NPK could alleviate the adverse effects of simulated acid rain in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A study was conducted to determine the effect of macronutrients (NPK) in alleviating the adverse effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In addition to control (T₀), three different treatments, i.e., SAR (HNO₃) of pH 3 (T₁), NPK (T₂), and SAR + NPK (T₃), were applied on two sunflower cultivars, i.e., FH-37 and FH-385. The experiment was set up in CRD (completely randomized design) with four replicates of each treatment. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, ion contents (NPK), and gas exchange characters were determined. Acid rain remarkably reduced the chlorophyll pigments, NPK ionic content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, while an increase in internal CO₂ concentration and water use efficiency was noted in both the cultivars. The mixture of NPK with SAR exhibited positive impact to lessen the toxicity caused by acid. Among cultivars, FH-385 showed better performance as compared to FH-37.     

酸雨对木芙蓉幼苗光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以pH 5.6为对照,采用pH 4.0、pH 3.0、pH 2.0强度的酸雨对2年生木芙蓉进行人工模拟胁迫,研究酸雨胁迫对木芙蓉叶片可见伤害、质膜透性(Membrane Permeability,MP)、叶绿素(Chlorophyll,Chl)含量、抗氧化酶系统及气体交换参数的影响.研究结果表明,pH 2.0和pH 3...     

模拟酸雨对不同园林植物叶片生理生态特性的影响

采用盆栽方法,以自来水（pH值6.5）作为对照,研究了pH值为1.7,3.0,4.3,5.6模拟酸雨条件下新梢增长量、叶片损伤程度和叶片生理生态特性,并分析了园林植物对酸雨污染的敏感性反应。结果表明:不同pH值的酸雨对园林植物新叶片有不同程度的抑制,酸雨的酸度越大,对园林植物叶片的伤害越大,以pH值1.7的模拟酸雨对园林植物叶片的伤害最为严重,pH值5.6伤害较为轻微,但不同种类之间对酸雨的抗性有明显差异;pH值4.3~5.6处理对园林植物新梢生长率没有显著的影响和抑制作用,而pH值小于3.0处理则严重抑制了园林植物新梢生长;随模拟酸雨强度的增强,园林植物叶片的细胞质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量逐渐升高,当pH值小于3.0时,细胞质膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量则急剧增加,当pH值为1.7时,不同园林植物叶片则严重受损;园林植物叶片叶绿素含量、叶片N和P含量随酸雨强度的增加逐渐降低,当pH值小于3.0时,园林植物叶片叶绿素含量、叶片N和P含量则急剧降低,当pH值为1.7时,不同园林植物叶片则严重受损;相关分析表明,酸雨增加了园林植物对环境的敏感性。园林植物对酸雨具有较强的抵抗能力,对园林植物生理活动影响的阈值pH值大致介于3.0~4.3,因此,本研究的6种园林植物可以作为酸雨灾害严重地区园林绿化及植被构建的物种。     

遮荫下氮肥用量对雪茄外包皮烟叶光合特性的调控效应

通过遮荫条件下的盆栽试验,测定分析了4个氮肥处理的雪茄外包皮烟叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和叶绿素荧光动力学参数,探讨了不同氮肥用量对雪茄外包皮烟叶光合特性的调控效应。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,烟叶的叶绿素含量增加,叶片的PS.II最大光化学效率和潜在活性,PSⅡ的实际光化学效率以及荧光光化学猝灭系数(qP)都有增加的趋势,最终导致叶片净光合速率的提高。试验还表明,适当的增施氮肥有利于改善叶片的光合功能,提高叶片的净光合速率,但过量氮肥则不利于光合能力的改善,更不利于荧光动力学参数的优化。     

土壤熏蒸剂对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响

采用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,以大田威百亩、棉隆、溴甲烷、硫酰氟熏蒸100 d土壤为研究对象,探究土壤熏蒸对土壤硝化活性、反硝化活性及amoA基因型硝化型细菌、nirS基因型反硝化细菌群落结构影响。研究表明,威百亩、棉隆、硫酰氟熏蒸剂处理下,土壤硝化活性与对照无显著差异;而溴甲烷处理的硝化活性比对照降低13.19%,差异显著(P0.05);熏蒸剂之间土壤硝化活性无显著差异。4种熏蒸剂之间以及与对照之间土壤反硝化活性无显著差异。4种熏蒸剂中溴甲烷处理土样amoA型硝化细菌多样性指数、均匀度显著低于对照土样和其他3种熏蒸剂处理土样;而丰富度指数无显著差异。威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟熏蒸土样之间及与对照之间amoA型硝化细菌3种生态指数无明显差异。4种熏蒸剂处理土壤nirS型反硝化细菌多样性指数、均匀度与对照无显著差异(P0.05);熏蒸剂之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,溴甲烷对土壤硝化活性的抑制是通过抑制amoA型硝化细菌的多样性而实现,其他3种熏蒸剂对土壤硝化活性无显著影响。4种熏蒸剂对土壤反硝化活性无显著影响。     

