Effects of 15-year application of municipal wastewater on microbial biomass,fecal pollution indicators,and heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil

Purpose

Water shortage in most countries of the southern Mediterranean basin has led to the reuse of municipal wastewater for irrigation. Despite numerous advantages for soil fertility and crop productivity, recycling wastewater in the soil also has several ecotoxicological and sanitary problems. To evaluate the chronic soil contamination and the cumulative impact of wastewater, we compared seven plot sites irrigated with treated wastewater 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, and 15 years and one nonirrigated taken as control, and these were sampled for soil analysis.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total organic matter, and total concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cd. Microbial biomass and enteric bacteria (fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) were determined in all soil samples.

Results and discussion

The soil pH values were not consistently affected. Soil salinity, measured as EC, appeared significantly high and proportional to the duration of wastewater irrigation. Also, concentrations of total Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd increased significantly (P?≤?0.05) according to the number of irrigation years but are usually under Tunisian standards. The concentration of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) showed a significant decrease in the soil profile. The microbial biomass carbon (MB_C) is 1.5 times larger in the soil irrigated for 15 years with treated wastewater as compared to the one taken as control. The growth of microorganisms might be explained by the ready source of easily degradable compounds in the oligotrophic soil environment brought about by wastewater irrigation. Soil bacteriological analysis showed that the number of fecal coliforms (FC) and that of fecal streptococci (FS) were affected appreciably (P?≤?0.05) by the duration of wastewater application (number of years) and by the soil depth (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm).

Conclusions

Treated wastewater irrigation led to changes in physicochemical and microbiological soil properties. The magnitude and specificity of these changes significantly correlated with the duration of such practice. It can be concluded, based on these results, that the proper management of wastewater irrigation and periodic monitoring of soil fertility and quality parameters are required to ensure successful, safe, and long-term reuse of wastewater irrigation.     

碳含量对再生水灌溉土壤氮素迁移转化规律的影响

为深入了解碳含量对再生水灌溉系统中氮素迁移转化的影响,该研究进行了碳含量影响下的再生水灌溉系统氮素迁移转化规律试验。利用不同碳含量的再生水灌溉种植在土柱中的黑麦草,测定各试验周期内灌溉水、土壤溶液和排水中不同形态氮的含量,分析不同生育期作物干物质产量和氮含量。结果表明,随灌溉水进入系统的氮素约有34%可被作物吸收利用,62%可通过反硝化作用去除或调节土壤氮库中的氮量,随水分下渗到根系层以下并随排水排出系统的氮量仅占灌溉水中氮量的3%～4%。从作物长势、干物质量和氮的利用量看,高碳处理优于低碳处理。试验条件下,再生水中碳含量较高时有利于氮素的转化、作物吸收利用以及氮的反硝化作用。研究结果对于以灌溉利用为目的的污水处理,具有一定的指导意义。     

灌水次数对绿洲春玉米田氮素损失及水氮利用效率的影响

该文研究灌水次数对绿洲农田氮素损失及水氮利用效率的影响。2015年在甘肃省武威市石羊河流域绿洲农田设置了5种灌溉施肥处理:分别为传统施肥(N_1)+传统灌水4次处理(I_1N_1),优化施肥(N_2)+优化灌水4~7次处理(分别为I_2N_2、I_3N_2、I_4N_2和I_5N_2)。应用农田水氮管理模型(soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulator,WHCNS)模拟分析了不同灌水次数下的作物产量、水氮动态过程及水氮利用效率,最后应用综合指数法筛选了农田最佳的水肥管理方案。结果表明:模型模拟的土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮含量、作物产量和叶面积指数与实测值均吻合良好,一致性指数在0.74及以上。5个处理中I_3N_2处理的春玉米产量、水分和氮素利用效率均最高,分别为17 077 kg/hm~2、3.23 kg/m~3和40.1 kg/kg。I_1N_1处理的水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失量均最大,而I_5N_2处理的最小。在灌溉定额一定的条件下,随灌水次数增加,水分渗漏量逐渐减少,同时硝态氮淋洗和氨挥发也逐渐减少,而反硝化和作物吸氮量逐渐增加。综合指数法评价结果表明I_3N_2处理为该地区最佳的水肥管理方案。因此,在该地区适当增加灌水次数和减少单次灌水量,不仅可以维持作物产量不变,而且显著减少了水分渗漏和氮素淋洗,同时提高了水氮利用效率。结果可为荒漠绿洲地区制定合理的水肥管理措施提供指导。     

