The Effect of Changes in European Anthropogenic Emissions on the Concentrations of Sulphur and Nitrogen Components in Air and Precipitation in Lithuania

Sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) components are of great concern because acidification and eutrophication still remain an important environmental issue in many regions of the world. Continuous monitoring (1981–1999) of S and N components both in air and precipitation in Lithuania (LT) has allowed us to evaluate the regional and temporal variations in relation to the pollutant emission changes. Despite of inter-site variability in concentration of pollutants within the regional scale, data showed a marked decrease in S concentrations both in air and precipitation over the Lithuania as a whole. Non-seasalt sulphate (nssSO₄ ^2?) concentrations in precipitation and air decreased from 2.06 to 0.52 mgS/l and from 3.97 to 1.07 µgS/m³, respectively. The number of acidic (pH<5) precipitation did not exceed 50 % during 1995–1999. The observed trends for S species are consistent with those for sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emission in Europe and Lithuania. Although nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentration in air decreased by 17 %, significant changes in nitrate (NO₃ ^?) concentrations neither in precipitation nor in air have been observed. Three-day backward air isobaric trajectories were used for the identification of the source region of air pollutants     

陕西省降水量变化及其影响分析

利用陕西省20个测站1951—2000年(4—9月)的降水资料,用相关统计方法,分析了陕西省降水量的变化特征,并对降水量进行了预测。结果表明,4—9月降水量呈减少趋势,尤以20世纪90年代降水量减少最为显著。预测表明21世纪前10a陕西省降水量有增加趋势。同时分析了降水变化对河川径流、沙漠化及水土流失的可能影响。     

淮河流域汛期候尺度降水集中度与集中期的时序变化特征

降水分布的不均匀性特征是水循环研究的热点问题,也是区域旱涝防灾与水资源利用的重要依据。基于淮河流域30个气象测站点1960-2014年汛期（5-8月）的逐日降水数据,采用降水集中度指标、趋势与突变检测以及小波周期方法,分析了淮河流域近55 a来汛期降水集中特性的时序变化特征。结果表明:（1）汛期降水年际间波动频繁,变幅较大,1970s和1990s为汛期雨量偏低时期,而2000s以来是汛期降水量最高的时代。（2）降水集中度波动较大,呈微弱减小趋势,以1960s为最集中,1980s最低,1983年出现一次较为明显的突变过程。多年平均降水集中期出现于7月上旬的38候;集中期以1980s为最偏早,1990s以来都较为偏迟,在1990年为明显的突变过程,此后集中期总体推后。（3）集中度在1960s中期具有2 a左右的周期,在1991-2004年存在3~5 a左右的周期。集中期在1970s后段存在2 a左右短周期,而在1970-1982年存在显著的6~9 a左右稍长周期。集中度与集中期在1975-1985年还具有显著的4~5 a左右正相位共振周期。     

Regional Characteristics of Cooper Corrosion Components in East Asia

Copper plates were exposed under shelters at 13 sampling sites in East Asia and their corrosion was analyzed. The corrosion products were first dissolved in water and then oxalic acid. Sulfate, nitrate and chloride in the solutions were measured by ion chromatography. The amounts of the three anions significantly differed depending on the atmospheric environment at the sites. Sulfate was a major part of the anions at Chongqing and Shanghai in China. Especially, at the urban sites in Japan, nitrate remarkably changed with the seasons, and often became the large anionic component in the summer. The amounts of chloride at most sites were at higher concentration levels compared with those at the rural sites in Japan. The anions in the copper corrosion must mainly reflect the impact of acid deposition.     

Heavy Metal Concentrations of Precipitation in East Madhya Pradesh of India

Rain is a main source for getting water to the ecosystem in the Indian continent. The factors i.e. operation of several heavy metal industries, coming of distant pollutants, high rain fall, etc. are agent for the precipitation of a high amount of the heavy metals in the eastern region of Madhya Pradesh state of India. The particulate matters and gases emitted are scavenged out with rain water for the distribution to the ecosystem. 216 event rain water samples were collected at three sites (representative of urban, industrial and remote): Raipur, Korba and Ambikapur of the country in the year 1995. 60 (30×2) event samples were collected at site Raipur during years, 1996–1997. The volume weighted mean concentration and fluxes distribution of most abundant heavy metals i.e. Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb are described. Their concentration level found in the rain water was: Pb?Zn?Cu?Fe>Mn?Hg.     

琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸成分的变化

为探讨琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸合成的变化规律,采用脂肪酸甲酯气相色谱法(GC-FAME)对琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸成分的相对含量进行测定。结果表明,琉璃苣种子主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸、花生一烯酸和芥子酸等8种脂肪酸成分;成熟种子不饱和脂肪酸成分占总脂肪酸的84.05%,其中亚油酸最高(38.20%),γ-亚麻酸次之(24.59%);随着种子发育,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸的相对含量不断下降,其它不饱和脂肪酸成分的相对含量不断增加;棕榈酸与α-亚麻酸呈显著正相关,二者与其它脂肪酸成分呈负相关。本研究结果为进一步揭示琉璃苣种子脂肪酸的代谢及其调控机制提供了数据支持。     

GCM降尺度预测泾河流域未来降水变化

利用统计降尺度模型SDSM确定预报因子,建立预报量与预报因子之间的统计关系,用独立的观测资料验证模型,并将其应用于HadCM3在A2和B2两种排放情景下的输出生成未来气候变化情景,预测了泾河流域未来3个时段（2020s,2050s,2080s）的降水变化,以期为流域未来气候变化情景的构建及当地农业的可持续发展提供参考依据。结果表明,泾河流域未来年降水量呈不显著的减少趋势且存在一定的季节差异。夏季降水减少趋势最明显,减幅随时间的推移逐渐增大;冬季呈现微弱增加趋势;春季与秋季变化趋势类似,均有增有减,减少的时期较增加的时期多。流域降水变化的空间差异大体呈现由东南部向西北部减小的趋势。     

Stability of Ionic Components in Precipitation Samples — A Case Study in Taipei

The changes in ionic contents were studied in acidic precipitation samples collected for precipitation events in Taipei, which is near the sea. The storage cases under investigation include filtration, refrigeration, and light. Thus the experimental design leads all precipitation samples collected in the same rain event stored under different conditions. They were then analyzed six times successively within two months to provide the information containing potential ionic composition change. The measured constituents are H⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, and Cl^?. The comparison of measured ionic concentrations corresponding to different storage methods yield no significant difference. The increases of NO₃ ^? and decreases of NH₄ ⁺ with time were observed to be of similar magnitude, while the variation of pH values is significant. The presented study indicated the important role played by sample storage in determining the ionic composition of precipitation samples.     

华东地区降水周期特征及其影响因素分析

根据华东地区32个站点1951-2010年逐月降水量资料,在运用多窗口谱和小波分析方法对降水周期特征进行分析的基础上,利用太阳黑子、南方涛动等相关环流指数与降水序列进行交叉小波分析,探讨影响华东降水周期变化的主要因素。结果表明：华东地区的降水周期在年际和年代际尺度上都有所体现,其中以年代际尺度上的11.6～12.3a周期最为显著,其次为年际尺度上6.0a和4.0a的周期,且不同的周期信号对降水的影响存在阶段性。对华东地区降水周期特征影响较大的因子中,以太阳黑子的影响最为显著,主要体现在准12a周期活动上,其次南方涛动指数、西太平洋副高强度指数和南海副高强度指数对华东降水的影响也较为明显,在准12a和2～8a周期上都有所体现。     

Changes in the Chemistry of Precipitation in the United States, 1981–1998

Regulatory measures in the United States, such as Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, have primarily restricted sulfur dioxide emissions as a way to control acidic deposition. These restrictions, coupled with increasing concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ in wet deposition in some regions of the U.S. and continued high emissions of nitrogen oxides have generated a significant shift in the chemistry of precipitation as measured at National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network sites. Trends in precipitation chemistry at NADP/NTN sites were evaluated for statistical significance for the period 1981–1998 using a Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test, a robust non-parametric test for detection of monotonic trends. SO₄ ^2? declines were detected at 100 of the 147 sites examined while no sites exhibited increasing SO₄ ^2? trends. On average, SO₄ ^2? declined 35% over the period 1981–1998 with downward SO₄ ^2? trends being most pronounced in the north-eastern United States. In contrast, no consistent trends in NO₃ ^? concentrations were observed in precipitation in any major region of the United States. Although the majority of sites did not exhibit significant trends in NH₄ ⁺ concentration, 30 sites exhibited upward trends. For Ca²⁺ concentration in precipitation, 64 sites exhibited a significant decreasing trend and no sites exhibited an upward trend.     

贵州省年降雨量和天然年径流量年际变化研究

采用小波变换方法对贵州省总年均降雨量和径流量的突变点和周期性进行分析,研究结果表明:贵州省1956-2000年降雨量呈弱变异并且无明显增加趋势,而径流量具有中等程度的变异且有一定的增加趋势;降雨量无明显突变点,径流量在1964年和1989年有明显的突变特征;降雨量和径流量的变化周期具有同步性,降雨量的变化周期大致为42年、22年和5年,径流量的变化周期大致为40年、22年和5年.40年和22年尺度的周期具有全局性,而5年尺度的周期变化主要在1960s-1980s表现活跃.全省11个水资源三级区中洪水河、沅江浦市镇以上、思南以上、北盘江、石鼓以下千流和柳江的降雨、径流变化具有一定的同步性.     