灌溉方式与施肥水平对超级稻光合生理的影响

为研究不同施肥水平下节水灌溉方式对超级稻光合生理的影响,通过盆栽试验研究了3种施肥水平(不施肥、低肥和高肥)和3种灌溉方式[常规灌溉(FIR)、控制灌溉(CIR)和间歇灌溉(IIR)]对"中浙优1号"拔节期、抽穗期和乳熟期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合光响应曲线和光合色素含量的影响,以及光合速率与光合色素的关系。结果表明,与FIR处理相比,CIR和IIR处理提高了3个生育期"中浙优1号"的Pn,而Ci提高不明显;分别使拔节期、抽穗期"中浙优1号"的光饱和点增加9.2%~36.8%和3个生育期表观量子效率增加6.7%~31.5%,但使拔节期、抽穗期和乳熟期光补偿点降低3.2%~12.8%。与FIR相比,CIR分别增加拔节期、抽穗期和乳熟期叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量19.1%~76.3%、44.5%~98.5%、31.5%~117.4%和45.4%~145.0%;IIR处理分别提高3个生育期类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量4.2%~45.8%和31.5%~117.4%。不同灌溉方式下,施肥处理"中浙优1号"光合生理指标和光合色素含量均高于不施肥处理,高肥处理又高于低肥处理。通过"中浙优1号"光合速率与光合色素含量的相关分析发现,其Pn与同期光合色素含量存在显著相关性,并受到生育时期的影响。因此,CIR和IIR处理能提高"中浙优1号"的光合能力,提高其对强光的光合能力和弱光条件下的适应性,提高了光饱和点,进而增加光能利用率,并提高了功能叶光合色素含量,有效改善其叶片光响应特征。同时,在节水灌溉条件下,在一定范围内增施肥料均能明显提高"中浙优1号"的光合机能。     

苹果发酵液对Fe2+的螯合能力及对缺铁平邑甜茶幼苗的影响

本试验研究了苹果发酵液对二价铁的螯合能力,并以平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis）幼苗为试材,研究了平邑甜茶幼苗根系对铁的吸收效应以及发酵液和FeSO4混合施用后,对缺铁平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干粗的增长率、 鲜、 干重根冠比、 全量铁与活性铁含量、 叶绿素及净光合速率的影响。结果表明,当苹果发酵液pH为5.5时,对Fe2+的螯合能力最强,其与FeSO4混合根施后,能促进平邑甜茶幼苗根系对铁的吸收; 发酵液300倍稀释液和FeSO4混合处理对缺铁平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干粗的增长率、 鲜、 干重根冠比、 活性铁含量、 叶绿素含量及净光合速率的提高最为显著。由试验结果推论,苹果发酵液具有较强的Fe2+螯合能力,有利于苹果幼苗对Fe2+的吸收,并能有效地改善缺铁植株叶片的光合效率。     

不同供磷水平对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的影响

用营养液培养的方法 ,研究了不同供磷水平对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的影响。结果表明 ,在缺磷培养条件下 ,叶片中无机磷含量 (Pi)、Rubisco活性、RuBP再生速率、表观量子效率 (AQY)、光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)及电子传递速率 (ETR)下降 ,光呼吸速率 (Pr)与净光合速率 (Pn)之比升高 ,光系统Ⅱ反应中心可逆失活 ,但对叶片叶绿素含量影响不显著。给缺磷培养的植株叶片喂KH2PO4,Pn、Rubisco活性、RuBP再生速率、光化学效率、光系统Ⅱ反应中心的活性及Pr/Pn比值可得到迅速恢复。在营养液磷浓度过高条件下 ,叶片中的Pi升高 ,Pn、Rubisco活性及RuBP再生速率下降 ,对叶绿素含量、Pr、AQY、叶绿素荧光参数及ETR影响不大     

The individual and combined effects of ozone and simulated acid rain on chlorophyll contents,carbon allocation and biomass accumulation of armand pine seedlings