Physicochemical Properties of Soil under Wheat Cultivation by Irrigation with Municipal Wastewater in Bangladesh

Irrigation with wastewater provides the opportunity to solve the problems of its disposal, reuse and water conservation. Freshwater, differentially diluted wastewater and undiluted wastewater (hereafter called wastewater) were used to grow wheat in sandy loam soil under fertilized and unfertilized conditions at the experimental farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Fresh groundwater and wastewater of Mymensingh municipality were used to irrigate a wheat field for three consecutive years to examine the effects of wastewater application on soil properties. In this study, the properties of wastewater-irrigated soil were compared with freshwater-irrigated soil. The application of wastewater reduced the bulk density of the surface soil by 1.92% and augmented the porosity by 5.89%. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity of the soil were improved under wastewater irrigation. Soil pH increased due to wastewater application but decreased, to a smaller extent, due to fertilizer application. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) increased both with wastewater and with fertilizer application; both parameters changed significantly in the 0–20 cm soil layer. However, at the deeper layers, they were not affected by wastewater application. The organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) level of the soils were higher under wastewater irrigation than under freshwater-irrigated soil. The organic C increased by 23.93% under wastewater irrigation in the top 20 cm soil layer. The N content of the soil showed similarities with the organic C contents. Available P and S concentrations were greater in the soil irrigated with wastewater compared with the soil irrigated with freshwater. The exchangeable cations – sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) – also increased significantly with wastewater application. Thus, farmers are advised for irrigation with municipal wastewater to ease pressure on freshwater and to improve soil fertility.     

Changes in Soil Properties in Response to Irrigation of Potato by Urban Wastewater

This study evaluated the physicochemical changes in the soil of potato field that was irrigated by fresh water, differentially diluted wastewater and undiluted wastewater (hereafter called wastewater). The potato crop was cultivated for consecutive three seasons under fertilized and unfertilized conditions. The wastewater contained higher concentrations of organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) and lower concentrations of heavy metals. In this study, properties of wastewater-irrigated soil were compared with fresh water-irrigated soil. The application of wastewater reduced the bulk density of the surface soil by 2.83% and augmented the porosity by 6.02%. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity of the soil were improved under wastewater irrigation. Soil pH increased due to wastewater application but decreased, to a smaller extent, due to fertilizer application. Soil EC increased both with wastewater and fertilizer application; both parameters changed significantly in the top 0–15 cm soil layer. But, at the deeper layers, they were not affected by wastewater application. The organic C, total N, available P and S of the soils increased significantly (p = 0.05) when potato field was irrigated with raw wastewater. The organic C increased by 23.80% under wastewater irrigation in the top soil layer. The N content of the soil showed similarities with the organic C contents. Exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg; Zn and B of the soil also increased significantly with wastewater application. So, irrigation with urban wastewater is suggested to improve soil fertility as well as to ease pressure on the fresh water in the area of water scarcity.     

