The Effect of Changes in European Anthropogenic Emissions on the Concentrations of Sulphur and Nitrogen Components in Air and Precipitation in Lithuania

Sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) components are of great concern because acidification and eutrophication still remain an important environmental issue in many regions of the world. Continuous monitoring (1981–1999) of S and N components both in air and precipitation in Lithuania (LT) has allowed us to evaluate the regional and temporal variations in relation to the pollutant emission changes. Despite of inter-site variability in concentration of pollutants within the regional scale, data showed a marked decrease in S concentrations both in air and precipitation over the Lithuania as a whole. Non-seasalt sulphate (nssSO₄ ^2?) concentrations in precipitation and air decreased from 2.06 to 0.52 mgS/l and from 3.97 to 1.07 µgS/m³, respectively. The number of acidic (pH<5) precipitation did not exceed 50 % during 1995–1999. The observed trends for S species are consistent with those for sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emission in Europe and Lithuania. Although nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentration in air decreased by 17 %, significant changes in nitrate (NO₃ ^?) concentrations neither in precipitation nor in air have been observed. Three-day backward air isobaric trajectories were used for the identification of the source region of air pollutants     

Regional Characteristics of Cooper Corrosion Components in East Asia

Copper plates were exposed under shelters at 13 sampling sites in East Asia and their corrosion was analyzed. The corrosion products were first dissolved in water and then oxalic acid. Sulfate, nitrate and chloride in the solutions were measured by ion chromatography. The amounts of the three anions significantly differed depending on the atmospheric environment at the sites. Sulfate was a major part of the anions at Chongqing and Shanghai in China. Especially, at the urban sites in Japan, nitrate remarkably changed with the seasons, and often became the large anionic component in the summer. The amounts of chloride at most sites were at higher concentration levels compared with those at the rural sites in Japan. The anions in the copper corrosion must mainly reflect the impact of acid deposition.     

Stability of Ionic Components in Precipitation Samples — A Case Study in Taipei

The changes in ionic contents were studied in acidic precipitation samples collected for precipitation events in Taipei, which is near the sea. The storage cases under investigation include filtration, refrigeration, and light. Thus the experimental design leads all precipitation samples collected in the same rain event stored under different conditions. They were then analyzed six times successively within two months to provide the information containing potential ionic composition change. The measured constituents are H⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, and Cl^?. The comparison of measured ionic concentrations corresponding to different storage methods yield no significant difference. The increases of NO₃ ^? and decreases of NH₄ ⁺ with time were observed to be of similar magnitude, while the variation of pH values is significant. The presented study indicated the important role played by sample storage in determining the ionic composition of precipitation samples.     

琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸成分的变化

为探讨琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸合成的变化规律,采用脂肪酸甲酯气相色谱法(GC-FAME)对琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸成分的相对含量进行测定。结果表明,琉璃苣种子主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸、花生一烯酸和芥子酸等8种脂肪酸成分;成熟种子不饱和脂肪酸成分占总脂肪酸的84.05%,其中亚油酸最高(38.20%),γ-亚麻酸次之(24.59%);随着种子发育,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸的相对含量不断下降,其它不饱和脂肪酸成分的相对含量不断增加;棕榈酸与α-亚麻酸呈显著正相关,二者与其它脂肪酸成分呈负相关。本研究结果为进一步揭示琉璃苣种子脂肪酸的代谢及其调控机制提供了数据支持。     

Changes in the Chemistry of Precipitation in the United States, 1981–1998

Regulatory measures in the United States, such as Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, have primarily restricted sulfur dioxide emissions as a way to control acidic deposition. These restrictions, coupled with increasing concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ in wet deposition in some regions of the U.S. and continued high emissions of nitrogen oxides have generated a significant shift in the chemistry of precipitation as measured at National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network sites. Trends in precipitation chemistry at NADP/NTN sites were evaluated for statistical significance for the period 1981–1998 using a Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test, a robust non-parametric test for detection of monotonic trends. SO₄ ^2? declines were detected at 100 of the 147 sites examined while no sites exhibited increasing SO₄ ^2? trends. On average, SO₄ ^2? declined 35% over the period 1981–1998 with downward SO₄ ^2? trends being most pronounced in the north-eastern United States. In contrast, no consistent trends in NO₃ ^? concentrations were observed in precipitation in any major region of the United States. Although the majority of sites did not exhibit significant trends in NH₄ ⁺ concentration, 30 sites exhibited upward trends. For Ca²⁺ concentration in precipitation, 64 sites exhibited a significant decreasing trend and no sites exhibited an upward trend.     

