土壤腐殖物质形成转化与结构特征研究进展

土壤有机质(SOM)是极为重要和复杂的天然有机物,从化学本质出发,SOM包括腐殖物质(HS)和非腐殖物质两个主要部分。HS是土壤SOM的主体,在土壤养分循环和碳截获方面具有重要作用。SOM的重要性和复杂性共存,这是激励研究者勇于探索的不竭动力。为了能够更好地了解土壤HS,本文对HS及其组分的形成转化及稳定性(包括形成顺序、相互转化、驱动因素、同位素分异、热力学稳定性等),化学组成和结构特征(包括HS组分的提取、分组、纯化、结构表征等),人为措施响应规律(包括耕作、施肥、土地利用的影响)的研究现状进行了回顾和总结,同时提出今后HS研究中要进一步应用先进技术、重新重视HS化学分组研究、进一步认识HS结构特征,以及探索HS形成转化机制及其与农业措施的关系。     

子午岭人工油松林不同管理方式对土壤腐殖质性质及结合形态的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的子午岭人工油松林区的土壤为研究对象,综合研究了不同管理措施,不同深度土壤的腐殖质组成、结合形态及胡敏酸的光学特征。结果表明:不同管理方式下土壤腐殖质各组分有机碳含量为胡敏素(HM)富里酸(FA)胡敏酸(HA),其对土壤腐殖质组分和结合形态的影响主要集中在0-40cm土层之间;PQ值天然油松林(N)粗放管理型(E)精细管理型(F),油松林各层土壤的PQ均小于26%;E4/E6和色调系数(ΔlogK)的值为FEN,RF的平均值为NEF。综合研究表明,天然油松林土壤有机碳的腐殖化程度和芳化度较人工油松林显著提高,说明人为干扰不利于土壤腐殖质品质的提高,反而使其腐殖化程度下降,降低土壤胡敏酸的氧化稳定性,不利于森林土壤的肥力发展。     

长期施肥对黑土团聚体中腐殖物质组成的影响

腐殖物质(HS)是土壤有机质的主体,在土壤固碳方面具有重要作用[1],近些年来,在土壤有机质化学研究中越来越受到重视。团聚体是土壤有机质(SOM)分解转化和HS形成的最主要“场所”,土壤中的一切生物化学活动均在这一骨架内进行(包括土壤腐殖化作用)。在正常的或特定的条件下,不仅微生物主导的腐殖化作用需要合适的“场所”,而且所形成的HS也只有在合适的“场所”或者说与土壤矿质部分相结合才能长时间保存[2-3]。这种“场所”或者说有机无机结合状况,是制约整个土壤固碳反应的关键。但至今为止关于这种“场所”(团聚体)的固碳机制尚不清楚,特别是很少注重HS化学方面。团聚体和HS二者关系密切,不可分割。可以假     

不同恢复阶段人工沙棘林土壤腐殖质组成及性质

以陇东黄土高原沟壑区人工沙棘林根际土壤为研究对象,研究了不同恢复阶段近熟期沙棘林土壤的腐殖质组成、结合形态及胡敏酸的光学性质。结果表明,不同恢复年限人工沙棘林下土壤腐殖质各组分有机碳含量为:胡敏素(HM)胡敏酸(HA)富里酸(FA);PQ值(可提取腐殖质中HA的比例)表现为:CK7a10a15a,且不同恢复年限各层土壤的PQ均大于52%;E4/E6和ΔlgK(色调系数)的值:15a10aCK7a;RF值(相对色度)与E4/E6和ΔlgK的变化趋势相同,即15a10a7aCK。恢复15a后,各层土壤有机碳的腐殖化程度比10,7a和CK显著降低,说明随着恢复年限的增加,土壤的腐殖化程度趋向简单,土壤胡敏酸的氧化稳定性下降,且不利于土壤的肥力发展。因此,在利用人工沙棘林进行水土保持和恢复提高土壤综合肥力超过15a时,应及时更新。     

添加蒙脱石是否促进白花苜蓿的腐殖化进程？

植物残体和微生物生物量是腐殖物质(Humicsubstance,HS)形成的主要母体材料,同时黏土矿物作为土壤的重要组成部分,在HS的形成中也扮演重要角色,然而目前有关黏土矿物对HS形成过程的具体影响还不清楚。选择将黏土矿物-蒙脱石和微生物-土壤浸提液作为控制条件对白花苜蓿进行模拟培养腐殖化,通过表征培养过程中总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)含量、类腐殖质组成、类胡敏酸(Humic-like acid,HLA)的元素组成和红外光谱特征,探究蒙脱石添加对白花苜蓿腐殖化进程的影响。结果表明,模拟培养腐殖化后,蒙脱石添加虽然加速了TOC的分解,促进HLA的生成,但使HLA的缩合度降低,结构简单化;而土壤浸提液添加则使蒙脱石处理加快了结构更加复杂的HLA积累。培养后,不同处理的HLA均向着接近土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)O/C和H/C值的方向发展,其中未添加蒙脱石处理(AnM)的HLA复杂化程度与真正的HA最接近,更进一步说明蒙脱石不能促进HLA更接近土壤HA。综上,在模拟培养腐殖化条件下,蒙脱石添加可促进白花苜蓿TOC的分解及其HLA的形成,从而加快白...     