滴灌条件下水肥耦合对温室番茄产量效应的研究

以番茄为供试作物,在温室内采用二次D-饱和最优设计进行水肥试验,探讨了滴灌条件下水、肥交互对温室番茄产量的影响。试验结果表明:影响番茄产量的主要因素是灌水量与钾肥用量的交互作用,其次是氮肥用量;仅从产量角度评价,以中等氮肥用量、高钾肥用量和高灌水量为水肥调控的最佳组合。     

Saline water and municipal solid waste compost application on tomato crop: Effects on plant and soil

A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to evaluate the effects of different water quality and fertilizers on yield performance of tomato crop. In mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (Electrical Conductivity, EC, = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWF); municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (EC = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWC). At harvest, weight and number of fruits and refractometric index (°Brix) were measured, total and marketable yield and dry matter of fruit were calculated. The results indicated that MSW compost, applied as amendment, could substitute the mineral fertilizer. In fact, in the treatments based on compost application, the tomato average marketable yield increased by 9% compared with treatments with mineral fertilizer. The marketable yield in the SWF and SWC treatments (with an average soil EC in two years to about 3.5 dS m^?1) decreased respectively of 20 and 10%, in respect to fresh water treatments. At the end of the experiment, application of compost significantly decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of SWC treatment in respect of SWF (?29.9%). Significant differences were observed among the four treatments both on soil solution cations either exchangeable cations. In particular compost application increased the calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) contents in saturated soil paste respect to the SWF ones (31.4% and 59.5%, respectively). At the same time saturated soil paste sodium (Na) in SWC treatment recorded a decrease of 17.4% compared to SWF.     

Okra Crop Response Under Subsurface Drip and Conventional Furrow Irrigation with Varying N Fertilization

ABSTRACT

There is a growing concern about excessive use of nitrogen (N) and water in agricultural system with unscientific management in Indian and developing countries of the world. Field experiments were conducted on the lateritic sandy loam soils of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, during spring–summer (February-June) seasons for three years (2015–2017) to evaluate okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying amount of nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments had three levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (i.e., 20%, 35%, and 50%) under subsurface drip system. There was no soil water depletion under conventional furrow irrigation system. There were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatments (i.e., 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha^?1). This was supplied using urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The yield response of okra crop under subsurface drip was found to be 56.4% higher than that of the furrow irrigation treatment. Best yield response and maximum water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were recorded under 20% soil water depletion with 100 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen fertigation. Among the various soil moisture depletions, subsurface drip at 20% soil water depletion treatment responded least quantity of water lost through deep drainage and nitrogen loss beyond the root zone as compared to other irrigation treatments. The water loss through subsurface drainage was observed as 33.11 mm lesser under subsurface drip as compared to that of the furrow irrigation, and this may due to low-volume and frequent irrigation water application with subsurface drip. Hence, irrigation through subsurface drip should be used for improving water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of okra crop cultivation.     

Strategy for long term use of saline drainage water for irrigation in semi-arid regions

In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from subsurface drainage is often saline and in the absence of a natural outlet, its disposal is a serious environmental threat. A field experiment was conducted for 7 years using drainage water of different salinity levels (EC_iw=6, 9, 12 and 18.8 dS/m) for irrigation of wheat during the dry winter season. The objective was to find whether crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crop was wheat during the winter season and pearl-millet and sorghum in the rainy season, grown on a sandy loam soil provided with subsurface drainage system. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with non-saline canal water and subsequently, saline drainage water of different salinity levels was used for the irrigation of wheat as per the treatment. On an average, the mean yield reduction in wheat yield at different EC_iw was 4.2% at 6, 9.7% at 9, 16.3% at 12 and 22.2% at 18.8 dS/m. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly only where 12 dS/m or higher salinity water was applied to previous wheat crop. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the subsurface drainage during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water for the irrigation of winter wheat without undue yield reduction and soil degradation.     

Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield,carbon inputs from above ground harvest residues and soil organic carbon contents of a sandy soil in Germany

To better understand the complex interactions between irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application on soil organic carbon content, the results from long‐term field experiments over a period of 40 years were analysed. The combined effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates on crop yields, carbon input by above ground harvest residues and soil organic carbon content has been investigated at a site on a sandy soil in northeast Germany. Combined with nitrogen fertilizer application, irrigation has frequently had a significantly positive effect on crop yield and carbon inputs from above ground harvest residues. However, enhanced carbon inputs to the soil under irrigation did not lead to significantly greater soil organic carbon contents. As the combination of irrigation and nitrogen also improved microbial decomposition by changing of above ground harvest residues C/N ratio and soil moisture, the effect of an additional input of carbon from above ground harvest residues was nullified.     

再生水灌溉对土壤主要盐分离子的分布特征及盐碱化的影响

通过田间试验,研究再生水纯灌、轮灌、重要时期灌清水等不同灌溉策略对西红柿和黄瓜地块土壤主要盐分离子的分布特征及盐碱化的影响。结果表明:对于西红柿地块,除Cl-和HCO3-在表土中的发生积累外,其他主要盐分离子均强烈受到灌溉水淋溶作用的影响,表现出向土壤深层迁移的特征,但是再生水灌溉未引起土壤剖面盐分的累积。对于黄瓜地块,土壤盐分分布对不同再生水灌溉策略的响应不同于西红柿地块,强烈的蒸发作用造成了主要盐分离子(除HCO3-外)在土壤表层中出现积累,但是未监测到盐分在深层土壤中累积。再生水灌溉对西红柿和黄瓜地块土壤的pH值和SAR值均未产生显著影响,但是较高的pH值(>8.0)说明长期灌溉再生水可能引起土壤的碱化。研究认为重要时期灌清水处理在控制土壤盐分累积方面效果明显,且未引起土壤发生碱化,可作为短期再生水灌溉果蔬菜(西红柿、黄瓜)的有益尝试。     

RZWQM2模型模拟牛场肥水施用夏玉米土壤硝态氮迁移特征

为研究华北平原种养结合中养殖肥水的合理施用,减少典型农田水肥施用后土壤氮淋溶对地下水的影响。该研究以河北省徐水区夏玉米为研究对象,应用RZWQM2模型验证牛场肥水施用玉米农田的可行性,对2014-2016年玉米种植前后数据进行模型参数率定与验证。验证结果表明,土壤体积含水率的均方根误差和平均相对误差值分别在0.000 6～0.070 7 cm3/cm3和0.21%～21.44%之间变化,土壤硝态氮均方根误差和平均相对误差值分别在0.000 8～2.617 3 mg/kg和0.03%～18.58%之间变化,其中牛场肥水施用土壤中硝态氮主要在0～120 cm土层发生变化,说明RZWQM2模型可以用来模拟华北平原牛场肥水施用对土壤水分、硝态氮含量及玉米产量的动态变化。利用率定和验证后的模型进行了夏玉米农田硝态氮淋溶的验证与预测,表明硝态氮淋溶浓度随肥水氮量的增加而增加。RZWQM2模型可以应用于牛场肥水施用农田的模拟,为预测和评估土壤适宜的肥水施用提供更合适的方法。     

A lysimeter study of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in spring barley crops grown on shallow soil overlying Chalk: crop uptake and leaching losses