华东地区降水周期特征及其影响因素分析

根据华东地区32个站点1951-2010年逐月降水量资料,在运用多窗口谱和小波分析方法对降水周期特征进行分析的基础上,利用太阳黑子、南方涛动等相关环流指数与降水序列进行交叉小波分析,探讨影响华东降水周期变化的主要因素。结果表明：华东地区的降水周期在年际和年代际尺度上都有所体现,其中以年代际尺度上的11.6～12.3a周期最为显著,其次为年际尺度上6.0a和4.0a的周期,且不同的周期信号对降水的影响存在阶段性。对华东地区降水周期特征影响较大的因子中,以太阳黑子的影响最为显著,主要体现在准12a周期活动上,其次南方涛动指数、西太平洋副高强度指数和南海副高强度指数对华东降水的影响也较为明显,在准12a和2～8a周期上都有所体现。     

贵州省年降雨量和天然年径流量年际变化研究

采用小波变换方法对贵州省总年均降雨量和径流量的突变点和周期性进行分析,研究结果表明:贵州省1956-2000年降雨量呈弱变异并且无明显增加趋势,而径流量具有中等程度的变异且有一定的增加趋势;降雨量无明显突变点,径流量在1964年和1989年有明显的突变特征;降雨量和径流量的变化周期具有同步性,降雨量的变化周期大致为42年、22年和5年,径流量的变化周期大致为40年、22年和5年.40年和22年尺度的周期具有全局性,而5年尺度的周期变化主要在1960s-1980s表现活跃.全省11个水资源三级区中洪水河、沅江浦市镇以上、思南以上、北盘江、石鼓以下千流和柳江的降雨、径流变化具有一定的同步性.     

内蒙古东部区主要作物降水利用率与生产潜力研究

2000～2002年在内蒙古东部区四盟市开展了主要作物降水利用率与生产潜力的研究。经过3年的调查研究,建立了大豆、玉米等六大主栽作物的降水生产潜力模型,分析讨论了各地区不同作物降水资源的利用现状。     

近50年安徽淮北平原降水变化特征分析

选取淮北平原6个典型代表气象站的逐年降水观测资料,采用数理统计方法、趋势拟合和R／S分析等方法,分析了年降水量、主汛期降水量和暴雨日数的变化特征。结果表明,淮北平原年降水量和主汛期降水量增加并不明显,但年际间波动较大,年降水平均变异系数0．26,最大极差在1150mm以上;主汛期降水量变异系数0．39,极比达到5．07,导致旱涝频繁发生。趋势分析表明,20世纪90年代以来,淮北平原多雨年和少雨年都呈增加的趋势,暴雨日数也呈明显增多的趋势。R／S分析得出,未来淮北平原的降水仍呈宽幅震荡的趋势,旱涝灾害仍是制约当地农业生产的主导因素。     

北盘江流域降雨量和径流量年际变化研究

对北盘江流域的降雨和径流实测序列进行多尺度时频分析,可为喀斯特地区流域的综合治理、水资源的合理利用、水电设施设计标准的制定及地区的可持续发展提供保证,尤其对解决喀斯特地区的季节性干旱具有一定的指导意义.采用小波变换方法对北盘江流域年均降雨量和径流量的变化周期性进行分析,研究结果表明:北盘江流域1956-2000年降雨量和径流量均具有中等程度的变异,且径流量的增加速率大于降雨量;降雨和径流存在明显的年际和年代变化,且降雨量和径流量的变化周期具有同步性;降雨量的主周期依次为23,45,5,12 a,而23 a尺度的周期具有全局性;径流量的变化周期大致为24,6,13,40 a,而24 a尺度的周期具有全局性.     