The seedlings of armand pine (Pinus armand Franch.) were applied to exposure, alone or in combination, to charcoal filtered air (CF) or ozone (O₃) at 300±15 nl/l(ppb) for 8 h a day, 6 days a week, and simulated rain of pH 6.8, 3.0 or 2.3, six times a week, alone and in combination, for 14 weeks from June 15 to September 20, 1993. No significant interactive effects of O₃ and simulated acid rain were observed on chlorophyll contents, carbon allocation and biomass accumulation of the seedlings in the present study. The O₃ caused reductions in biomass accumulation of whole-plant and below-ground parts, but not that of above-ground parts without an acute visible foliar injury. At the same time, the O₃ reduced R/S ratio, but raised F/C ratio. Therefore, O₃ also altered carbon allocation pattern. On the other hand, chlorophyll contents were increased by simulated acid rain, but other determined parameters were not altered.     

基质栽培番茄营养液中氮、钾最佳浓度研究

【目的】合理的氮、钾养分供给是提高番茄生长及果实品质的重要措施,本文研究了滴灌营养液中不同的氮、钾养分供给水平对基质栽培番茄生长及果实品质的影响,为优化基质栽培番茄的营养液配方,确定最佳的氮、钾养分浓度,实现养分供给的精量化管理提供科学依据。【方法】以沙∶珍珠岩比例为1∶2配置栽培基质,用于温室中番茄栽培,以番茄‘A20’为试材,进行了水培试验。采用2因素 (氮、钾) 5水平响应面中心复合设计,滴灌营养液中氮浓度的基础值为244 mg/L,试验设计步长为120 mg/L;钾浓度的基础值为313 mg/L,试验设计步长为150 mg/L。调查了番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株产量、果实可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比、维生素C含量和番茄红素含量。【结果】随着滴管液中氮浓度从74 mg/L增加到414 mg/L,番茄产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率、果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、番茄红素含量和果实维生素C含量均呈先增后减的趋势。随着营养液中钾浓度从101 mg/L增加到525 mg/L,果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量持续增加,番茄产量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、番茄红素含量均先增后减。此外,通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现,氮素是叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单株产量的主要影响因子,钾素是果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、维生素C和番茄红素含量的主要影响因子。氮、钾互作显著影响番茄产量和叶片叶绿素含量;充足的钾营养供给可以促进植株对氮素的吸收与同化,提高叶片叶绿素含量,利于产量提高;适量的氮素供应有利于钾素的吸收与利用,促进产量的进一步提高。采用主成分分析方法对8种配施方案下番茄产量和品质的综合性能进行评价,结果显示营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L、K 391 mg/L时为最优配方方案,且番茄叶片净光合速率达到最大值。【结论】在沙子和珍珠岩1∶2 (v∶v) 为基质的番茄无土栽培条件下,滴灌营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L和K 391 mg/L时,番茄产量和品质的综合性能达到最优,该方案可在生产实践中为基质栽培番茄营养液精确管理提供一定的借鉴意义。     

The Effect of High Concentration of Negative Ions in the Air on the Chlorophyll Content in Plant Leaves

This research was done on the effectof high concentration of negative ions in the air onchlorophyll contents and photosynthetic efficiency in leavesof Zea mays L. In vivo reflectance and chlorophyllfluorescence were measured in intact maize leaves before andafter exposing to the high concentration of negative ions inthe air. Reflectance, yield of chlorophyll fluorescence, redshift in chlorophyll fluorescence and blue shift inreflectance are observed in exposed species. These resultsindicate that high concentrations of negative ions inair cause significant change in: a) chlorophyll content andb) photosynthetic efficiency.     

两种不同基因型玉米苞叶叶绿素荧光特性差异分析

在大田条件下,以郑单958和农大364玉米为研究材料,测定了苞叶的叶绿素含量,并对叶绿素荧光动力学及光合参数进行了比较分析。结果表明,两种不同基因型间玉米苞叶总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量存在差异。抽丝-灌浆期,郑单958显著高于农大364,说明此时郑单958苞叶的叶绿素更有利于获取更多的光能为光合作用所利用,但农大364苞叶的叶绿素降低速率要低于郑单958,这样有利于其保持更持久的光合能力。两种不同基因型间玉米苞叶叶绿素荧光参数(Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo等)存在较大差异。郑单958高于农大364,说明郑单958具有潜在高生物产量的生理生化基础。两种不同基因型间玉米苞叶净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用效率(WUE)存在显著差异。抽丝-灌浆期,虽然郑单958的苞叶叶绿素含量高于农大364,但净光合效率较低,说明玉米的净光合速率是其生理生态因素对环境变化适应的结果。     

Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes L. Response to Lead Toxicity

The effects of one of the most toxic heavy metals, lead (Pb), applied in two different concentrations and combined with chelate application were investigated on the water macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes L.) physiology. The influences were observed by the chlorophyll and free amino acid content determination. Also the lead accumulation in macrophyte biomass was investigated to assess the potential efficiency of this plant for rhizofiltration of highly Pb-polluted water. Na EDTA and Na citrate were used as chelates and Pb(NO₃)₂ as lead supplement. The application of organic chelates simulated conditions of an induced phytoextraction process. Statistical analyses were performed as a one-way ANOVA with a subsequent Tukey HSD test at a level of P < 0.05. Pb contents in both root and leaf tissues gradually increased with increasing Pb concentrations in the nutrient solution. More lead was accumulated in leaves than in roots within all treatments. The total chlorophyll content decreased with increased Pb concentration and with a higher content of chelates. The chelate addition increased the total amino acid content in leaves but decreased the total amino acid content in roots. The addition of lead with chelates decreased the dry biomass weight. However, water macrophyte showed extremely high lead accumulation in biomass in the short term (up to 8 days) and this accumulation potential could be used for relatively fast and effective decrease of high concentration of this risk element in contaminated water or sewage.     

贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应

为探究不同新型肥料对贵州省酸性黄壤小白菜产量、品质、光合特性及肥料利用的影响,同时筛选出适合贵州黄壤施用的新型肥料产品,以贵州酸性黄壤为基础,通过盆栽试验设置对照(CK,不施氮肥)、西洋复合肥(常规施肥)、保水型功能性肥和稳定性缓释肥4个处理,研究了新型肥料对小白菜产量、品质、光合特性以及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施用保水型功能性肥和稳定性缓释肥可显著增加小白菜播种后34 d的生物量,较常规施肥处理相比鲜重分别增加4.16%和22.28%,干重分别增加41.55%和62.35%;施用新型肥料还可以改善小白菜的营养品质,与常规施肥处理相比,保水型功能性肥可显著降低硝酸盐含量18.61%,而还原性糖、V_c和游离氨基酸含量分别增加25.74%、130.95%和16.91%;而稳定性缓释肥则使硝酸盐、还原糖和Vc含量分别提高26.68%、15.35%和50.00%,但是游离氨基酸含量则较常规施肥相比降低14.43%;而且新型肥料还增强了小白菜叶片的光合能力(净光合速率Pn、气孔导度gs、胞间CO_2浓度Ci以及蒸腾速率Tr),其中以稳定性缓释肥处理的小白菜光合能力最佳,且气孔因素是导致净光合速率增加的主要原因。施用新型肥料小白菜对氮素的吸收显著增加,氮肥利用效率显著提高,新型肥料处理的氮肥农学效率(AEN)、偏生产力(PFPN)、生理利用率(PE_N)和表观利用率(REN)平均分别为48.30 kg·kg~(-1)、59.85 kg·kg~(-1)、95.46 kg·kg~(-1)和52.79%,以稳定性缓释肥处理的氮肥利用效率最佳,尤其是氮肥表观利用率达66.66%。此外,相关性分析结果显示,小白菜产量与叶片净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s以及蒸腾速率T_r均呈显著正相关关系,说明提高小白菜叶片的气体交换参数P_n、g_s和T_r可以增加小白菜产量;同时小白菜叶片氮含量与氮肥生理利用率和氮肥表观利用率存在极显著相关性,r值分别为-0.937和0.978,表明增加小白菜叶片氮含量可以提高小白菜对氮肥的利用效率。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州酸性黄壤上小白菜的生物增产效应以及光合特性提高等效果显著,可为将来在贵州农业生产中推广应用提供参考和理论依据。     

不同光强和缺镁胁迫对黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光特性和活性氧产生的影响

不同光强和镁离子浓度对黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光特性和活性氧产生的影响研究发现 ,在强光和缺镁胁迫下 ,黄瓜叶片发生了明显的光抑制 ,主要表现为Pn下降 ,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP和 qN降低 ;活性氧超氧阴离子产生速率和H2O2以及膜脂过氧化产物MDA增加。这些结果表明 ,缺镁黄瓜叶片在强光下qP和 qN的降低使叶片吸收的过剩光能通过光化学反应途径和非辐射能量途径耗散受阻 ,从而增加了过剩光能所激发的电子用来生成活性氧的比例 ,这在一定程度上可缓解光抑制 ;但其不能被及时清除掉时 ,会加剧光抑制 ,甚至引起光氧化对光合机构造成破坏 ,最终导致叶片的失绿坏死。适当遮荫有利于提高PSII的光化学效率 ,减轻光抑制。     