The objective of this work was to determine the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (labelled with nitrogen-15) applied to an undisturbed shallow soil overlying Chalk contained in 10 lysimeters (80 cm diameter, 135 cm deep). Measurements are reported of the nitrogen uptake by four spring barley crops and the rate and extent of leaching of nitrate beyond the roots. The crops were fertilized with 0, 80 or 120 kg N ha^?1 in each of four years, but only the first application in 1977 was labelled with nitrogen ?15. Rainfall and irrigation approximated to the long-term average, but in two treatments dry or wet spring conditions were imposed for the 10 weeks after sowing the first crop in 1977. The dry matter and grain yields of the spring barley crops varied from year to year in the ranges 8.7–14.0 t ha^?1 and 3.5–6.1 t ha^?1 respectively. The total nitrogen harvested in the crop approximated to the amount of nitrogen applied in each year with an apparent recovery of fertilizer in the range 38–76%. The recovery of nitrogen derived from fertilizer (labelled with nitrogen-15) was 46–54% in the first crop and after 2 years rapidly declined to below 1%. The total amount of nitrogen-15 labelled fertilizer recovered in four barley crops was 49–57% of that applied. Mean annual nitrate concentrations in water draining from the base of the lysimeters were in the range 11.8–26.7 mg N 1^?1 and did not differ significantly between nitrogen fertilizer treatments (0, 80 and 120 kg N ha^?1 a^?1). In all treatments nitrate concentrations varied considerably within each growing season, with a cycle of peaks and troughs. Annual losses of nitrate were in the range 39–128 kg N ha^?1, and the mean annual losses over the 4 years varied between lysimeters from 65 to 83 kg N ha^?1. Nitrogen-15 labelled nitrate was detected in the first drainage water collected in autumn following its spring application, 5 months earlier. Recovery of fertilizer-derived nitrogen in drainage water was greatest during the winter following the second barley crop, and was 3.4–3.7% of the nitrogen-15 applied. Over the 4 years of the experiment 6.3–6.6% of labelled fertilizer was accounted for in drainage water, representing 2–3% of the total nitrogen lost by leaching.     

水肥减量对日光温室土壤水分状况及番茄产量和品质的影响

【目的】水肥一体化技术为改变我国长期以来设施栽培蔬菜"大水大肥"的传统管理方式,实现资源节约、环境友好发展提供了硬件物质基础和载体,但我国不同地区农业生产条件差异较大,适合当地土壤、气候、作物和栽培季节等特点的水肥一体化灌溉制度和施肥量相对缺乏。本文在陕西关中地区研究了水肥一体化条件下不同水肥处理对土壤水分状况及秋冬茬番茄养分吸收和产量等的影响,旨在制定适宜当地日光温室栽培番茄的科学合理的灌溉施肥制度。【方法】田间试验设常规水肥处理(CK)、植苗后水肥一体化灌水追肥期水肥分别减量20%(S1)及40%(S2)3个处理,其中常规处理灌水量为当季作物冠层水面蒸发量(100%ET),追肥量为当地农户的平均用量;水肥一体化为膜下滴灌+文丘里施肥系统。采用自动连续数采张力计(英国Skye Data Hog2)测定蔬菜生长期间各处理0—20 cm和20—50 cm土层土壤水势,并建立对应的土壤水分特征曲线,将土壤水势动态变化转换为土壤含水率动态变化;用直径20 cm蒸发皿测定当季番茄冠层的水面蒸发量,分析冠层水面蒸发量与土壤有效贮水量损失的关系;测定了不同水肥处理对番茄根、茎、叶、果实生物量及氮、磷、钾吸收量与产量和品质的影响。【结果】1)不同处理番茄生育期内0—50 cm土壤相对含水率均在75%以上,土壤水分供应充足。常规水肥处理灌水后0—20 cm土壤含水率达到或超过田间持水量,20—50 cm土层均超过田间持水量,表明土壤水分可下渗到50 cm以下,进而发生土壤养分的淋溶问题。追施期水肥减量40%处理的土壤水分大部分处在75%~85%的适宜值范围。2)随灌水量的减少,0—50 cm土壤有效贮水量损失降低,平均为番茄冠层水面蒸发量的65.4%,与追肥期水肥减量40%处理的灌水量相近。3)不同水肥处理番茄干物质累积、养分携出量、番茄产量、品质均无显著性差异,而灌水利用率从常规水肥处理的55.1 kg/m3提高到83.2 kg/m3,差异达极显著水平。【结论】从0—50 cm土壤水分状况、土壤有效贮水量损失及番茄冠层水面蒸发关系看,温室全覆膜滴灌条件下,当地适宜灌溉定额为作物冠层水面蒸发量的65%左右。根据番茄生育期内不同水肥处理对土壤水分状况、番茄养分吸收、产量及品质和灌水利用效率的影响,制定出适宜当地秋冬茬番茄的合理灌溉制度为:全生育期总灌溉定额为1057 m3/hm2,8~12月对应的灌水定额分别为168、169、132、105及50 m3/hm2,8~11月灌水周期分别为20~30 d、8~13 d、8~13 d和20~30d,12月份依天气少量补水或不灌水,1月份无需灌水。     