新疆近54年气温和降水变化特征

利用新疆50个气象站1960—2013年的月、年的平均气温和降水量资料,采用线性倾向率法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对新疆近54a来的气候变化和突变现象进行了研究,利用反距离插值法分析新疆气温和降水的空间分布。结果表明:近54a来,新疆年平均气温变化在6.2~9.0℃,年平均气温在波动中逐渐上升,气候倾向率0.32℃/10a,其突变发生在1965年和1977年。新疆各站点多年平均气温为0.95~14℃,整体上表现为由南向北降低的趋势,南疆的气温最高,依次为天山山区,北疆的气温最低。新疆年降水量变化在93.20~205.80mm,整体上呈现上升趋势,气候倾向率为8.23mm/10a,新疆年降水量突变发生在1963年、1975年、1978年和1980年。新疆各站点多年降水量为34.20~261.00mm,整体上表现为由南向北增多的趋势,北疆的降水量最多,其次为天山山区,南疆的降水量最少。     

Stratigraphic Distribution of Lignite-Derived Atmospheric Deposits in Forest Soils of the Upper Lusatian Region,East Germany

Atmospheric fly ash emissions from lignite-fired power plantsin the Upper Lusatian and Turówan mining districts stronglyaffected large forest areas along the German-Polish border. Afield study was conducted in old spruce stands (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) to assess the stratigraphic distributionof fly ash in the forest floor and mineral topsoil in the St. Marienthal forest area in the eastern part of Saxony,Germany. This forest area is subjected to long-termatmospheric depositions by two German and one Polish powerplants since the early 1900s. The three study sites arelocated along a fly ash deposition gradient of 3, 6 and 15 kmfrom the power plant in Turów (Sites Ia, II and III,respectively). An additional site (Site Ib) at a distance of 3 km from Turów was chosen to study the influence of vegetationtype on fly ash deposition intensity in forest soils. Samplesof the humic layer (Oi (L), Oe (F) and Oa (H) horizons) andmineral soil (0–10 cm) were taken in Spring and Fall 1999 andanalysed for their ferromagnetic susceptibility and total ashcontent. Particle size distribution, magnetic susceptibilityof individual size fractions, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) wereperformed on selected samples to evaluate the origin ofmineral particles found in the forest floor. High magneticsusceptibility of the Oa and Oe horizons is a result of thelong-term accumulation of lignite-derived atmospheric depositsin the forest floors of the studied area. Pure conifer stands(year-round filtration of airborne pollutants) resulted inhigher inputs of ferromagnetic fly ash particles in forestsoils. Unusually high total ash contents for humic horizons(up to 77%) were determined in the Oa and Oe horizons atSites Ia and IIb, indicating the need for a new classificationsystems for the organic layer in forest soils near coal-firedpower plants. SEM revealed 4 typical phases of persistent flyash deposits formed by combustion of Lusatian lignite: (1) iron-containing `stable glasses’, (2) aluminium-iron-silicate-minerals,(3) slag fragments and (4) lignite-derived fossilcarbon. Particle size analysis, magnetic susceptibilitymeasurements and SEM-EDX techniques indicated that a greatportion of the mineral particles found in the humic horizonsof forests soils are from atmospheric sources. Fly ashaccumulation consisting of ferromagnetic minerals contributesmainly to the 125–63 and <63 μm fractions in soils. EDXanalysis revealed that atmospheric input of lignite-derivedfly ash increases the contents of the following ecologicalrelevant elements in soils: carbon, iron, aluminium, calcium,potassium, sulphur, titanium and sodium.     