施水对本氏针茅光合作用和叶绿素荧光特征的影响

 通过利用短期施水代替降雨的方法,研究长期干旱条件下突然施水对本氏针茅光合特性的影响。结果表明:施水后,本氏针茅的叶水势得到恢复,RuBP羧化酶活性提高,表观量子效率、羧化速率和最大光合能力明显增加,限制光合作用的气孔因素和非气孔因素得到缓解。同时,本氏针茅的光化学活性在施水后部分恢复,光量子产量和热耗散能力明显提高。不同水分条件下,本氏针茅叶片的叶绿素荧光光诱导过程存在较大的差异,施水条件下,叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、实际光化学效率和非光化学淬灭上升速率较快,而持续干旱条件下叶片的光诱导速率较慢。     

Photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence and soluble carbohydrates in sunflower leaves as affected by boron deficiency

The effect of various boron levels in the nutrient solution on the growth, boron and chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in the leaves of young sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was studied under greenhouse conditions. Deficiency of boron decreased the dry matter yield of the roots, shoots and leaves. The content of boron in all analyzed plant parts increased with the increase of boron levels in the nutrient solution, more so in the shoots than in the roots. Leaf area was reduced under boron deficiency as well as the content of chlorophyll in the leaves. The content of analyzed sugars was increased in boron deficient plants, glucose content exhibited the highest increase under boron deficiency. Boron deficiency appreciably decreased photosynthetic oxygen evolution by leaves, the apparent quantum yield and quantum efficiency of photosystem two electron transport. The diminished rate of photosynthesis in boron deficient sunflower leaves could be correlated to the diminished efficiency of electron transport and to the increased content of sugars in the leaves.     

Effect of nitrogen supply on leaf traits related to photosynthesis during grain filling in two maize genotypes with different N efficiency

In the present study, plant traits related to the photosynthetic capacity at the whole plant level were compared during grain filling in two maize genotypes with different nitrogen (N) efficiency. The plants were grown in a greenhouse in large root containers and supplied either with suboptimal or optimal rates of N fertilizer. Suboptimal N supply reduced total plant biomass at maturity (47 days (d) after flowering) by 29 % for the efficient genotype and by 36 % for the inefficient genotype. Suboptimal N supply reduced leaf growth of both genotypes. The reduction of leaf area was less severe in the N‐efficient genotype, despite of lower N content in the leaves. This indicates lower sensitivity of leaf growth towards internal N limitation in the efficient genotype. At low N supply, the green leaf area per plant gradually decreased after flowering in both genotypes, because of loss of chlorophyll during leaf senescence. The rate of net photosynthesis per unit leaf area (A) was reduced at low in comparison with high N supply. The ratio of A/leaf N content or leaf chlorophyll content was higher in the efficient genotype, indicating more efficient utilization of internal N for photosynthesis. At the end of grain filling, low N supply led to enhanced intercelluar CO₂ concentrations (Ci) in the leaves, indicating limitation of CO₂ assimilation by carboxylation rather than by stomatal resistance. The N deficiency‐induced increase of Ci was less pronounced in the efficient genotype. Furthermore, higher photosynthetic rate of the efficient genotype at suboptimal N supply was associated with lower contents of reducing sugars and sucrose in the leaves, whereas starch content was higher than in the inefficient genotype. The ability to avoid excessive sugar accumulation in the leaves under N deficiency might be related to higher photosynthetic N efficiency.     

氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响

以玉米自交系齐319(Q319)为材料,采用单株盆栽种植方式,借助叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线,研究了氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响。2年研究结果表明,在本试验条件下,氮素对Q319灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量无明显提高作用,但其净光合速率(Pn)和单株干物质积累量、子粒产量显著增加。JIP-test分析表明,氮素显著提高了叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心电子供体侧和受体侧性能;显著提高了Q319 PSⅡ反应中心电子受体侧之后的电子传递链性能,增强了电子由PSⅡ向PSⅠ的分配,从而显著地提高了PSⅡ与PSⅠ之间的协调性。可以认为,施氮后灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量的变化不是Pn提高的主要原因,而两个光系统性能的改善及二者间协调性的提高增强了光合电子传递链的性能是灌浆期Pn升高与成熟期产量增加的主要原因。