磷肥和钾肥不同配施方式对其养分在土壤中迁移的影响

采用单点源滴灌试验方法,模拟滴灌条件下磷(P)、钾(K)肥作为基肥一次施入和随水分施入两种不同的配施方式下速效P、K含量在土壤中的时空分布变化情况。结果表明:对于可溶性较好的磷、钾肥作为基肥施入土壤后,均随着滴灌水的下渗运移而发生迁移,速效磷的高值区出现在湿润区的边缘附近,速效钾则比较均匀的分布在湿润区内;随水分施磷肥,仅在湿润区深度20cm,水平方向15cm以内的土层发生积累。在施加磷肥总量一致时,随水分施入土壤速效磷含量的最大值明显高于作为基肥施入的最大值;随水分施钾肥,速效钾在土壤中的分布也趋于均匀,但是在滴水点附近形成高值区,且随水分施钾肥可在一定程度上减缓速效钾在土壤中的迁移速度。     

毛管埋深和层状质地对番茄滴灌水氮利用效率的影响

为了确定不同质地土壤中地下滴灌的适宜毛管埋深,通过两年日光温室滴灌施肥灌溉试验,研究了毛管埋深、土壤层状质地和施氮量对番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率（WUE）、氮肥表观利用率（AFUE）和氮肥偏生产力（PFP）的影响。研究结果表明,均质壤土中,毛管埋深、施氮量及其交互作用对番茄产量和WUE影响不显著,地下滴灌番茄Vc含量比地表滴灌低;番茄AFUE随毛管埋深增加而降低,施氮量由150 kg/hm2增加到225 kg/hm2时,番茄PFP显著降低。对均质壤土,建议毛管埋深15 cm、施氮量150 kg/hm2,以获得较高的PFP。土壤的层状质地结构明显降低番茄的产量、WUE和PFP,与均质壤土处理相比,上砂下壤和砂土夹层处理WUE分别低32%和11%,产量和PFP分别低33%和12%,从提高水氮利用效率的角度出发,建议在上粗下细（上砂下壤）的层状土壤中慎重使用地下滴灌。     

Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Cotton Yield

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in central Greece (Platykampos, Larissa) to investigate productivity parameters of cotton under conditions of water stress. A Latin square split-plot design with three replications was used to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels (250, 350, and 450 mm) and three fertilization rates (60, 110, and 160 kg N ha^–1), where irrigation level was the whole-plot factor and the fertilizer was the split-plot factor. The results showed that irrigation level had no significant effect on soil chemical properties, but these only changed with fertilizer application. Concentration of soil nitrates increased in proportion to the amount of applied fertilizer in early July. The associated rise in electrical conductivity (EC) was not sufficiently high as to adversely affect salt-tolerant cotton. The soil acidity produced during formation of nitrate was evident by a soil pH decrease of 0.2 units in the high fertilizer application. A great decline of nitrate N and EC and a rise of pH in all treatments in early August indicated rapid N uptake by the crop during the late stage of vegetative growth. In contrast, cotton yield was not affected by the rate of fertilizer application but by the level of irrigation. This is the reason that correlations between soil properties and yield were insignificant in early July and August. It appears that there was sufficient N available to the crop from sources other than fertilizer N (soil-derived N and irrigation N). Preplant soil nitrates were greater than residual nitrates in the second growing season and indicated depletion of soil mineral N pools of the order of 36 kg N ha^–1 in the 0- to 25-cm depth. Significant negative correlations between soil properties and cotton yield appeared only at the end of the season and indicated that depletion of soil mineral N increased with increasing crop N requirement or irrigation level.     