参根周皮层锈斑有机组分来源的探讨

本文采用熊田法比较研究了白皮 /红皮参根周皮层提取物的组分。结果表明 ,红皮参根周皮层确实存在具有天然腐殖物质一般特性的有机化合物———类腐殖质物质。参根周皮层死亡组织的分解及其腐殖化是这类物质的重要来源之一。为认识参根锈斑物质的形成提供了新资料     

腐殖物质特异性及其产生机制

腐殖物质(HS)是天然有机质的主体,其组成、结构十分复杂。之所以称其为一类物质,就是基于他们具有不同于其形成前体的化学组成与结构特征的共性,或称"特异性",即在腐殖化过程中形成新的化学组合,甚至是"特异的"结合方式。但经历近200年的探索,人们对这种"特异性"的认识仍然不清楚,并缺少实验上的证据。加之近几年,一些研究结果被不适当的推演,HS的"特异性"更加受到质疑。HS到底有无"特异性"?"特异性"是什么?这涉及HS生物化学的根基,必须进行深入研究和回答。本文对已有的一些研究报道,包括HS的特异性、生物分子单体与HS结构特征的比较、基于生物多样性(进化)的天然生物材料与HS形成、HS形成机理及胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)形成顺序、矿物黏粒催化与HS形成、异核单量子相干谱(HSQC)和总相关谱(TOCSY)、傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR-MS)和C1s软X射线近边吸收精细结构(NEXAFS)同步辐射技术应用等进行综合评述,并提出HS化学进一步研究的方向。     

森林生态系统中硒与腐殖物质之间缔合作用的实验证据

在针叶林土壤和水系统中，硒通常与腐殖物质缔合存在，为进一步澄清有关机理，作者将标记亚硒酸盐和非标记亚硒酸盐加入两个林地表土和一个棕色湖水样品中，并应用连续提取方法和色谱分析技术对硒和腐殖物质间的缔合作用进行了测定，结果表明，通过微生物的还原作用，加入的亚硒酸盐大部分被林地表土所固定，硒优先进入了低分子量的腐殖物质组分中，相反，在棕色湖水样品的试验中，硒的还原反应速率慢，因此，在所试验的条件下当竞争     

长期施肥条件下土壤养分的动态和平衡——Ⅰ对土壤腐殖质积累及其品质的影响

长期施用有机肥和化肥,对土壤腐殖质积累和改善品质的作用研究,于1986～1991在俄罗斯季米里亚捷夫农学院等地进行。主要结果如下:.1.有机肥对土壤腐殖质的积累作用大于NPK化肥。施肥所增加的土壤腐殖质,除了砂壤土外,主要是在0～60cm土层,60cm以下土层施肥效果不明显。.2.长期施用有机肥和NPK化肥,提高了胡敏酸组分Ⅰ(游离的及与活性R₂O₃结合态)的含量和腐殖酸相对迁移率,而与Ca⁺⁺离子结合的胡敏酸组分Ⅱ含量下降。由于胡敏酸组分Ⅱ与Ca⁺⁺离子结合减弱,增加了腐殖质在水中的溶解,使之在大雨或大量灌水时易于淋失。.3.施用有机肥和NPK化肥,水溶性腐殖物质的含量明显提高,缓解了干旱条件下土壤高浓度矿物盐的影响。.4.长期施肥提高了土壤的亲水性;其膨胀容积、膨胀速度常数、土壤吸水量、土壤表面积等指标均不同程度的提高,但砂壤土增加了幅度低于粉砂壤土和粘壤土。.5.胡敏酸甲氧基功能团的含量多寡是衡量土壤腐殖质化的重要指标。试验表明,长期施肥下低肥力酸性土壤中胡敏酸甲氧基含量提高了46％～300％,高肥力非酸性土壤提高了17％～32％。     

