vvIBDV SH95 and a plasmid DNA carrying chicken interleukin-6 (ChIL-6) genes were constructed and designated as pALTER-MAX-VP2-4-3 and pALTER-MAX-ChIL-6 respectively. Several DNA vaccination experiments were performed: 1-week-old chickens were intramuscularly injected with only plasmid pcDNA3-VP2, pALTER-MAX-VP2-4-3 or mixture with pALTER-MAX-ChIL-6. The chickens at 4 weeks old were orally inoculated with vvIBDV SH95. The results showed that immunization with the mixture of pALTER-MAX-VP2-4-3 and pALTER-MAX-ChIL-6 three times conferred protection for 90% of chickens. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody titres in chickens immunized together with pALTER-MAX-ChIL-6 were higher than those immunized simply with plasmid pcDNA3-VP2 or pALTER-MAX-VP2-4-3. IBDV was not detected in the bursa of the protected chickens at 8 days after challenge by RT-PCR. The results indicate that protection against vvIBDV can be achieved by using the VP2-4-3 gene of vvIBDV as a DNA vaccine. Furthermore, the simultaneous injection of ChIL-6 plasmid significantly increased the protection after challenge with the very virulent strain.     

獒本杂交犬肥育技术研究

通过对獒本杂交犬初生、断奶、3月龄、6月龄、12月龄和24月龄公母犬体高、体长、胸围、管围及体重等肥育指标的测定分析说明,獒本杂交犬在育成阶段有较快的生长速度,比本地土种犬高40%。增重的高峰期为断奶至6个月龄阶段,其中尤以3~6月龄为突出。公母犬3~6月龄的平均日增重分别可达到191.11 g/d和188.89 g/d。     

Two-, three- and four-breed rotational crossbreeding of beef cattle: reproductive traits

Reproductive data were collected on 4,596 cow exposures in a rotational crossbreeding study that spanned four generations (1970 through 1988). Angus (A), Brahman (B), Charolais (C) and Hereford (H) breeds were included in three two-breed (A-B, C-B and H-B), three three-breed (A-B-C, A-B-H and C-H-B) and one four-breed (A-B-C-H) rotational mating system. Contemporary straightbreds were produced each generation. Reproductive traits of interest were calving rate, calf survival, weaning rate, calf birth date and calving assistance. Overall means and standard errors for calving rate, calf survival, weaning rate, calf birth date and calving assistance were 82.1 +/- .6%, 92.8 +/- .4%, 76.2 +/- .6%, 50.4 +/- .3 d and 4.2 +/- .3%, respectively. Rotational mating systems had similar calving and calf survival rates that were greater (P less than .01) than those of straightbreds. Three- and four-breed rotation systems had similar weaning rates (81.5 +/- 1.1 and 80.8 +/- 2.0%) that were higher than those for two-breed rotations (77.1 +/- 1.2%). Two- and three-breed rotation systems had fewer assisted births (3.5 +/- .6 and 2.2 +/- .6%) than straightbreds (5.5 +/- .6%) and the four-breed rotation (5.4 +/- 1.0%). Three-breed rotation calves were born earlier in the calving season (46.8 +/- .6 d; P less than .05) than straightbred, two-breed or four-breed rotation calves (51.8 +/- .6, 52.1 +/- .6 and 51.1 +/- 1.0 d). Hereford-Brahman two-breed rotation cows had higher (P less than .05) calving and weaning rates than A-B or C-B two-breed rotation cows (87 +/- .4 vs 81.9 +/- 1.9 and 81.5 +/- 1.8%; 81.7 +/- 2.0 vs 76.4 +/- 2.1 and 74.1 +/- 2.0%). All three-breed rotation combinations had similar calving, calf survival and weaning rates, assistance at calving and calf birth dates. Rotational combinations tended to be more superior (P less than .05) to weighted purebred means for calving, calf survival and weaning rates than for calf birth date and calving assistance.