福建闽东诸小河泥沙及其变化分析

根据50年实测水文资料,分析了闽东诸小河泥沙年内年际变化和来水、产沙的因果关系及造成水土流失的主要原因。掌握该地区泥沙变化规律,对流域水土资源开发、利用和保护有着重要意义。     

陇东塬区适生农作物水分利用率及经济效益对比分析

通过对黄土高原典型残塬"董志塬"主要粮食作物冬小麦和当家牧草紫花苜蓿、特色作物黄花菜耗水量、水分利用率及经济效益的对比分析,得出底墒较好的偏旱年份(有春旱),冬小麦耗水量最大,全生长季耗水量481mm,春季生长期耗水量312mm。紫花苜蓿经济效益最高,约为冬小麦和黄花菜经济效益的2.4～2.5倍,冬小麦和黄花菜经济效益比较接近;底墒较差的偏旱年份(有春旱),冬小麦耗水量接近紫花苜蓿,全生长季耗水量386mm,春季生长期耗水量210mm,但基本没有经济效益,而紫花苜蓿经济效益持续上升,黄花菜经济效益比较稳定。结论认为陇东塬区紫花苜蓿种植气候风险最小,经济效益较高,黄花菜次之,冬小麦种植气候风险最大,经济效益较差,播种面积应逐步压缩。     

Temporal and Elevation-Related Variability in Precipitation Chemistry from 1993 to 2002, Eastern Erzgebirge, Germany

The Erzgebirge, part of the so-called former “Black Triangle”, used to represent the strongest regional air pollution of Central Europe. To test the hypothesis of deposition enhancement with height, an altitudinal gradient along a N-S transect from the Elbe river lowlands to the Erzgebirge summit was chosen to investigate chemical composition, elevation-related variability, temporal changes, and seasonal patterns of ion concentrations from 1993 to 2002. The following questions were to be answered: (1) Which role does orography play on the composition of precipitation?, (2) Does fog occurrence overrule the orographic influence?, (3) Are there changes in the past 10 years, and if so, why?, (4) Do relevant seasonal changes occur and why? Air streams from westerly and to a lesser degree south-easterly directions prevail. The average precipitation was ion-poor (23 μS cm^?1 and acidic (pH 4.5). Sulphate still was the dominant anion (52.3–59.9 μeq L^?1, while NH⁺ ₄ determined the cations (41.9–62.2 μeq L^?1. Ion concentrations decreased with altitude to about 735 m a.s.l. and subsequently increased. The seeder-feeder effect largely explains the chemical composition of precipitation; enhanced in winter through snow crystals. Sub-cloud scavenging does not explain the observed patterns. Fog occurrence enhanced the observed effects at higher altitudes. Deposition amounts doubled from the lowlands to the Erzgebirge summit. From 1993 to 2002, acidity decreased by about 50%, mainly due to reduced SO₂ -emissions.     

贵州省NDVI时空变化及其对温度和降水变化的响应

为了探究植被NDVI变化特征及其对温度和降水变化的响应,以贵州省为例,基于2000-2018年MODIS NDVI数据和温度、降水数据,采用距平分析、滑动平均、M-K检验、一元线性回归趋势分析、Pearson相关分析,偏相关分析、复相关分析及F检验进行显著性检验,定量分析了贵州省不同地貌类型下温度和降水对植被NDVI的影响。结果表明:(1)2000-2018年贵州省年均NDVI在空间分布上呈现出西北低东南高的格局;NDVI在2007年和2010年发生突变,并于2013年进入快速增长时期;其变化趋势呈现极显著增加的区域面积占比较大的是岩溶峡谷区和断陷盆地区,非喀斯特区较小;(2)NDVI以中高稳定和中等稳定为主,变异系数空间上存在着西北高于东南的格局;非喀斯特地貌稳定性最高,岩溶峡谷地貌的稳定性较差;(3)Hurst指数介于0.07~0.99,高值主要分布在贵州省西部地区,低值主要分布在东部地区,岩溶峡谷区和断陷盆地区呈现正向持续区域面积均超过对应地貌类型面积的1/2,其余地貌区以反向持续的区域面积比相对较大;(4)贵州省年均温度在空间上呈现西部地区低南部地区高的格局。以0.260℃/10 a的速率上升,断陷盆地区温度变化是最稳定的,非喀斯特地区和岩溶槽谷区的温度变化差异性较大。贵州省大部分地区降水量比较高,仅研究区西北部略低。年均降水以38.16 mm/10 a的速率上升,除断陷盆地区降水以减少趋势占优势,其他地貌区均呈现不同程度的增加;(5)贵州省NDVI受温度的影响强于降水,断陷盆地区受温度和降水的影响均不显著;岩溶高原区、岩溶峡谷区和非喀斯特地区受温度的影响高于降水。     