土壤垂向剖面腐殖化度的变化规律

采用Eijkelkamp土壤采样器对北京东南郊区进行了钻探剖面采样,取样深度为6.0 m,取样位置从表土开始,每间隔0.5 m采集一个土样,分析了土壤包气带介质样品的理化参数,并采用HA/FA、HA/TOC和碱提取液的吸光度法测定土壤的腐殖化度,研究了理化参数和腐殖化度垂向变化规律。结果表明,腐殖化度的3个指标之间在0.01水平显著相关,因此可用吸光度这种简便的方法替代l g(HA/FA)、HA/TOC应用于松散沉积层包气带垂向剖面腐殖化度研究;土壤包气带介质的有机碳含量和腐殖化度与粘粒含量、粘土矿物总量、CEC有明显的相关关系,除TOC与l g(HA/FA)、HA/TOC在0.05水平相关,其它指标均在0.01水平显著相关,据此推断,土壤结构组成,特别是粘粒含量是影响土壤垂向剖面有机碳含量和腐殖化度变化的一个重要因素,其影响可能高于土壤有机质初始含量和沉积年代。     

不同植物残体对土壤有机质累积的初步探讨

本文探讨了苕子、柽麻、稻草和锯木屑四种植物残体,在南宁地区赤红土中的腐殖化系数和土壤有机质的自然增减率。其中含木素较多的植物残体,表现为腐殖化系数较高,含氮多的植物残体,则有利于土壤微团聚体的形成。各种植物残体所形成的腐殖质,其性质基本相同。     

Humic substances: Structure,function and benefits for agroecosystems—a review

The increasing global demand for food production, often causing excessive use of chemical fertilizers, has led to the deterioration of soil health. Immediate action is required to restore soil health in a sustainable manner. This review advocates switching to use of organic matter(manure and compost) that contains vital nutrients for plant growth and helps restore soil health. Humic substances(HSs), derived from degraded plant remains and found ubiquitously in nature,are an important source of o...     

The Effect of Humic Substances and Phosphate Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of the Potato

ABSTRACT

The use of applied phosphorus (P) and the uptake of nutrients from the soil by plants can be improved when the fertilizer is combined with the application of humic substances (HS). However, these beneficial effects are inconsistent and can depend on the type of soil. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the application of HS (0, 1.25, and 7.50 mL pot^–1), as Humic HF®, and fertilizer-P (10, 50, 100, and 200 mg P dm^–3), as triple superphosphate, on root morphological characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake, and tuber yield of potatoes grown in sandy and clayey soils. Only under low P supply in the sandy soil did the supply of HS, at the rate of 1.25 mL pot^–1, increase the plant growth, yield of tubers, and uptake of macronutrients by the plants, without affecting the efficiency of the P fertilization. In the clayey soil, which had a higher organic matter content, the application of HS did not affect plant growth, tuber yield or nutrient uptake. In both soils, P fertilization increased plant growth, tuber yield, and nutrient uptake. The combined application of HS and P increased the root length of potatoes in sandy soil.     

Effect of High Humic Substance Levels on Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Corn under Calcareous Conditions

This study investigated the effect of high humic substance (HS) levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HS kg^?1) on growth and nutrient concentrations of corn grown on calcareous soils. For these, soil samples were collected from the six different provinces of Turkey. According to the average values, HS levels had no significant effect alone on dry weight, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Soil differences significantly affected dry weight, N, Mg, and Cu concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Looking at HSxsoil interactions on K, Ca, Fe, and Mn concentrations, it could be seen that there was no effect or that the effect was negative. Only plant Fe concentrations obtained from Konya and Urfa provinces were positively affected from HSxsoil interaction. It was concluded that high level of HS had no or negative effect on corn growth and some nutrient concentration under calcareous conditions.     

Lignite‐derived humic substances modulate pepper and soil‐biota growth under water deficit stress

Organic matter‐derived soil amendments containing humic substances (HS) have a functional role to improve plant growth and soil quality, but their response to water deficit stress is less reported, particularly in vegetable crops. This study assessed the impact of lignite‐derived HS on biota growth and evaluated their potential mitigative effects under water deficit stress in growth chamber and greenhouse environments. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Revolution) plants were grown in sandy and clay soil previously mixed with lignite‐derived HS and subjected to four irrigation levels (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) based on soil water‐holding capacity. Plant growth traits, soil chemical properties, and microbial populations were measured and analyzed. HS increased plant root development and soil bacteria population in moderate and no stress conditions (60%, 80%). Physiologically, HS rapidly decreased leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration after imposing severe or mild stress (20%, 40%). The results indicate that HS transiently ameliorated plants exposed to water stress by reducing moisture loss. In addition, due to their capacity to improve plant root growth, soil nutrient cycling and microbial activity, application of HS might have long‐term benefits in agricultural systems.     