基于GIS的大别山区东段雨季降水空间分布模拟

区域降水量是重要的环境变量,区域降水量的研究对区域水资源合理规划与利用具有重要科学价值。依据大别山区东段及附近14个气象台站和8个气候考察站34a雨季降水和风向等气象资料,以及各站点的经纬度、坡向、海拔高度等地理信息,并引进"主风向效应指数",建立大别山区东段雨季降水分布模拟模型。利用GIS技术进行栅格数据的空间分析,模拟大别山区东段降水空间分布。模拟结果表明,(1)针对不同区域特点,适当增加有效的地形和气象因子参与插值,可以提高山区降水模拟精度,大别山区东段雨季的逐月、夏季和雨季降水空间分布模拟相对误差均小于10%;(2)大别山区东段南北坡雨量分布具有明显的时空变化,边界层山地的扰动作用对降水量分布影响明显,雨量的南北坡的季节变化与大气环流的季节变化一致。     

内蒙古东部区主要作物降水利用率与生产潜力研究

2000～2002年在内蒙古东部区四盟市开展了主要作物降水利用率与生产潜力的研究。经过3年的调查研究,建立了大豆、玉米等六大主栽作物的降水生产潜力模型,分析讨论了各地区不同作物降水资源的利用现状。     

近50年安徽淮北平原降水变化特征分析

选取淮北平原6个典型代表气象站的逐年降水观测资料,采用数理统计方法、趋势拟合和R／S分析等方法,分析了年降水量、主汛期降水量和暴雨日数的变化特征。结果表明,淮北平原年降水量和主汛期降水量增加并不明显,但年际间波动较大,年降水平均变异系数0．26,最大极差在1150mm以上;主汛期降水量变异系数0．39,极比达到5．07,导致旱涝频繁发生。趋势分析表明,20世纪90年代以来,淮北平原多雨年和少雨年都呈增加的趋势,暴雨日数也呈明显增多的趋势。R／S分析得出,未来淮北平原的降水仍呈宽幅震荡的趋势,旱涝灾害仍是制约当地农业生产的主导因素。     

北盘江流域降雨量和径流量年际变化研究

对北盘江流域的降雨和径流实测序列进行多尺度时频分析,可为喀斯特地区流域的综合治理、水资源的合理利用、水电设施设计标准的制定及地区的可持续发展提供保证,尤其对解决喀斯特地区的季节性干旱具有一定的指导意义.采用小波变换方法对北盘江流域年均降雨量和径流量的变化周期性进行分析,研究结果表明:北盘江流域1956-2000年降雨量和径流量均具有中等程度的变异,且径流量的增加速率大于降雨量;降雨和径流存在明显的年际和年代变化,且降雨量和径流量的变化周期具有同步性;降雨量的主周期依次为23,45,5,12 a,而23 a尺度的周期具有全局性;径流量的变化周期大致为24,6,13,40 a,而24 a尺度的周期具有全局性.     

Stratigraphic Distribution of Lignite-Derived Atmospheric Deposits in Forest Soils of the Upper Lusatian Region,East Germany