肯尼亚玉米生产现状与产量限制因子分析

玉米作为肯尼亚的主要粮食作物,其种植和生产对于减少饥饿、保障国家粮食安全具有非常重要的意义。本文从玉米的种植、分布、多年(1961—2014年)产量变化等方面对肯尼亚玉米的生产和现状进行了介绍,结合当地的自然环境因素和农业生产管理水平,分析了肯尼亚玉米生产的限制因素,指出水、肥、种子质量是玉米产量提高的主要限制因子。通过对田间不同施肥处理玉米产量与水、肥投入的分析,提出采用集水-排灌技术,对玉米季降水进行调控和再分配;增加化肥投入量,尤其是增加磷肥施用,保证玉米生长所需;秸秆还田改善土壤结构等技术,最终实现玉米增产的目标。为在肯尼亚推广不同水、肥管理和耕作技术,开展玉米旱作高产种植提供理论支撑。     

适宜的毛管埋深提高温室番茄品质及产量

为探索地下滴灌条件下,毛管埋深对作物"地上部分-地下部分-产量和品质"相互作用的影响,合理配置滴灌措施,提高水分管理能力,该文研究了4种不同毛管埋深0、10、20和30 cm(CK、S10、S20和S30)对番茄植株生长、根系生长、光合产物分配、果实产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:与地面滴灌(CK)相比,毛管埋深为10 cm的番茄根系分叉数显著增加85.16%,但根长、根面积、番茄产量未显著提高,且番茄红素显著降低18.85%(P0.05);毛管埋深为20 cm,盛果期I番茄叶面积指数显著增加23.37%,根长、根面积、根系分叉数分别显著提高43.22%、20.82%、176.61%,番茄产量提高22.35%,番茄果实品质显著改善,如可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、番茄红素含量和糖酸比分别提高10.86%、32.34%、35.66%、33.97%和53.01%,水分利用效率显著提高35.91%(P0.05);毛管埋深为30 cm,番茄根长、根系分叉数显著提高46.10%、122.37%,番茄产量显著提高19.53%,水分利用效率显著36.93%,但番茄红素显著降低34.02%。综合考虑番茄品质和产量,地下滴灌毛管埋深20 cm是较为适宜的布设方式。     

Nitrogen fertilizer leaching from cropped and irrigated sandy soil in Central Turkey

Pollution of ground water caused by excessive and uncontrolled use of nitrogen fertilizer is worrying. A recent example of such pollution has been observed in an agricultural basin in the province of Nevsehir, Turkey, where up to 900 kg ha^?1 nitrogen fertilizer is used for growing potatoes in sandy soils under irrigation. Using nitrogen fertilizer in amounts that guarantee large yields without polluting ground water is essential. We present results of field experiments and numerical simulations involving ¹⁵N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer leaching. In the field, we monitored the movement of water and the distributions of nitrogen species within the soil–water–plant continuum. The detailed dynamics of the nitrogen cycle within the system were simulated. Simulations included calibration and validation of the nitrogen version of the LEACHM model (LEACHN, version 3) and long-term applications of the model. The model’s predictions of nitrogen fluxes under long-term use of fertilizer and irrigation were analysed. Nearly half of the applied ammonium-N was converted to nitrate-N during the growing season. With increasing additions of N the rate of plant uptake declined, while leaching increased significantly, and the fraction of nitrogen remaining in the soil profile increased only moderately. In long-term applications, a significant fraction of the applied fertilizer tended to accumulate after the first year in soil as the residual nitrogen not taken up by the crop. Accumulated residual nitrogen is converted to nitrate-N and leached rapidly from the soil profile during the wet season following the harvest. To reduce leaching of the residual nitrate, the rates, frequencies and timings of fertilizer application and irrigation must be scheduled in accordance with the plant growth periods and the hydraulic regime of the soil.