Degradation and humification of maize straw in soil microcosms inoculated with simple and complex microbial communities

Microbial communities are responsible for soil organic matter cycling and thus for maintaining soil fertility. A typical Orthic Luvisol was freed from organic carbon by thermal destruction at 600°C. Then the degradation and humification of ¹⁴C‐labelled maize straw by defined microbial communities was analysed. To study the role of microbial diversity on the humification of plant material, microcosms containing sterilized soil were inoculated with a natural microbial community or with microbial consortia consisting of bacterial and fungal soil isolates. Within 6 weeks, 41 ± 4% of applied ¹⁴C‐labelled maize straw was mineralized in the soil microcosms containing complex communities derived from a soil suspension, whilst the most efficient communities composed of soil isolates mineralized less than 35%. The humification products were analysed by solution state ¹³C‐NMR‐spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The analyses of humic acids extracts by solution state ¹³C‐NMR‐spectroscopy revealed no difference in the development of typical chemical functional groups for humic substances during incubation. However, the increase in specific molecular size fractions of the extracted humic acids occurred only after inoculation with complex communities, but not with defined isolates. While it seems to be true that redundancy in soil microbial communities contributes to the resilience of soils, specific soil functions may no longer be performed if a microbial community is harshly affected in its diversity or growth conditions.     

Hastening Potassium Release from Mica Waste by Treating Humic Substrate Solution: An Approach to Adopt Mica Waste as Potassium Amendment in Tea-growing Soil

ABSTRACT

Muriate of potash (MoP) is generally applied in soil for supplementing potassium (K) in agricultural soil; though MoP has some disadvantages as K-fertilizer especially under humic agro-climatic condition. In this context, mica waste (MW) could be a potential alternative for K supplementing in soil. However, slow K-releasing nature limits its application as K source in agricultural soil. In this study, humic substrates (HS) were externally applied along with MW for hastening its rate of K release in soil. Application of HS and MW combination significantly (P < .05) increased K availability in soil. A pot study revealed that the combination of HS with even half of the recommended K in the form of MW sustained plant growth and recorded at par exchangeable K content in soil as compared to recommended MoP treatment. The scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction revealed the changes in the crystal structure of HS-treated MW, and that might be attributed to the enhanced release of K from MW. Based on the observations, it could be concluded that application of HS at 7.5 kg HS ha^?1 hastened K release from MW to support the plant growth even after supplementing half of the recommended amount of K through MW. This controlled experiment established the potential of HS-treated MW as an alternative K source in agricultural soil. However, it also implied that a field experiment is necessary to optimize the combination of MW and MoP as an integrated K management treatment for a specific agroclimatic condition.     

Fertigation of humic substances improves yield and quality of broccoli and nutrient retention in a sandy soil

There is lack of information available concerning the effect of humic substances (HS) applied via fertigation on plant growth in sandy soils. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at El‐Saff district (20 km southwest of Cairo), Egypt, to investigate the role of HS fertigation on water retention of a sandy soil, yield and quality of broccoli (Broccoli oleracea L.) as well as on soil nutrient concentration retained after harvest. The experiment consisted of six fertigation treatments (50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended NPK‐fertilizer rate for broccoli combined with and without HS application at 120 L ha^–1) in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. Humic substances affected spatial water distribution and improved water retention in the root zone. Furthermore, application of HS increased total marketable yield and head diameter of broccoli as well as quality parameters (i.e., total soluble solids, protein, and vitamin C). Higher nutrient concentrations were found in the broccoli heads and concentrations of plant‐available nutrients in soil after harvesting were also higher, indicating an improvement in soil fertility. In conclusion, HS fertigation can be judged as an interesting option to improve soil water and nutrient status leading to better plant growth.     

Influence of humic acids on fungal laccase-initiated 17α-ethynylestradiol oligomerization: Transformation kinetics and products distribution

  目的  本研究旨在验证漆酶在木质纤维素类废弃物好氧堆肥体系中强化堆肥腐殖化进程的作用,探究生产高品质有机肥的可能。  方法  以玉米秸秆为主要原料,在堆肥二次发酵阶段设置T1（不添加漆酶）和T2（添加漆酶）2个处理,通过分析堆肥过程中木质纤维素含量、降解酶活性及前体物质浓度评估堆肥腐殖化过程。  结果  T1和T2处理在堆肥结束时（第42 d）均能够满足发酵腐熟标准（GI ≥ 80%）,但添加漆酶处理（T2）堆肥的种子发芽指数（GI值）、关键降解酶活性（木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶）、木质纤维素降解速率和腐殖化程度均显著提高。堆肥结束时,与未添加漆酶处理（T1）相比,T2处理堆肥的纤维素和木质素含量显著降低、降幅分别达20.00%和22.22%,GI值和胡敏酸含量显著增加、增幅分别达9.17%和52.15%（P < 0.01）。冗余分析表明,添加漆酶能够显著促进酚类物质聚合而使胡敏酸含量提高。  结论  堆肥中的漆酶活性提高能够使木质纤维素的降解速度持续增加,促进腐殖质前体物质聚合形成胡敏酸,从而加快木质素类废弃物堆肥腐殖化进程,并提高堆肥品质。