基于CMIP5全球气候模式的21世纪贵州省极端降水事件预估

利用国家气候中心收集和整理的8个CMIP5全球气候模式在RCP8.5、RCP4.5和RCP2.6温室气体排放情景下的逐日降水资料,使用泰勒图对2006-2016年数据进行检验,采用模拟效果最好的CCSM4和IPSL-CM5A-MR模式在等权重系数条件下的平均值,计算并分析贵州省2018-2044年、2045-2071年、2072-2098年3个阶段与降水有关的极端天气气候事件指数,即连续干旱日数(CDD)、大于20mm的降水日数(R20mm)、连续5d最大降水量(Rx5day)和简单日降水强度指数(SDII)相对于参照期(1986-2005年)的变化特征。结果表明:在3种情景下,21世纪各个阶段省东部CDD均多于参照期,且排放情景越高,偏多幅度越大,因此,贵州省东部地区未来可能发展的旱情值得关注。在21世纪不同阶段不同情景下,贵州省R20mm、Rx5day和SDII普遍多于参照期,且越到后期,高排放情景下(RCP8.5)增幅越大,中低排放情景下(RCP4.5和RCP2.6)增幅放缓甚至减小。总的来说,全球变暖背景下尤其是高排放情景下贵州省极端降水事件有增加的趋势。     

Wet and Dry Deposition of Sulphur at the Site Melpitz in East Germany. In memorium dedicated to Wolfgang Rolle

Sulphur concentrations in precipitation as sulphate and in air as sulphur dioxide were determined from October 1991 (May 1992), respectively, to December 1995. The total sulphur deposition was calculated from sum of the wet and dry deposition, using the concentration of sulphate and precipitation volume and the concentration and deposition velocity of sulphur dioxide, determined with the micrometeorological gradient method. The concentration of sulphur in precipitation decreased over the period by about 40% and in air about 70%. The wet deposition decreased over the period by about 30%. However there was no decrease in dry deposition despite the reduction in SO₂ concentrations because the deposition velocity varied from 0.16 cm s^-1 to 0.37 cm s^-1 during the period. Therefore no trend was observed in the total sulphur deposition.     

Influence of mineral fertilizers and different soil types on nutrient leaching: Results of lysimeter studies in East Germany

A lysimeter experiment on mineral fertilizer use and soil type was begun in 1985 to study the interrelationships between the level of mineral fertilization and the leaching of nutrients. Increased application of mineral fertilizers brought about not only a significant reduction in effluence build-up, but also a significant increase in yield. The lowest levels of nitrogen leaching were found in clay-sand soil in use as grassland, and the highest in sandy soil used as arable land. Unexpectedly, the study was unable to prove statistically that a reduction in N, P and K leaching follows automatically from a reduction in mineral fertilization. Hence, suboptimal fertilization cannot be the only corrective measure if a noticeable or marked reduction in the adverse impact on water quality due to nutrient leaching is to be achieved. Interim plantings should be integrated in crop rotations. Agricultural crops must be siteadapted and suited to the fertilization regime.     

Migration of Cesium-137 in typical soils of North Germany ten years after the Chernobyl accident

Ten years after the Chernobyl disaster the Cs-137 migration of typical soils of North Germany (Folic Histosol, Haplic Podzol, Dystric Gleysol, Eutric Fluvisol) has been investigated and compared to their Cs distribution in 1986. In 1986 nearly 90% of the Cs-137 occurred in the upper 1–5 cm soil sections, whereas it was 50–70% in 1996. The more regular distribution ten years after the accident shows that migration processes have taken place. The Podzol presented a high migration with marked Cs-137 losses in the top soil. The Gleysol showed the lowest migration down to 10 cm depth. A nearly similar pattern at the top was found within the Histosol, however, a ratio of 10% Cs-137 in the 10–15 cm section indicated a deeper migration. Despite the large clay content, the Fluvisol showed a regular Cs distribution within its profile, probably resulting from cattle steps and/or peloturbation.