Atmospheric fly ash emissions from lignite-fired power plantsin the Upper Lusatian and Turówan mining districts stronglyaffected large forest areas along the German-Polish border. Afield study was conducted in old spruce stands (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) to assess the stratigraphic distributionof fly ash in the forest floor and mineral topsoil in the St. Marienthal forest area in the eastern part of Saxony,Germany. This forest area is subjected to long-termatmospheric depositions by two German and one Polish powerplants since the early 1900s. The three study sites arelocated along a fly ash deposition gradient of 3, 6 and 15 kmfrom the power plant in Turów (Sites Ia, II and III,respectively). An additional site (Site Ib) at a distance of 3 km from Turów was chosen to study the influence of vegetationtype on fly ash deposition intensity in forest soils. Samplesof the humic layer (Oi (L), Oe (F) and Oa (H) horizons) andmineral soil (0–10 cm) were taken in Spring and Fall 1999 andanalysed for their ferromagnetic susceptibility and total ashcontent. Particle size distribution, magnetic susceptibilityof individual size fractions, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) wereperformed on selected samples to evaluate the origin ofmineral particles found in the forest floor. High magneticsusceptibility of the Oa and Oe horizons is a result of thelong-term accumulation of lignite-derived atmospheric depositsin the forest floors of the studied area. Pure conifer stands(year-round filtration of airborne pollutants) resulted inhigher inputs of ferromagnetic fly ash particles in forestsoils. Unusually high total ash contents for humic horizons(up to 77%) were determined in the Oa and Oe horizons atSites Ia and IIb, indicating the need for a new classificationsystems for the organic layer in forest soils near coal-firedpower plants. SEM revealed 4 typical phases of persistent flyash deposits formed by combustion of Lusatian lignite: (1) iron-containing `stable glasses’, (2) aluminium-iron-silicate-minerals,(3) slag fragments and (4) lignite-derived fossilcarbon. Particle size analysis, magnetic susceptibilitymeasurements and SEM-EDX techniques indicated that a greatportion of the mineral particles found in the humic horizonsof forests soils are from atmospheric sources. Fly ashaccumulation consisting of ferromagnetic minerals contributesmainly to the 125–63 and <63 μm fractions in soils. EDXanalysis revealed that atmospheric input of lignite-derivedfly ash increases the contents of the following ecologicalrelevant elements in soils: carbon, iron, aluminium, calcium,potassium, sulphur, titanium and sodium.     

河北省温度和降水变化对农业的影响

利用京、津、冀区域内70个气象观测站点自建站至2000年的气象观测资料,以温度和降水作为主要因子,重点分析了河北省平均温度、降水量的时空分布、年际和年代际变化。结果表明:随着全球气候变暖,河北省20世纪90年代的温度升高了0.8~1.2℃,平均每10年升高0.4℃;年降水量减少了87mm,平均每10年减少21mm。气候变化使冬小麦各生育期均有所提前,冬小麦种植北界到90年代延伸到了41°N以北,和50年代相比向北推移了30~50km。     

新疆近54年气温和降水变化特征

利用新疆50个气象站1960—2013年的月、年的平均气温和降水量资料,采用线性倾向率法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对新疆近54a来的气候变化和突变现象进行了研究,利用反距离插值法分析新疆气温和降水的空间分布。结果表明:近54a来,新疆年平均气温变化在6.2~9.0℃,年平均气温在波动中逐渐上升,气候倾向率0.32℃/10a,其突变发生在1965年和1977年。新疆各站点多年平均气温为0.95~14℃,整体上表现为由南向北降低的趋势,南疆的气温最高,依次为天山山区,北疆的气温最低。新疆年降水量变化在93.20~205.80mm,整体上呈现上升趋势,气候倾向率为8.23mm/10a,新疆年降水量突变发生在1963年、1975年、1978年和1980年。新疆各站点多年降水量为34.20~261.00mm,整体上表现为由南向北增多的趋势,北疆的降水量最多,其次为天山山区,南疆的降水量最少。     

1960-2009年青海省极端降水事件的变化特征

利用1960-2009年青海省26个气象台站的降水资料,采用线性倾向估计法、反距离加权法、M—K突变检测等方法,研究了青海省50a来极端降水事件变化的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果发现,近50a来,青海省极端降水天数、最大的1d和5d降水总量、中雨天数和逐年平均降水强度均表现为增加(强)趋势,只有极端降水天数通过了0.05的置信度检验;各极端降水指数变化趋势存在空间差异,祁连山地区极端降水天数、最大的1d和5d降水总量、中雨天数和逐年平均降水强度增加趋势明显,青海省东部地区增加不明显或呈微弱减少趋势;青海省极端降水事件在0.05的置信度下发生了明显的突变现象,且各极端降水指标与年降水总量有很好的相关性。     

毛乌素沙地降水和气温变化特征及其与植被因子的关系

为了研究毛乌素沙地土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)对气候变化的影响,采用观测资料减去再分析法(OMR)和土地利用转移矩阵等方法,分析毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转期前后(1980—1999年和2000—2016年)两个时期LUCC对气候变化的影响,讨论该时期LUCC引起区域气候效应的驱动机制。结果表明:(1)沙漠化逆转后期与前期相比,气温和降水变化特征存在差异。沙地和非沙地气候变化无明显差异,下垫面物质组成对气候变化影响不显著;(2)降水量变化主要受到地面蒸散发的影响。气温变化是LUCC引起蒸散发、反射率、净辐射量等变化的综合效应,LUCC对气温的影响更明显;(3)相比平均气温,最高气温和最低气温对于LUCC的响应更敏感。因此,植被恢复显著改变了毛乌素沙地降水和温度的变化特征,而且这种变化与下垫面物质组成无关。